Mellah of Marrakesh: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Al Azama synagogue of Marrakech.jpg|thumb|250px|Courtyard of the [[Slat Al Azama synagogue]].]] |
[[File:Al Azama synagogue of Marrakech.jpg|thumb|250px|Courtyard of the [[Slat Al Azama synagogue]].]] |
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Generally, under the terms of the [[Pact of Umar]], non-Muslims living under Islamic rule, including Jews, were subject to restrictions in their manner of dress. Similar to [[sumptuary laws]] in Europe, it was intended to preserve dress as an identifying marker of one's social class to signal to others the proper courtesies or dignities required as such, however these restrictions, which included not imitating Muslim attire, came to be regarded as humiliating. These rules were mostly not enforced. In Morocco, the rules were only applied to Jews when they were reintroduced by [[Slimane of Morocco|Mawlay Sulayman]] in 1815, but despite the formal reintroduction of the restrictions, their enforcement was lax in practice. |
Generally, under the terms of the [[Pact of Umar]], non-Muslims living under Islamic rule, including Jews, were subject to restrictions in their manner of dress. Similar to [[sumptuary laws]] in Europe, it was intended to preserve dress as an identifying marker of one's social class to signal to others the proper courtesies or dignities required as such, however these restrictions, which included not imitating Muslim attire, came to be regarded as humiliating. These rules were mostly not enforced. In Morocco, the rules were only applied to Jews when they were reintroduced by [[Slimane of Morocco|Mawlay Sulayman]] in 1815, but despite the formal reintroduction of the restrictions, their enforcement was lax in practice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gottreich |first1=Emily |title=The Mellah of Marrakesh: Jewish and Muslim Space in Morocco's Red City |date=2007 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |page=93}}</ref> |
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===Decline=== |
===Decline=== |
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Revision as of 15:21, 10 October 2023
The Mellah of Marrakesh (Hebrew: מלאח מרקש; Ladino: Mellah de Marrakesh; Arabic: ملاح مراكش), formerly known as Hay Essalam is the Jewish Quarter (Mellah) of the city of Marrakesh, Morocco. It is the second oldest of its kind in the country.[1]
History
Although the city of Marrakesh was founded by the Almoravids in 1060, Jews settled 40 km away and there is no recorded Jewish presence in the city until 1232. After the Reconquista and expulsion of Jews from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492, Sephardic Jews (known as the Megorashim) started to arrive in great numbers to Morocco, settling mostly in cities and mixing with the local Jewish population (known as the Toshavim). Many mellahs were created to protect the Jews under their dhimmi status. The Mellah of Marrakesh was created by decree of the Sultan Abdallah al-Ghalib of the Saadian dynasty in 1558,[2][unreliable source?] outside of the walls of El Badi Palace. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Mellah was one of the main commercial areas of the city, and it was a walled quarter, with its gates closed at night.[3][dead link]
Generally, under the terms of the Pact of Umar, non-Muslims living under Islamic rule, including Jews, were subject to restrictions in their manner of dress. Similar to sumptuary laws in Europe, it was intended to preserve dress as an identifying marker of one's social class to signal to others the proper courtesies or dignities required as such, however these restrictions, which included not imitating Muslim attire, came to be regarded as humiliating. These rules were mostly not enforced. In Morocco, the rules were only applied to Jews when they were reintroduced by Mawlay Sulayman in 1815, but despite the formal reintroduction of the restrictions, their enforcement was lax in practice.[4]
Decline
The mellah became overpopulated within a few years. An estimated 40,000 people lived in the mellah at the peak of its population in the late 1940s. The community emigrated after the independence of Israel, the end of the French protectorate, and the Six-Day and Yom Kippur wars. Most went to Israel, but some went to France and Montreal.[5][6] The Jewish population of the mellah of Marrakesh today is about 200 inhabitants.[3]
Restoration
In 2016, King Mohamed VI ordered to restore the names of the streets that had to do with the city's Jewish heritage,[6] including restoring the name of the neighborhood back to "El Mellah", allocating over US$20 million for the restoration of houses, streets and synagogues.[7][8] In November of the same year, Zouheir Bahloul, an Arab member of the Knesset for the party Zionist Union requested funds from the Israeli government to support a synagogue located in the mellah, in an unexpected move for both the Israeli government and the Jewish Community of Morocco.[9] Today, the mellah is one of the main tourist attractions of the city.[7]
See also
References
- ^ On the Origins of the Mellah of Marrakesh. Gottreich, Emily. International Journal of Middle East Studies. Vol. 35, No. 2 (May, 2003), pp. 287-305.
- ^ "Jewish Mellah of Marrakech | History & Visit of Ancient Jewish District". Riad Al Ksar & Spa. 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
- ^ a b Marrakech’s Mellah: A Return to Peaceful Co-Existence
- ^ Gottreich, Emily (2007). The Mellah of Marrakesh: Jewish and Muslim Space in Morocco's Red City. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 93.
- ^ In Morocco, Exploring Remnants of Jewish History
- ^ a b La Mellah y el Cementerio Judío de Marrakech
- ^ a b Maroc : renaissance du vieux quartier juif de Marrakech
- ^ Morocco’s King Restores Original Names to Marrakech’s Jewish Quarter. Hamodia
- ^ When a Muslim MK beseeched Israel to fund a Moroccan synagogue. The Times of Israel