Batum oblast: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Oblast of the Russian Empire}} |
{{Short description|Oblast of the Russian Empire}} |
||
{{italic title|string=oblast}} |
|||
{{Infobox settlement |
|||
| name = Batum Oblast |
| name = Batum Oblast |
||
| extinct_date = 3 March 1918 |
| extinct_date = 3 March 1918 |
||
Line 26: | Line 28: | ||
| population_rural = 87.98% |
| population_rural = 87.98% |
||
}} |
}} |
||
The '''Batum Oblast'''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{Lang-ru|Бату́мская о́бласть|translit=Batúmskaya óblast}}|{{lang-tr|Batum Oblastı}}|{{lang-ka|ბათუმის ოლქი|tr}}}}}} was a province (''[[oblast]]'') of the [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus Viceroyalty]] of the [[Russian Empire]], with the [[Black Sea]] port of Batum (present-day [[Batumi]]) as its administrative center. The Batum Oblast roughly corresponded to most of present-day southwestern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and part of the [[Artvin Province]] of [[Turkey]]. |
The '''Batum Oblast'''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{Lang-ru|Бату́мская о́бласть|translit=Batúmskaya óblast}}|{{lang-tr|Batum Oblastı}}|{{lang-ka|ბათუმის ოლქი|tr}}}}}} was a province (''[[oblast]]'') of the [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus Viceroyalty]] of the [[Russian Empire]], with the [[Black Sea]] port of Batum (present-day [[Batumi]]) as its administrative center. The Batum Oblast roughly corresponded to most of present-day southwestern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and part of the [[Artvin Province]] of [[Turkey]].{{sfn|Tsutsiev|2014}} |
||
==History== |
==History== |
||
The Batum Oblast was created out of the territories of the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s [[Batum Sanjak]], following the region's annexation into the [[Russian Empire]] in the aftermath of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|1878 Russo-Turkish War]]. |
The Batum Oblast was created out of the territories of the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s [[Batum Sanjak]], following the region's annexation into the [[Russian Empire]] in the aftermath of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|1878 Russo-Turkish War]]. Established in 1878, the Batum Oblast was later downgraded to an okrug in 1883 and incorporated into the Kutais Governorate (until 1903). |
||
Established in 1878, the Batum Oblast was later downgraded to an okrug in 1883 and incorporated into the Kutais Governorate (until 1903).<ref>{{Citation|last=Tsutsiev|first=Arthur|title=Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus|date=2014|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/884858065|pages=38|place=New Haven and London|isbn=978-0-300-15308-8|oclc=884858065|access-date=2021-12-25}}</ref> |
|||
According to the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] ceded the Batum Oblast to the Ottoman Empire, however, the [[Transcaucasian Seim]], the authority in [[Transcaucasia]] by 1918, rejected the treaty, opting to negotiate with the Ottoman Empire on its own terms. Such action led to the former's dissolution and the subsequent [[Treaty of Batum]], which resulted in the inevitable reannexation of Batum to the Ottoman Empire. |
According to the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] ceded the Batum Oblast to the Ottoman Empire, however, the [[Transcaucasian Seim]], the authority in [[Transcaucasia]] by 1918, rejected the treaty, opting to negotiate with the Ottoman Empire on its own terms. Such action led to the former's dissolution and the subsequent [[Treaty of Batum]], which resulted in the inevitable reannexation of Batum to the Ottoman Empire. |
||
Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
== Administrative divisions == |
== Administrative divisions == |
||
The districts (''[[okrug]]s'') of the Black Sea Governorate in 1917 were as follows:<ref name=":1" / |
The districts (''[[okrug]]s'') of the Black Sea Governorate in 1917 were as follows:<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Кавказский календарь на 1917 год|pp=182–185}} |
||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
||
! rowspan="2" |District |
! rowspan="2" |District |
||
Line 68: | Line 68: | ||
==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
||
=== Russian Empire |
=== Russian Empire Census === |
||
According to the [[Russian Empire Census |
According to the [[Russian Empire Census]], the Batum Oblast (at the time part of the Kutaisi Governorate) had a population of 144,584 on {{OldStyleDate|28 January|1897|15 January}}, including 82,213 men and 62,371 women. The plurality of the population indicated [[Georgian language|Georgian]] to be their mother tongue, with significant [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] speaking minorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=447 |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=www.demoscope.ru}}</ref> |
||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
||
