Cassius Dio

This article is about the historian. For the later consul who was a descendant, see Cassius Dio (consul 291).

Lucius Cassius Dio
17th century illustration of Dio
Native name	Δίων Κάσσιος
Born	c. 155 AD Nicaea, Bithynia (now İznik, Turkey)
Died	c. 235 AD (aged approx. 80) Bithynia (now Northern Anatolia, Anatolia, Turkey)
Occupation	Historian, senator, proconsul, consul
Nationality	Roman
Subject	History
Notable works	History of Rome
Relatives	Cassius Apronianus (father), Cassius Dio (grandchild or great-grandchild)

Lucius Cassius Dio (c. 155 – c. 235), also known as Dio Cassius (Greek: Δίων Κάσσιος Dion Kassios), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history of ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the subsequent founding of Rome (753 BC), the formation of the Republic (509 BC), and the creation of the Empire (27 BC) up until 229 AD. Written in Ancient Greek over 22 years, Dio's work covers approximately 1,000 years of history. Many of his 80 books have survived intact, or as fragments, providing modern scholars with a detailed perspective on Roman history.

Biography

Lucius Cassius Dio was the son of Cassius Apronianus, a Roman senator and member of the gens Cassia, who was born and raised at Nicaea in Bithynia. Byzantine tradition maintains that Dio's mother was the daughter or sister of the Greek orator and philosopher, Dio Chrysostom; however, this relationship has been disputed. Although Dio was a Roman citizen, he wrote in Greek. Dio always maintained a love for his hometown of Nicaea, calling it "my home", as opposed to his description of his villa in Capua, Italy ("the place where I spend my time whenever I am in Italy").Potter, David (2014). The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395. Taylor & Francis.

For the greater part of his life, Dio was a member of the public service. He was a senator under Commodus and governor of Smyrna following the death of Septimius Severus; he became a suffect consul in approximately the year 205. Dio was also proconsul in Africa and Pannonia. Severus Alexander held Dio in the highest esteem and reappointed him to the position of consul, even though his caustic nature irritated the Praetorian Guards, who demanded his life. Following his second consulship, while in his later years, Dio returned to his native country, where he eventually died.

Dio was either the grandfather or great-grandfather of Cassius Dio, consul in 291.

Roman History

Dio published a Roman History (Ῥωμαϊκὴ Ἱστορία, Historia Romana), in 80 books, after twenty-two years of research and labour. The books cover a period of approximately 1,400 years, beginning with the tales from Roman mythology of the arrival of the legendary Aeneas in Italy (c. 1200 BC) and the founding of Rome by his descendant Romulus (753 BC); as well as the historic events of the republican and imperial eras through 229 AD. The work is one of only three written Roman sources that document the British revolt of 60–61 AD led by Boudica and the subsequent defeat of Boudica. Until the first century BC, Dio provides only a summary of events; after that period, his accounts become more detailed. From the time of Commodus (ruled 180–192 AD), Dio is very circumspect in his conveyance of the events that he witnessed.

The version of Dio's work that survives today is quite composite since his history does not survive in its entirety.

Dio's work has often been deprecated as unreliable and lacking any overall political aim. Recently, however, some scholars have re-evaluated his work and have highlighted his complexity and sophisticated political and historical interpretations.

Survey of surviving books and fragments

The first 21 books have been partially reconstructed based on fragments from other works, as well as the epitome of Zonaras who used Dio's Roman History as a main source. Scholarship on this part of Dio's work is scarce but the importance of the Early Republic and Regal period to Dio's overall work has recently been underlined.

Books 22 through 35 are sparsely covered by fragments.

The books that follow, Books 36 through 54, are nearly all complete; they cover the period from 65 BC to 12 BC, or from the eastern campaign of Pompey and the death of Mithridates to the death of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. Book 55 contains a considerable gap, while Books 56 through 60 (which cover the period from 9–54 AD) are complete and contain events from the defeat of Varus in Germany to the death of Claudius.

Of the 20 subsequent books in the series, there remain only fragments and the meager abridgement of John Xiphilinus, a monk from the 11th century. The abridgment of Xiphilinus, as now extant, commences with Book 35 and continues to the end of Book 80: it is a very indifferent performance and was made by order of the emperor Michael VII Doukas. The last book covers the period from 222 to 229 AD (the first half of the reign of Alexander Severus).

