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In 1838 ''Pedicularis surrecta'' was described and named by [[George Bentham]] in the book ''Flora Boreali-Americana''.<ref name="POWO" /> Bentham thought there were some significant differences in the longer/larger hood protecting the pollen that made it a different species than well established ''Pedicularis groenlandica'' and the "new" species from the "N. West Interior" of British America.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hooker |first1=William Jackson |title=Flora boreali-Americana, or, The Botany of the Northern Parts of British America : compiled principally from the plants collected by Dr. Richardson & Mr. Drummond on the late northern expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. to which are added (by permission of the Horticultural Society of London) those of Mr. Douglas from north west America and other Naturalists |date=1840 |publisher=London : H.G. Bohn |isbn=978-0-665-37553-8 |pages=107-108 |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_37553/page/n467 |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref> As late as the 1930s and 1940s some botanists continued to suspect that it may be its own species.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kearney |first1=Thomas Henry |last2=Peebles |first2=Robert Hibbs |title=Flowering Plants and Ferns of Arizona |date=1942 |publisher=Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off |page=833 |url=https://archive.org/details/floweringplantsf00kear/page/833 |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McDougall |first1=W. B. |last2=Baggley |first2=Herma |title=Plants of Yellowstone National Park |date=1936 |publisher=United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service |location=Washington, D.C. |page=112 |url=https://archive.org/details/plantsofyellowst00mcdo/page/112 |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref> Though [[Asa Gray]] had already published a description of Bentham's species as the variety ''Pedicularis groenlandica'' var. ''surrecta'' in 1872.<ref name="POWO" /> Even the validity of this subspecies was being questioned by the mid-20th century as [[Charles Leo Hitchcock]] did in 1955 writing "...no clear-cut taxonomic segregation seems possible."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Charles Leo |title=Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest |date=1955 |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle, Washington |page=360 |url=https://archive.org/details/vascularplantsof0000hitc_t6q2/page/360 |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref>
In 1838 ''Pedicularis surrecta'' was described and named by [[George Bentham]] in the book ''Flora Boreali-Americana''.<ref name="POWO" /> Bentham thought there were some significant differences in the longer/larger hood protecting the pollen that made it a different species than well established ''Pedicularis groenlandica'' and the "new" species from the "N. West Interior" of British America.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hooker |first1=William Jackson |title=Flora boreali-Americana, or, The Botany of the Northern Parts of British America : compiled principally from the plants collected by Dr. Richardson & Mr. Drummond on the late northern expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. to which are added (by permission of the Horticultural Society of London) those of Mr. Douglas from north west America and other Naturalists |date=1840 |publisher=London : H.G. Bohn |isbn=978-0-665-37553-8 |pages=107-108 |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_37553/page/n467 |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref> As late as the 1930s and 1940s some botanists continued to suspect that it may be its own species.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kearney |first1=Thomas Henry |last2=Peebles |first2=Robert Hibbs |title=Flowering Plants and Ferns of Arizona |date=1942 |publisher=Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off |page=833 |url=https://archive.org/details/floweringplantsf00kear/page/833 |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McDougall |first1=W. B. |last2=Baggley |first2=Herma |title=Plants of Yellowstone National Park |date=1936 |publisher=United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service |location=Washington, D.C. |page=112 |url=https://archive.org/details/plantsofyellowst00mcdo/page/112 |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref> Though [[Asa Gray]] had already published a description of Bentham's species as the variety ''Pedicularis groenlandica'' var. ''surrecta'' in 1872.<ref name="POWO" /> Even the validity of this subspecies was being questioned by the mid-20th century as [[Charles Leo Hitchcock]] did in 1955 writing "...no clear-cut taxonomic segregation seems possible."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Charles Leo |title=Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest |date=1955 |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle, Washington |page=360 |url=https://archive.org/details/vascularplantsof0000hitc_t6q2/page/360 |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref>