|+Linguistic composition of the Batum Oblast in 1897<ref name=":1" /> |
|+Linguistic composition of the Batum Oblast in 1897<ref name=":1" /> |
||
Line 132: | Line 132: | ||
| align="right" |0.25 |
| align="right" |0.25 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Tatar{{Caucasian Tatars}} |
|||
|Tatar{{efn|Later known as [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]].}} |
|||
| align="right" |355 |
| align="right" |355 |
||
| align="right" |0.25 |
| align="right" |0.25 |
||
Line 186: | Line 186: | ||
=== Caucasian Calendar (1917) === |
=== Caucasian Calendar (1917) === |
||
According to the 1917 publication of |
According to the 1917 publication of ''[[Kavkazskiy kalendar]]'', the Batum Oblast had a population of 122,811 on {{OldStyleDate|14 January|1916|1 January}}, including 66,808 men and 56,003 women, 95,292 of whom were the permanent population, and 27,519 were temporary residents:{{sfn|Кавказский календарь на 1917 год|pp=182–185}} |
||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
||
! rowspan="2" |Nationality |
! rowspan="2" |Nationality |
||
Line 224: | Line 224: | ||
| align="right" |11.68 |
| align="right" |11.68 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Russians]] |
|||
|[[Russians]]{{Efn|The ''Caucasian Calendar'' did not distinguish between [[Russians]], [[Ukrainians]], and [[Belarusians]].}} |
|||
| align="right" |5,042 |
| align="right" |5,042 |
||
| align="right" |18.66 |
| align="right" |18.66 |
||
Line 248: | Line 248: | ||
| align="right" |0.79 |
| align="right" |0.79 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Shia Muslims]]{{Efn|Primarily Tatars |
|[[Shia Muslims]]{{Efn|Primarily Tatars.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=67}}}} |
||
| align="right" |529 |
| align="right" |529 |
||
| align="right" |1.96 |
| align="right" |1.96 |
||
Line 312: | Line 312: | ||
== Bibliography == |
== Bibliography == |
||
{{Refbegin}} |
{{Refbegin}} |
||
*{{Cite Armenia and Imperial Decline}} |
|||
* {{Cite journal |last=Bournoutian |first=George |date=2015 |title=Demographic Changes in the Southwest Caucasus, 1604–1830: The Case of Historical Eastern Armenia |journal=Forum of EthnoGeoPolitics |location=Amsterdam |volume=3 |issue=2 |authorlink=George Bournoutian}} |
|||
*{{Cite The Republic of Armenia Volume 1}} |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Hovannisian |first=Richard G. |author-link=Richard G. Hovannisian |title=The Republic of Armenia |publisher=University of California Press |year=1971 |isbn=0-520-01805-2 |volume=1 |location=Berkeley}} |
|||
*{{Cite Kavkazskiy Kalendar 1913}} |
|||
*{{Cite Kavkazskiy Kalendar 1917}} |
|||
*{{Cite Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus}} |
|||
{{Refend}} |
{{Refend}} |
||
Revision as of 08:02, 31 January 2023
Batum Oblast
Батумская область | |
---|---|
Country | Russian Empire |
Viceroyalty | Caucasus |
Established | 1873 |
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | 3 March 1918 |
Capital | Batum (present-day Batumi) |
Area | |
• Total | 6,975.65 km2 (2,693.31 sq mi) |
Population (1916) | |
• Total | 122,811 |
• Density | 18/km2 (46/sq mi) |
• Urban | 22.02% |
• Rural | 87.98% |
The Batum Oblast[a] was a province (oblast) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with the Black Sea port of Batum (present-day Batumi) as its administrative center. The Batum Oblast roughly corresponded to most of present-day southwestern Georgia, and part of the Artvin Province of Turkey.[1]
History
The Batum Oblast was created out of the territories of the Ottoman Empire's Batum Sanjak, following the region's annexation into the Russian Empire in the aftermath of the 1878 Russo-Turkish War. Established in 1878, the Batum Oblast was later downgraded to an okrug in 1883 and incorporated into the Kutais Governorate (until 1903).
According to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Russian SFSR ceded the Batum Oblast to the Ottoman Empire, however, the Transcaucasian Seim, the authority in Transcaucasia by 1918, rejected the treaty, opting to negotiate with the Ottoman Empire on its own terms. Such action led to the former's dissolution and the subsequent Treaty of Batum, which resulted in the inevitable reannexation of Batum to the Ottoman Empire.
After the Mudros Armistice, in which the Ottoman Empire was forced to withdraw its troops from the territories of the former Russian Transcaucasus including Batum, British troops under the 27th Division occupied the district to support the British military presence in the Transcaucasus, and to serve as a terminal for supplying Denikin's Volunteer Army.
The Batum Oblast was finally evacuated by the British in the summer of 1919, and handed over to the Democratic Republic of Georgia, whom administered the district until it was occupied by Turkish revolutionaries, leading to the Treaty of Kars which resulted in the partition of the district. The north including the port of Batum was retained by Georgia as an autonomy, and the southern Artvin district was incorporated into Turkey as the Artvin Province.
