Principality of Lippe: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 09:27, 22 January 2023
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. (December 2014) |
![]() | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (May 2016) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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Principality of Lippe Fürstentum Lippe | |||||||||
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1789–1918 | |||||||||
![]() The Principality of Lippe within the German Empire | |||||||||
Status | State of the Holy Roman Empire (1789–1806) State of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813) State of the German Confederation (1815–1866) State of the North German Confederation (1867–1871) Federated State of the German Empire (1871–1918) | ||||||||
Capital | Detmold | ||||||||
Common languages | West Low German | ||||||||
Religion | Church of Lippe | ||||||||
Government | Principality | ||||||||
Prince | |||||||||
• 1789–1802 | Leopold I (first) | ||||||||
• 1905–1918 | Leopold IV (last) | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Established | 1789 | ||||||||
• Raised to Principality | 1789 | ||||||||
• German Revolution | 12 November 1918 | ||||||||
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Lippe (later Lippe-Detmold and then again Lippe) was a historical state in Germany, ruled by the House of Lippe. It was located between the Weser river and the southeast part of the Teutoburg Forest.
In 1910 it had an area of 1215 Kmq and over 150,000 inhabitants.
History
The founder of what would become the County of Lippe (1528–1789), then the Principality of Lippe (1789–1918) was Bernhard I, who received a grant of territory from Lothair III in 1123. Bernhard I assumed the title of Edler Herr zu Lippe ("Noble Lord at Lippe"). The history of the dynasty and its further acquisitions of land really began with Bernard II. His territory was probably formed out of land he acquired on the destruction of the Duchy of Saxony following the demise of Henry the Lion in 1180. Simon V was the first ruler of Lippe to style himself as a count (Graf) in 1528.[1]
Following the death of Simon VI in 1613, the county was partitioned between his three sons; Lippe-Detmold went to Simon VII, Lippe-Brake to Otto and Lippe-Alverdissen went to Philip I. The county of Lippe-Brake was reunited with the main Detmold line in 1709. A son of Simon VII, Jobst Herman, founded another branch of the family, the Lippe-Biesterfeld line;[1] the Lippe-Weissenfeld branch later separated from the Lippe-Biesterfelds. Both Lippe-Biesterfeld and Lippe-Weissenfeld were paragiums (non-sovereign estates of a cadet-branch) within the County of Lippe, and both branches, owning only modest manor houses in the county, acquired property in other states by marriage and moved out of the county in the late 18th century, the Biesterfeld branch to the Rhineland and the Weissenfeld branch to Saxony.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/D-NW-Bad_Salzuflen-W%C3%BCsten_-_Grenzstein_%28gro%C3%9F%29_in_Pehlen.jpg/170px-D-NW-Bad_Salzuflen-W%C3%BCsten_-_Grenzstein_%28gro%C3%9F%29_in_Pehlen.jpg)
Leopold I (1767-1802) became the first Prince of Lippe in 1789.[1] Lippe joined the North German Confederation in 1866 and the German Empire in 1871. On 20 July 1895, Prince Woldemar died childless. The title nominally passed to his brother Alexander who was incapable of governing due to mental illness. The regency initially passed to Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe, in accordance with Woldemar's will.
Since the counts of Lippe-Biesterfled and Lippe-Weissenfeld also laid claim to the regency and the right to succeed Alexander, a succession dispute arose, which continued until 1905. The Schaumburg-Lippe claim was actively supported by Emperor Wilhelm II (whose sister was married to Prince Adolf). A ruling in the Reichsgericht in Leipzig in 1897 decided the matter in favour of Count Ernest of Lippe-Biesterfeld, who then assumed the regency. However, at the instruction of Wilhelm II, the military forces stationed in Lippe refused to address him as "illustrious" and denied the other honours that he was entitled to. In response, Ernest sent a letter round to the other sovereign princes of the German Empire in which he complained about the Emperor's behaviour - an unprecedented action, which brought German public opinion strongly in favour of Ernest's position.[2]
After Ernest's death in 1904, his son Leopold assumed the regency. When Prince Alexander died the following year, the Reichsgericht finally recognised the right of House Lippe-Biesterfeld to the succession and Leopold took the throne as Prince Leopold IV.[1]
The Principality of Lippe came to an end on 12 November 1918 with the abdication of Leopold IV. Lippe becoming a Free State.[3] In 1947, Lippe merged into the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The princely family still owns the estate and Fürstliches Residenzschloss in Detmold.[4]
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Lippe and neighbouring states in the late 18th century |
Lippe in 1918 |
Government
An 1819/20 attempt to establish a constitution failed and the first basic law was passed in 1836. It was liberalised in 1849, restored in 1853 and then steadily modernised in 1853, 1876, and 1912. The 1876 electoral law abolished an estates-based system and introduced the three-class franchise, which did not offer a general, equal, or democratic possibility of participation to the citizens. Lippe increasingly developed into a constitutional monarchy. In 1836, a Landtag (parliament) was established, which gave moderate legislative power to the landed nobility. The highest national authority was the cabinet, headed by the State Minister, which oversaw the top-level administrative and legal authorities. The top-level administrative authority was German: Regierungsollegium (governing college). In 1868, the property of the princes and the property of the state were separated. The Princes retained a large personal estate, including palaces, land, forests, long-term leases, Bad Meinberg, and the salt deposits at Uflen, which mostly came under state control after the abdication of Leopold IV in 1918.