In the year 1900 the famous botanist [[Per Axel Rydberg]] placed ''Pedicularis groenlandica'' in a new genus with the charming name ''Elephantella groenlandica'' along with two other species.<ref>{{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |author-link1=Plants of the World Online |year=2023 |id=89899-2 |title=''Elephantella groenlandica'' (Retz.) Rydb. |access-date=13 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rydberg |first1=Per Axel |title=Memoirs of the New York Botanical Gardan Vol-I: Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone National Park |date=1900 |publisher=Per Axel Rydberg |location=New York |pages=362-364 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.28261/page/n376 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> This found some support with other botanists, with [[Harold Norman Moldenke]] even publishing a new description of ''Pedicularis surrecta'' as ''Elephantella groenlandica'' var. ''surrecta'' as laste as 1969, but this one of the last uses of ''Elephantella'' as anything but as a synonym.<ref name="POWO" /> In addition, throughout the time that ''Elephantella'' was used the older classification as part of ''Pedicularis'' continued to be very frequently used by other botanists.<ref name="Rainier" />
In the year 1900 the botanist [[Per Axel Rydberg]] placed ''Pedicularis groenlandica'' in a new genus with the name ''Elephantella groenlandica'' along with two other species.<ref>{{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |author-link1=Plants of the World Online |year=2023 |id=89899-2 |title=''Elephantella groenlandica'' (Retz.) Rydb. |access-date=13 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rydberg |first1=Per Axel |title=Memoirs of the New York Botanical Gardan Vol-I: Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone National Park |date=1900 |publisher=Per Axel Rydberg |location=New York |pages=362-364 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.28261/page/n376 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> This found some support with other botanists, with [[Harold Norman Moldenke]] even publishing a new description of ''Pedicularis surrecta'' as ''Elephantella groenlandica'' var. ''surrecta'' as laste as 1969, but this one of the last uses of ''Elephantella'' as anything but as a synonym.<ref name="POWO" /> In addition, throughout the time that ''Elephantella'' was used the older classification as part of ''Pedicularis'' continued to be very frequently used by other botanists.<ref name="Rainier" />


As of 2023 [[Plants of the World Online]] (POWO), [[World Flora Online]] (WFO), and the USDA [[Natural Resources Conservation Service]] PLANTS database (PLANTS) all list ''Pedicularis groenlandica'' as the correct classification with no valid subspecies.<ref name="POWO" /><ref name="WFO">{{cite web |last1=WFO |title=''Pedicularis groenlandica'' Retz. |url=http://worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0001136575 |website=World Flora Online |access-date=13 May 2023 |date=2023}}</ref><ref name="USDAPlants">{{Cite PLANTS |date=2014 |id=PEGR2 |taxon=Pedicularis groenlandica |access-date=13 May 2023 }}</ref>
As of 2023 [[Plants of the World Online]] (POWO), [[World Flora Online]] (WFO), and the USDA [[Natural Resources Conservation Service]] PLANTS database (PLANTS) all list ''Pedicularis groenlandica'' as the correct classification with no valid subspecies.<ref name="POWO" /><ref name="WFO">{{cite web |last1=WFO |title=''Pedicularis groenlandica'' Retz. |url=http://worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0001136575 |website=World Flora Online |access-date=13 May 2023 |date=2023}}</ref><ref name="USDAPlants">{{Cite PLANTS |date=2014 |id=PEGR2 |taxon=Pedicularis groenlandica |access-date=13 May 2023 }}</ref>

Revision as of 18:07, 11 October 2023

Pedicularis groenlandica
Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico

Secure  (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Orobanchaceae
Genus: Pedicularis
Species:
P. groenlandica
Binomial name
Pedicularis groenlandica
Global range of Pedicularis groenlandica from GBIF (January 2023)
Synonyms[3]
  • Elephantella groenlandica (Retz.) Rydb.
  • Elephantella groenlandica var. surrecta (Benth.) Moldenke
  • Pedicularis groenlandica f. chlorina Stanif., P.F.Maycock & J.Svoboda
  • Pedicularis groenlandica f. gracilis Lepage
  • Pedicularis groenlandica f. pallida Lepage
  • Pedicularis groenlandica var. surrecta (Benth.) A.Gray
  • Pedicularis groenlandica subsp. surrecta (Benth.) Penn.
  • Pedicularis surrecta Benth.

Pedicularis groenlandica is a showy flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae which is known as elephant's head, little pink elephant, elephantella, and similar common names inspired by the striking resemblance of the flower to the head of an elephant. Less commonly it is also called butterfly tongue for the long beak on the flower. Like many other plants in genus Pedicularis it is a parasitic plant and is dependent on host plants to survive.