Administrative divisions
The districts (okrugs) of the Black Sea Governorate in 1917 were as follows:[2][3]
District | Russian name | Capital | Population | Area | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1897 | 1916 | ||||
Artvin | Артвинскій округъ | Artvin | 56,140 | 37,414 | 2,875.06 square versts (3,272.00 km2; 1,263.33 sq mi) |
Batum | Батумскій округъ | Batum (Batumi) | 88,444 | 85,397 | 3,254.05 square versts (3,703.31 km2; 1,429.86 sq mi) |
Demographics
Russian Empire Census
According to the Russian Empire Census, the Batum Oblast (at the time part of the Kutaisi Governorate) had a population of 144,584 on 28 January [O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 82,213 men and 62,371 women. The plurality of the population indicated Georgian to be their mother tongue, with significant Turkish, Armenian and Russian speaking minorities.[2]
Language | Native speakers | % |
---|---|---|
Georgian | 62,004 | 42.88 |
Turkish | 44,667 | 30.89 |
Armenian | 14,939 | 10.33 |
Russian | 7,525 | 5.20 |
Greek | 4,717 | 3.26 |
Ukrainian | 2,351 | 1.63 |
Kurdish | 1,811 | 1.25 |
Jewish | 1,076 | 0.74 |
Polish | 911 | 0.63 |
Persian | 767 | 0.53 |
Abkhazian | 693 | 0.48 |
Mingrelian | 635 | 0.44 |
German | 369 | 0.26 |
Imeretian | 356 | 0.25 |
Tatar[b] | 355 | 0.25 |
Lithuanian | 157 | 0.11 |
Sartic | 156 | 0.11 |
Belarusian | 80 | 0.06 |
Avar-Andean | 56 | 0.04 |
Kazi-Kumukh | 47 | 0.03 |
English | 38 | 0.03 |
Ossetian | 29 | 0.02 |
Romanian | 27 | 0.02 |
Svan | 17 | 0.01 |
Estonian | 11 | 0.01 |
Other | 790 | 0.55 |
ТОТАL | 144,584 | 100.00 |
Caucasian Calendar (1917)
According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Batum Oblast had a population of 122,811 on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 66,808 men and 56,003 women, 95,292 of whom were the permanent population, and 27,519 were temporary residents:[3]
Nationality | Urban | Rural | TOTAL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Georgians | 7,363 | 27.25 | 71,476 | 74.61 | 78,839 | 64.20 |
Armenians | 10,975 | 40.62 | 4,217 | 4.40 | 15,192 | 12.37 |
Sunni Muslims[c] | 75 | 0.28 | 14,267 | 14.89 | 14,342 | 11.68 |
Russians | 5,042 | 18.66 | 3,503 | 3.66 | 8,545 | 6.96 |
Asiatic Christians | 1,097 | 4.06 | 1,147 | 1.20 | 2,244 | 1.83 |
Other Europeans | 855 | 3.16 | 120 | 0.13 | 975 | 0.79 |
Shia Muslims[d] | 529 | 1.96 | 165 | 0.17 | 694 | 0.57 |
North Caucasians | 476 | 1.76 | 180 | 0.19 | 656 | 0.53 |
Jews | 597 | 2.21 | 10 | 0.01 | 607 | 0.49 |
Kurds | 8 | 0.03 | 544 | 0.57 | 552 | 0.45 |
Roma | 0 | 0.00 | 165 | 0.17 | 165 | 0.13 |
TOTAL | 27,017 | 100.00 | 95,794 | 100.00 | 122,811 | 100.00 |
See also
Notes
- ^
- ^ Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".[4][5]
- ^ Primarily Turco-Tatars.[6]
- ^ Primarily Tatars.[6]
References
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014.
- ^ a b c "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
- ^ a b Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 182–185.
- ^ Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.
- ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.
Bibliography
- Bournoutian, George A. (2018). Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06260-2. OCLC 1037283914.
- Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520019843.
- Кавказский календарь на 1913 год [Caucasian calendar for 1913] (in Russian) (68th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1913. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022.
- Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
- Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (PDF). Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300153088. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023.
- Georgia (country) history stubs
- Batum Oblast
- Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)
- Oblasts of the Russian Empire
- Modern history of Georgia (country)
- History of Adjara
- 19th century in Georgia (country)
- 1900s in Georgia (country)
- 1910s in Georgia (country)
- States and territories established in 1878
- States and territories disestablished in 1883
- States and territories established in 1903
- States and territories disestablished in 1917
- 1870s establishments in Georgia (country)
- 1917 disestablishments in Georgia (country)
- 1878 establishments in the Russian Empire
- 1880s disestablishments in the Russian Empire
- 1903 establishments in the Russian Empire
- 1917 disestablishments in Russia