As a state of the German empire, Lippe was represented on the Bundesrat (Federal Council). Lippe had a single representative, who was selected by the landed nobility. The Bundesrat was dominated by Prussia, which had 17 representatives, out of a total of 58, meaning that Lippe was practically irrelevant in the council. It was one of sixteen states with only one representative on the council.
Law
From 1817, Lippe fell under the Oberappellationsgericht (upper appellate court) in Wolfenbüttel, along with the Duchy of Braunschweig, and the principalities of Schaumberg-Lippe and Waldeck.[5] When the Wolfenbüttel court was abolished, an "interim upper appellate court" was established, which had oversight of the courts in Lippe. In 1857, Lippe placed itself under the Oberlandsgericht (supreme regional court) at Celle in the Kingdom of Hannover. After the Prussian annexation of Hannover in 1866, this was subordinated to the Prussian appellate system, but then became an Oberlandsgericht once more in 1879. Its role as Lippe's Oberlandsgericht was regulated by a treaty of 4 January 1879. Most of Lippe fell within the Detmold court district , which contained the Amtsgerichte (district courts) of Blomberg, Detmold, Hohenhausen, Horn, Lage, Lemgo, Oerlinghausen, and Salzuflen. The exclaves of Lipperode and Cappel came under the Prussian district court in Lippstadt.[6][7][8] Lippe belonged to Celle until 1944.
Administrative subdivisions
In 1879, the Principality was divided into five administrative subdivisions, called Ämter (singular German: Amt): Blomberg, Brake, Detmold, Schötmar and Lipperode-Cappel. The cities of Barntrup, Blomberg, Detmold, Horn, Lage, Lemgo and Salzuflen, as well as the village of Schwalenberg were outside of the Amt-system (Schwalenberg received the status of city in 1906).
In 1910, the system was reformed. Lippe was divided into five Verwaltungsämter, containing thirteen Ämtern.
- Verwaltungsamt Blomberg (Ämter Blomberg, Schieder and Schwalenberg) with 45 districts and an area of 199.36 km²
- Verwaltungsamt Brake (Ämter Brake, Hohenhausen, Sternberg-Barntrup and Varenholz) with 64 districts and an area of 364.60 km²
- Verwaltungsamt Detmold (Ämter Detmold, Horn and Lage) with 64 districts and an area of 375.05 km²
- Verwaltungsamt Lipperode-Cappel (Amt Lipperode-Cappel) with 3 districts and an area of 7.66 km²
- Verwaltungsamt Schötmar (Ämter Oerlinghausen and Schötmar) with 34 districts and an area of 158.06 km²
The eight cities remained outside the Amt-system.