Collections of book fragments

The fragments of the first 36 books have been collected in four ways:

Fragmenta Valesiana

Fragments that were dispersed throughout various writers, scholiasts, grammarians, and lexicographers, and were collected by Henri Valois

Fragmenta Peiresciana

Large extracts, found in the section entitled "Of Virtues and Vices", contained in the collection, or portative library, compiled by order of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. The manuscript of this belonged to Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc.

Fragmenta Ursiniana

The fragments of the first 34 books, preserved in the second section of the same work by Constantine, entitled “Of Embassies”. These are known under the name of Fragmenta Ursiniana, as the manuscript in which they are contained was found in Sicily by Fulvio Orsini.

Excerpta Vaticana

Excerpta Vaticana by Angelo Mai contains fragments of Books 1 to 35 and 61 to 80. Additionally, fragments of an unknown continuator of Dio (Anonymus post Dionem), generally identified with the 6th century CE historian Peter the Patrician, are included; these date from the time of Constantine. Other fragments from Dio that are primarily associated with the first 34 books were found by Mai in two Vatican manuscripts; these contain a collection that was compiled by Maximus Planudes. The annals of Joannes Zonaras also contain numerous extracts from Dio.

Content

An outline of Roman History, with links to the appropriate Wikipedia article.

Books of Roman History

Book	Description
1	Founding of Rome.
2	The reigns of the legendary early Roman Kings is discussed. The rape of Lucretia and her suicide, as well as the consequences, ie the Overthrow of the Roman monarchy and the shift toward a Republic.
3	The early Roman Republic.
4	Internal strife between plebes and patricians. Roman dictator is established as a concept and office.
5	Ongoing political strife between plebeians and patricians, paused during times of crisis. Wars with the Volsci, the Etruscans, the Aequi, and the Sabines, and the Treason of Coriolanus. The Laws of the Twelve Tables.
6	The creation of the offices of consular tribune and of censor. Wars with the Etruscans, Faliscans, & with Veii.
7	War with the Gauls & Latins. The Capitol besieged. Marcus Manlius Capitolinus failed coup. Camillus serves in the post of dictator for several terms.
8	War is fought with the Samnites and with Capua. The people's debts are annulled by the tribunes.
9	War is fought with Tarentum and Epirus. Epirus is led by King Pyrrhus
10	Tarentum and Epirus are defeated. Rome intervenes in Volsinii by bolstering the nobility.
11	First Punic War. Creation of Roman navy. Recounting of Regulus
12	Rome wins the First Punic War. War is fought with the Gauls, the Faliscans, Liguria, Corsica, and Sardinia. Rome begins intervention in Greek affairs.
13	Start of the Second Punic War.
14	Second Punic War, continues. Fabius Maximus, elected dictator, and pursues a policy of attrition.
15	Second Punic War continues. Battle of Cannae &the Siege of Syracuse & Roman capture of Capua. Death of Archimedes.
16	Second Punic War continued. Scipio's success in Spain.
17	End of Second Punic War and Roman victory.
18	War with Philip V of Macedonia, Battle of Cynoscephalae leads to Philip's defeat. The Carthaginians incite up the Gauls. Cato the Elder and his writings.
19	Rome's dealings with Greece continued. War with Antiochus. Death of Hannibal in exile in Bithynia.
20	War against Perseus & Dalmatia. Rome's dealings with Rhodes, Cappadocia, Egypt.
21	Third Punic War. Carthage and Corinth destroyed.
22‑29	The Bacchanalia scandal. Wars in Spain, and against the Cimbri and Marsians. Discussion on Tiberius Gracchus.
30‑35	Mithridatic Wars. Sulla's civil war.
36	Mithridatic War continued and the Armenian campaigns. Pompey's campaign against pirates
37	The Mithridatic War, continued, and the career of Pompey the Great. Campaigns against the Asiatic Iberians, as well as the annexation of Syria and Phoenicia. The First Triumvirate (Crassus, Caesar, and Pompey) is established.
38	Exile of Cicero. Julius Caesar's first consulate.
39	Gallic War, continued. Caesar crosses into Britain. Ptolemy expelled from Egypt and restored.
40	Gallic War, continued. Caesar crosses into Britain a second time. Crassus is defeated and killed. Rift between Caesar and Pompey begins.
41	Caesar and his armies cross the Rubicon. Battle of Dyrrhachium, Battle of Pharsalus, Pompey's defeat.
42	Death of Pompey. Caesar given honors in Rome.