Description

Pedicularis groenlandica is an erect plant that can grow to a height of 60 centimetres (24 in), but may be only 10 centimetres (3.9 in) tall.[4] It generally has 5–20 larger leaves that sprout directly from the base of the plant (basal leaves). The leaves are narrow in outline with the widest part in middle. The leaves have a pointed tip (blade lanceolate) and are 20–150 millimeters long and 5–250 millimeters wide.[4] They strongly resemble fern leaves being divided to the leaf central leaf vein and sometimes the leaf segments being slightly divided again (1-pinnatifid or slightly 2-pinnatifid) and the leaf edges are also toothed, or double toothed (serrate or doubly serrate). The surfaces of the leaves are smooth (glabrous).[4]

In addition to the basal leaves, Pedicularis groenlandica will have between 3 and 31 leaves attached the flowering stem (cauline leaves). These will also have the same blade lanceolate shape, but may be much smaller ranging in size from 10–150 millimeters in length and much narrower at just 1–25 millimeters in width. They also have the same feathery or fern like shape with serrate edges to the leaflets.[4]

Flowers

The stem is topped with a large inflorescence of bright pink to purple or white flowers.[5] Pedicularis groenlandica may flower between June and September, with flowering beginning at lower altitudes.[4][6] The inflorescence is unbranched and will grow indeterminately (a raceme) and is always taller than the basal leaves.[4] The dense flowering spike will measure between 4 and 15 centimeters, in exceptional cases reaching as much as 25 centimeters.[7] Each plant will have either one or two flowering stems and each will have between 20 and 70 flowers. The bracts vary in shape from being long and thin like a blade of grass (linear) to being shaped like the blade of a trowel (trullate) and are located under the stems that attach the flowers to the main stem of the raceme (the pedicels). Each bract is 5–10 millimeters long and 2–10 millimeters wide with a smooth surface (glabrous) like the leaves and can be undivided or divided into a pinnatifid shape like the leaves. They also have a full range of edges from smooth to being double toothed.[4]

Detail of Pedicularis groenlandica flower

The pedicels attaching the flowers to the main stem are 0.5–1 millimeters and the flowers resemble a pink, reddish-purple, or purple (rarely white) head of an elephant to a remarkable extent.[4][8] In addition to reflecting visible light the petals of the flowers also reflect ultraviolet light.[6] At the base of the flower the fused sepals have five delta shaped lobes with either a smooth surface or fine bristle like hairs and are 0.5–1.5 millimeters long. The petals (corolla) are 5–8 millimeters long and usually has a purple tube of 3–5 millimeters. The forehead of the elephant is actually a structure that protects the pollen from the weather called a galea and ranges in size from 1.5–3 millimeters and extends into the long slightly coiled beak that resembles the elephant's trunk of 5–18 millimeters, and the lateral lobes of the flower resemble an elephant's ears.[4]

The fruit of Pedicularis groenlandica is an asymetrical capsule that is 6–14 millimeters in size. Within each are several 2.4–4 millimeter brown seeds which have a netted surface and small wings.[9][10]

Like other louseworts and related broomrape genera, this is a root hemiparasite which obtains nutrients from the roots of other plants by piercing them with haustoria. Though Pedicularis species such as Pedicularis sylvatica, Pedicularis canadensis, and Pedicularis lanceolata can grow without host plants, Pedicularis groenlandica will decline and die without a host plant.[11][12][13]

Taxonomy

Pedicularis groenlandica illustrated by CJ Marvin, from Wild Flowers and Trees of Colorado by Francis Ramaley 1909

Pedicularis groenlandica was first described in 1795 by Anders Jahan Retzius in Florae Scandinaviae Prodromus.[3] It was described from specimens collected in Greenland in the 1790s, but the location was lost until the 1940s when the type location was rediscovered.[14]

In 1838 Pedicularis surrecta was described and named by George Bentham in the book Flora Boreali-Americana.[3] Bentham thought there were some significant differences in the longer/larger hood protecting the pollen that made it a different species than well established Pedicularis groenlandica and the "new" species from the "N. West Interior" of British America.[15] As late as the 1930s and 1940s some botanists continued to suspect that it may be its own species.[16][17] Though Asa Gray had already published a description of Bentham's species as the variety Pedicularis groenlandica var. surrecta in 1872.[3] Even the validity of this subspecies was being questioned by the mid-20th century as Charles Leo Hitchcock did in 1955 writing "...no clear-cut taxonomic segregation seems possible."[18]

In the year 1900 the botanist Per Axel Rydberg placed Pedicularis groenlandica in a new genus with the name Elephantella groenlandica along with two other species.[19][20] This found some support with other botanists, with Harold Norman Moldenke even publishing a new description of Pedicularis surrecta as Elephantella groenlandica var. surrecta as laste as 1969, but this one of the last uses of Elephantella as anything but as a synonym.[3] In addition, throughout the time that Elephantella was used the older classification as part of Pedicularis continued to be very frequently used by other botanists.[8]

As of 2023 Plants of the World Online (POWO), World Flora Online (WFO), and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database (PLANTS) all list Pedicularis groenlandica as the correct classification with no valid subspecies.[3][21][22]