Cities | 1871 populations |
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Barntrup | 1116 |
Blomberg | 2203 |
Detmold | 6469 |
Horn | 1717 |
Lage | 2514 |
Lemgo | 4801 |
Salzuflen | 2072 |
Amt | 1871 Population |
Blomberg | 3608 |
Brake | 7981 |
Detmold | 8513 |
Hohenhausen | 6482 |
Horn | 5800 |
Lage | 13406 |
Lipperode | 728 |
Oerlinghausen | 8571 |
Schieder | 3660 |
Schötmar | 10806 |
Schwalenberg | 6225 |
Sternberg-Barntrup | 9223 |
Varenholz | 5140 |
List of Princes of Lippe
Ruler | Born | Reign | Death | Consort | Notes | ||
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Leopold I | ![]() |
2 December 1767 | 1789-1802 | 4 April 1802 | Pauline Christine of Anhalt-Bernburg 2 January 1796 |
Count of Lippe-Detmold from 1782 | |
Regency of Pauline Christine of Anhalt-Bernburg (1802-1820) | |||||||
Leopold II | ![]() |
6 November 1796 | 1802-1851 | 1 January 1851 | Emilia Frederica of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 23 April 1820 | ||
Leopold III | ![]() |
1 September 1821 | 1851-1875 | 8 December 1875 | Elisabeth of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 17 April 1852 |
Left no descendants. The principality fell to his brother. | |
Woldemar | ![]() |
18 April 1824 | 1875-1895 | 20 March 1895 | Sophie of Baden 9 November 1858 |
Left no descendants. The principality fell to his brother. | |
Regencies of Ernest, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1895-1904) and Leopold, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1904-1905) | |||||||
Alexander | ![]() |
16 January 1831 | 1895-1905 | 13 January 1905 | Unmarried | Incapable of exercising office due to mental illness. | |
Leopold IV | ![]() |
30 May 1871 | 1904-1905 | 30 December 1949 | Bertha of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld 16 August 1901 Anna of Ysenburg and Büdingen 16 April 1922 |
From the Lippe-Biesterfeld line, regent of Lippe from 1904. In 1918, he abdicated following the dissolution of the monarchy. |
List of State Ministers
Heads of government of Lippe | |||||||
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Name | Image | Born-Died | Party affiliation | Start of Tenure | End of Tenure | ||
Karl Friedrich Funk von Senftenau | ![]() |
1748-1828 | 1810 | 1828 | |||
Friedrich Wilhelm Helwing | ![]() |
1758-1833 | 1829 | 1832 | |||
Wilhelm Arnold Eschenburg | ![]() |
1778-1861 | 1832 | 1848 | |||
Friedrich Simon Leopold Petri | ![]() |
1775-1850 | 1848 | 1850 | |||
Christian Theodor von Meien | ![]() |
1781-1857 | 1850 | 1853 | |||
Laurenz Hannibal Fischer | ![]() |
1784-1868 | 1853 | 1855 | |||
Alexander von Oheimb | 1820-1903 | 1856 | 1868 | ||||
Carl Theodor Heldman | ![]() |
1801-1872 | 1868 | 1872 | |||
Adalbert von Flottwell | 1829-1909 | DkP | 1872 | 1875 | |||
August Eschenburg | ![]() |
1823-1904 | 1876 | 1885 | |||
Hugo Samuel von Richthofen | ![]() |
1842-1904 | 1885 | 1889 | |||
Friedrich Otto Hermann von Wolffgramm | ![]() |
1836-1895 | 1889 | 1895 | |||
Karl Friedrich von Oertzen | ![]() |
1844-1914 | 1895 | 1897 | |||
Karl Miesitschek von Wischkau | 1859-1937 | 1897 | 1899 | ||||
Max von Gevekot | ![]() |
1845-1916 | 1900 | 1912 | |||
Karl Ludwig von Biedenweg | 1864-1940 | 1913 | 1918 |
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c d Chisholm 1911, p. 740.
- ^ Lippischer Erbfolgestreit on Wikisource
- ^ G. Benecke, Society and Politics in Germany, 1500–1750, Routletge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1974, p. 41.
- ^ "Wo Deutschland fast noch eine Monarchie ist" by Andreas Fasel, Die Welt, 25 December 2015 (in German)
- ^ Andreas Kunz (ed.): Lippe Detmold. (PDF; 37 kB) in eKompendium-hgisg.de
- ^ Der Freistaat Lippe im Überblick
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Verfassung
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Meyers Konversationslexikon. Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Leipzig / Wien, 4. Aufl., 1885–1892.
References
Attribution
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lippe". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 740–741. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
Further reading
- A. Falkmann, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Fürstenthums Lippe (Detmold, 1857–1892; 6 vols.)
- Schwanold, Das Fürstentum Lippe, das Land und seine Bewohner (Detmold, 1899)
- Piderit, Die lippischen Edelherrn im Mittelalter (Detmold, 1876)
- A. Falkmann and O. Preuss, Lippische Regenten (Detmold, 1860–1868)
- H. Triepel, Der Streit um die Thronfolge im Fürstentum Lippe (Leipzig, 1903)
- P. Laband, Die Thronfolge im Fürstentum Lippe (Freiburg, 1891)
- Schiedsspruch in dem Rechtstreit über die Thronfolge im Fürstentum Lippe vom 25 Okt. 1905 (Leipzig, 1906)
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Ordinances and by-laws of the county of Lippe online (in German)
- Guidelines for the integration of the Land Lippe within the territory of the federal state North-Rhine-Westphalia of 17 January 1947 (in German)
- Principality of Lippe
- States and territories disestablished in 1918
- States and territories established in 1123
- States of the Confederation of the Rhine
- States of the German Empire
- Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle
- Lists of princes
- Former principalities
- Principalities of the Holy Roman Empire
- 1120s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
- 1123 establishments in Europe
- 1918 disestablishments in Germany
- Former states and territories of North Rhine-Westphalia
- States of the North German Confederation