43	Caesar defeats Scipio and the younger Gnaeus Pompey. Caesar's triumphs celebrated in Rome. Ground is broken for the Forum of Caesar. The Julian calendar reforms issued.
44	Caesar's cult of personality and his murder.
45	Octavian, Caesar's heir, and his character. The Second Triumvirate (Octavian, Antony, Lepidus). Rift between Antony and Octavian, and Cicero.
46	Octavian's victory over Antony. The Third Triumvirate (Octavian, Antony, Lepidus again).
47	Rule of the Third Triumvirate. Defeat of Brutus and Cassius at the Battle of Philippi.
48	Third Triumvirate continued. Octavian and Antony ally with, then defeat Sextus Pompey.
49	Octavian defeats Sextus Pompey and deprives Lepidus of his army and powers. Antony's defeat against the Parthians. Octavian conquers Pannonia. Rome acquires Mauretania.
50	Octavian and Antony fight each other, the latter is decisively defeated in the battle of Actium.
51	Antony and Cleopatra. Suicide of Antony. Octavian conquers Egypt.
52	Octavian prepares to become the sole ruler of Rome.
53	Octavian becomes sole ruler of Rome, and in doing so ushers in the imperial period. Organization of provincial administration is discussed. Major construction projects in Rome initiated by Octavian include: the dedication of the Temple of Apollo on the Palatine, the Saepta, the Pantheon, the Basilica of Neptune, the Baths of Agrippa.
54	Consolidation of power by Augustus. Roman rule extends to Rhaetia, Noricum, the Maritime Alps, and the Chersonesus.
55	Dedication of the Precinct of Livia, the Campus Agrippae, the Diribitorium, the Temple of Mars. Tiberius retires to Rhodes. Augustus heirs both die young. Augustus's wife Livia rises in influence.
56	The Disaster of Varus. Dedication of the Temple of Concord and the Portico of Livia. Death of Augustus and his funeral.
57	Tiberius assumes emperorship, his reign and character. Cappadocia becomes Roman. Deaths of Drusus and Germanicus Caesar.
58	Rise and fall of Sejanus. Tiberius's reign continues and he consolidates his hold on power, and his death.
59	Gaius Caesar, Caligula, becomes emperor and his reign.
60-61	Claudius assumes the emperorship, and his reign. Britain conquered. Claudius dies, poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Nero assumes the emperorship.
62	Agrippina the Younger is put to death. Nero's reign includes the revolt of Boudicca, the Great Fire of Rome. Domitius Corbulo conquers Armenia. Seneca's plot and suicide.
63	Nero's reign continued, and his sucicide. Vespasian begins the First Jewish–Roman War. The brief reigns of Galba and Otho.
64	The reign of Vitellius.
65	Vespasian assumes the emperorship. His son Titus captures Jerusalem and destroys Second Temple, winning the First Jewish–Roman War. Vespasian subdues Egypt. Temple of Jupiter Capitoline rebuilt after its destruction by fire.
66	Upon the death of Vespasian, Titus assumes the emperorship for two years and his reign. The eruption of Vesuvius that buried Pompeii.
67	The reign and character of Domitian.
68	The brief reign of Nerva. Reign of Trajan. The Dacian Wars end in Roman victory. Successful campaigns in Armenia and Parthia. A major earthquake centered in Antioch. Trajan dies.
69	Trajan's adoptive son Hadrian succeeds to the throne. His character and interests. Antinous. Hadrian brutally suppresses the Bar Kokhba revolt. Hadrian's protracted illness and death.
70	The reign of Antoninus Pius.
71	Marcus Aurelius assumes the emperorship. The war against Vologaesus in Armenia. Roman bridge-building techniques are discussed.
72	Wars against the Marcomanni and the Iazyges. Cassius's revolt in Syria ends in his death. Character of Marcus Aurelius.
73	The reign of Marcus Aurelius' son Commodus and his character. His assassination.
74	The reign and assassination of Pertinax. Didius Julianus wins power by purchasing it from the Praetorian Guard. Julianus's reign, and his assassination.
75	Septimius Severus rise to the emperorship and his suppression of a rebellion.
76	Severus defeats Albinus. War in Caledonia, and second siege of Hatra in Mesopotamia: neither one particularly successful. Power of Plautianus, prefect of the city.
77	Eruption of Vesuvius. The downfall of Plautianus. Severus's campaign and death.
78	Caracalla's reign as emperor. The wars he fought, his character and, his mass killings of Alexandrians is discussed.
79	Caracalla falls to Macrinus. Macrinus and his reign. Macrinus' reign primarly occupied with civil war. He is overthrown by Elagabalus.
80	Elagabalus's reign, he is overthrown, due to his excesses and the thrown and Alexander Severus assumes the throne.