Names

The genus name of Pedicularis the Latin for louse, "pediculus". It was a folk belief that animals eating lousewort would become infested with lice.[12] The second part of its binomial name "groenlandica" obviously enough refers to its first scientific collection on the island of Greenland.[14] Pedicularis groenlandica is known by many creative common names names based upon its appearance or taxonomy. Related to its flower shape are "pink elephant's head",[13] "elephant-head lousewort",[9] "little pink elephant",[23][24] "little red elephant",[24] "bull elephant's-head",[2] and "elephant's head".[7] While Rydberg's creation of a new genus for the species did not withstand scientific scrutiny the name "elephantella" has continued as a popular common name.[25] The other common names "butterfly-tongue lousewort"[8] and "butterfly tongue"[26] also make reference to the shape of the flower, but instead comparing the extended beak to the long tongue of a butterfly.

Habitat and distribution

Pedicularis groenlandica growing between the shore of steamboat lake and the drier ground behind

Pedicularis groenlandica is the most widely distributed member of the genus Pedicularis in North America.[4] This plant is found in the high mountain ranges of western North America, including the Cascades, High Sierra, Rocky Mountains, western Canada, and Alaska. It also extends its range eastward through Canada and into Greenland.[27][28][29] In Greenland, however, it is only found in a single location. This is the same place it was originally discovered growing near Nuuk in the Eqaluit commune's Paarliit Kuussuat (Paarliit Valley) at 64°01'N.[14]

Pedicularis groenlandica requires a cold montane, alpine tundra, boreal, or arctic tundra climate. Within these environments it strongly prefers moist habitats such as bogs, fens, marshes, forested swamps, springs, stream banks, and flood planes.[4][5] In Greenland it grows amid Carex bigelowii near a river bank.[14] In the Elk Mountains of central Colorado it is found it has been found as part of a survey of vascular plants. There is grows immediately adjacent to six glacially-derived ponds and in wet meadows.[30]

Conservation

In 2015 the International Union for Conservation of Nature assessed Pedicularis groenlandica for the IUCN Red List as "Least Concern", because it is widespread and they think that if is declining it will not meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable soon.[1] Likewise it was evaluated by NatureServe as globally secure (G5) in 2016. At the state/provincial level they evaluated populations in Alberta, British Columbia, and Ontario as "secure" S5, with Montana, Quebec, and Wyoming as "apparently secure" S4. They evaluate populations in Labrador, Nunavut, and Manitoba as "vulnerable" S3, and the Yukon, Alaska, and Saskatchewan as "imperiled" S2. The only area they assessed the populations as "critically imperiled" S1 at that time was Newfoundland. They have not yet evaluated the rest of the natural range of the species.[2]

Ecology

Unlike Pedicularis bracteosa, Pedicularis procera, or Pedicularis sudetica, Pedicularis groenlandica lacks a nectar reward for pollinators. Bees visit the flowers to gather pollen and other plants for nectar rewards. Bumblebees (genus Bombus) vibrate their flight muscles while holding onto the flower to release the concealed pollen. In Colorado three species of bumblebee workers have been observed visiting P. groenlandica most often, Bombus bifarius, Bombus melanopygus, and Bombus sylvicola. In addition queens or workers of five other species, Bombus appositus, Bombus centralis, Bombus flavifrons, Bombus mixtus, and Bombus occidentalis, were recorded at lower frequencies of visitation.[6]

Pedicularis groenlandica is relatively non-specific in host requirements. It has been documented parasitizing various Carex species (sedges) and Poa species (grasses) and specifically Carex helleri, Carex fissuricola, Carex nigricans and also the grass Deschampsia cespitosa.[11][13]

Cultivation

Pedicularis groenlandica and other species in its genus are rarely cultivated and live plants are not offered for sale commercially due the difficulties in growing host dependent parasitic plants. Not all Pedicularis species are completely dependent on host species, but most are.[11] Seeds are offered commercially and it is sometimes propagated for wetland restoration efforts in its native range. In a 2002 report the seeds were stated to be non-dormant and to sprout at 22°C.[31] Later work by Jeff Evans and Dale Wick found that while a host plant is not required for the seeds to sprout, they will decline in health and eventually die without a host. They also list the seeds as having physiological dormancy and use gibberellic acid to enhance germination.[13] In the wild the dormancy may be broken by warm cool warm cycles.[32]