Literary style

Dio attempted to emulate Thucydides in his writing style. His style, where there appears to be no corruption of the text, is generally clear though full of Latinisms. Dio's writing was underpinned by a set of personal circumstances whereby he was able to observe significant events of the Empire in the first person, or had direct contact with the key figures who were involved.

In popular culture

The first season of 2017 docu-drama mini-series Roman Empire: Reign of Blood includes Cassius Dio, portrayed by Edwin Wright. Dio is shown engaging in delicate political manipulation, playing a key role in the downfall of Marcus Aurelius Cleander, trusted advisor to the Emperor Commodus, and ultimately in the murder of Commodus himself.

See also

• Tacitus
• Severan dynasty
• Herodian
• Roman historiography

Further reading

• Aalders, G. J. D. 1986. "Cassius Dio and the Greek World." Mnemosyne 39: 282–304.
• Baltussen, Han. 2002. "Matricide Revisited: Dramatic and Rhetorical Allusion in Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio." Antichthon 36: 30–40.
• Burden-Strevens, C. and Lindholmer, M. O. 2018 (eds.). Cassius Dio's Forgotten History of Early Rome: The Roman History. Leiden: Brill.
• Eisman, M. M. 1977. "Dio and Josephus: Parallel Analyses." Latomus 36: 657–673.
• Fromentin, V., Bertrand, E. Coltelloni-Trannoy, M., Molin, M and Urso, G. (eds.) 2016. Cassius Dion: nouvelles lectures. Bordeaux: Ausonius.
• Gleason, Maud. 2011. "Identity Theft: Doubles and Masquerades in Cassius Dio's Contemporary History." Classical Antiquity 30.1: 33–86.
• Gowing, Alain M. 1990. "Dio’s Name." Classical Philology 85: 49–54.
• Kordos, Jozef. 2010. "Thucydidean Elements in Cassius Dio." Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 50.2-3:249-256.
• Lange, C. H. and Madsen, J. M. 2016 (eds.). Cassius Dio: Greek Intellectual and Roman Politician. Leiden: Brill.
• Mallan, C. T. 2013. "Cassius Dio on Julia Domna: A Study of the Political and Ethical Functions of Biographical Representation in Dio's Roman History." Mnemosyne 66.4-5: 734–760.
• McDougall, Iain. 1991. "Dio and His Sources for Caesar’s Campaigns in Gaul." Latomus 50: 616–638.
• Millar, F. G. B. 1964. A Study of Cassius Dio. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
• Murison, C. L. 1999. Rebellion and Reconstruction: Galba to Domitian: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History. Books 64–67 (A.D. 68–96). Atlanta: Scholars Press.
• Reinhold, Meyer. 1988. From Republic to Principate. An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History Books 49-52 (36-29 B.C.). Atlanta: Scholars Press.
• Swan, P.M. 2004. The Augustan Succession. An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D.14). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

External links

• Media related to Cassius Dio at Wikimedia Commons
• "Dio Cassius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 278–279.
• Works by or about Cassius Dio at Wikisource
• Works by Cassius Dio at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Cassius Dio at the Internet Archive
• Cassius Dio, Roman History (English translation on LacusCurtius)
• Works by Cassius Dio at Perseus Digital Library
• Greek text and French Translation
• Dio Cassius: the Manuscripts of "The Roman History"
• Editio princeps: Dionis Romanarum historiarum libri XXIII, à XXXVI ad LVIII vsque (The Roman History) Archived 2014-04-19 at the Wayback Machine, Greek text edited by Robert Estienne, Paris, 1548. Held by the Corning Museum of Glass.
• Editio princeps of Xiphilinus's Epitome (Robert Estienne, Paris, 1551) at Google Books