Pedicularis groenlandica

References

  1. ^ a b IUCN (2023). "Pedicularis groenlandica". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-2. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  2. ^ a b c NatureServe (2023). "Pedicularis groenlandica". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f POWO (2023). "Pedicularis groenlandica Retz". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Robart, Bruce W. (5 November 2020). "Pedicularis groenlandica - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  5. ^ a b "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2022-07-17.
  6. ^ a b c Macior, Lazarus Walter (1974). "Pollination Ecology of the Front Range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains". Melanderia. 15. Washington State Entomological Society: 3, 4, 6, 39.
  7. ^ a b Ackerfield, Jennifer (2015). Flora of Colorado. Fort Worth, Texas: BRIT press. p. 572. ISBN 978-1-889878-45-4.
  8. ^ a b c Brockman, C. Frank (March–June 1938). "Individual Descriptions of Native Plants". Nature Notes, Mount Rainier National Park. XVI (1/2): 46–119. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  9. ^ a b Klinkenberg, Brian., ed. (2014). "Pedicularis groenlandica". E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  10. ^ "Pedicularis groenlandica". Jepson Herbarium. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  11. ^ a b c Sprague, Elizabeth F; Sprague, Elizabeth F. (1962). "Parasitism in Pedicularis". Madroño; a West American journal of botany. 16: 192–200. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  12. ^ a b Robart, Bruce W. (5 November 2020). "Pedicularis - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  13. ^ a b c d Evans, Jeff; Wick, Dale (2008). "Propagation Protocol for Production of Container (plug) Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. Plants 172 ml Containers". Native Plant Network. USDI NPS - Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  14. ^ a b c d Rune, Flemming (2011). Wild flowers of Greenland: = Grønlands vilde planter (1st. ed.). Hillerød, Denmark: Gyldenlund Publishing. pp. 12, 273. ISBN 978-87-993172-5-7. OCLC 769278518. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  15. ^ Hooker, William Jackson (1840). Flora boreali-Americana, or, The Botany of the Northern Parts of British America : compiled principally from the plants collected by Dr. Richardson & Mr. Drummond on the late northern expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. to which are added (by permission of the Horticultural Society of London) those of Mr. Douglas from north west America and other Naturalists. London : H.G. Bohn. pp. 107–108. ISBN 978-0-665-37553-8. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  16. ^ Kearney, Thomas Henry; Peebles, Robert Hibbs (1942). Flowering Plants and Ferns of Arizona. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off. p. 833. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  17. ^ McDougall, W. B.; Baggley, Herma (1936). Plants of Yellowstone National Park. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. p. 112. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  18. ^ Hitchcock, Charles Leo (1955). Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. p. 360. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  19. ^ POWO (2023). "Elephantella groenlandica (Retz.) Rydb". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  20. ^ Rydberg, Per Axel (1900). Memoirs of the New York Botanical Gardan Vol-I: Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone National Park. New York: Per Axel Rydberg. pp. 362–364. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  21. ^ WFO (2023). "Pedicularis groenlandica Retz". World Flora Online. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  22. ^ USDA, NRCS (2014). "Pedicularis groenlandica". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  23. ^ Beckstein, Oliver (2012). "Little Pink Elephant (Pedicularis groenlandica)". Wind River Range, July 2006. University of Oxford, Structural Bioinformatics and Computational Biochemistry Unit. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  24. ^ a b Pierce, J. Rush (2001). Mountain wildflowers of Northern New Mexico : a beginner's guide. Granbury, Texas: JRP Publications. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-9707640-0-3. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  25. ^ RMNP (2015). "Pink & Red Wildflowers - Rocky Mountain National Park". U.S. National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior.
  26. ^ Frye, Theodore Christian; Rigg, George Burton (1914). Elementary Flora of the Northwest. New York, New York: American Book Company. p. 208. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  27. ^ Pedicularis groenlandica, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Profile, 22 August 2023
  28. ^ Böcher, Tyge Wittrock (1968). The Flora of Greenland. Translated by Elkington, T.T.; Lewis, M.C. (2nd ed.). Copenhagen, Denmark: P. Haase & Son. pp. 162–163. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  29. ^ Sullivan, Steven. K. (2015). "Pedicularis groenlandica". Wildflower Search. Retrieved 2015-01-11.
  30. ^ Seagrist, Randy V; Seagrist, Randy V.; Taylor, Kevin J. (1998). "Alpine Vasular Flora of Hasley Basin, Elk Mountains, Colorado, USA". Madroño; a West American journal of botany. 45 (4): 312, 324. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  31. ^ Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C. (2002). "Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. plants". Native Plant Network. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky & US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  32. ^ Bartow, Amy (2014). "Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) Pedicularis groenlandica plants stubby containers". Native Plant Network. Corvallis, Oregon: USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
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