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|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-21 |title=Roketsan'dan Kosova'ya OMTAS Füzesi ihracatı |url=https://www.savunmasanayist.com/roketsandan-kosovaya-omtas-fuzesi-ihracati/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=tr}}</ref><ref name="OryxTurkishSystems" />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-21 |title=Roketsan'dan Kosova'ya OMTAS Füzesi ihracatı |url=https://www.savunmasanayist.com/roketsandan-kosovaya-omtas-fuzesi-ihracati/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=tr}}</ref><ref name="OryxTurkishSystems" />
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|[[File:Sungur Manpads.png|left|frameless]]
|SUNGUR MANPAD
|N/A
|{{TUR}}
|Kosovo Ministry of Defense signed 180X Sungur Manpads in 2022.
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! colspan="6" scope="row" | Portable anti-drone jammers
! colspan="6" scope="row" | Portable anti-drone jammers
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|The minister of Defense has shown that Kosovo will be equipped with turkish ACV-s.
|The minister of Defense has shown that Kosovo will be equipped with turkish ACV-s.
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| colspan="6" |[[Multiple rocket launcher|MLRS]]
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|[[File:RoketsanIDEF2015 (5).JPG|left|frameless|152x152px]]
|[[TRG-300 Tiger|TRG-300 TIGER]]
|{{TUR}}
|N/A
|Media discovered a document signed by Kosovo Ministry of Defense to buy turkish MLRS, The ministry has never denied the news. {1}
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|[[File:TRG-230 Bangladesh.jpg|left|frameless|153x153px]]
|[[TRG-230|TRG-230 Fuzesi]]
|{{TUR}}
|N/A
|The TRG-230 were included in the same agreement. {2}
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| To be received in the Spring of 2024 as a donation by the [[Iowa National Guard]].
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|[[File:F-RAFY (2233-FY) Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma French Air Force (10297253663).jpg|left|frameless|170x170px]]
|[[Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma]]
|[[France]]
|4 (on order)
|The [[Ejup Maqedonci|minister of Defense]] has shown that Kosovo will be receiving 4 Eurocopters by 2025.
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! colspan="6" |Unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs)
! colspan="6" |Unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs)

Revision as of 14:11, 17 November 2023

Kosovo Security Force
Albanian: Forca e Sigurisë së Kosovës
Serbian: Косовске безбедносне снаге
Emblem
Flag
Founded1 January 2009; 15 years ago (2009-01-01)
Current form14 December 2018; 5 years ago (2018-12-14)[a]
HeadquartersPristina, Kosovo
Websitemod.rks-gov.net/
Leadership
Commander-in-chiefVjosa Osmani
Minister of DefenseEjup Maqedonci
CommanderLt. Gen. Bashkim Jashari
Personnel
Military age18
Active personnel10,000
Reserve personnel5,000
Expenditure
Budget€141,000,000 (2023)[1]
Percent of GDP1.30% (2023)
Industry
Foreign suppliers United States
 Turkey
 Germany
 United Kingdom
 Italy
 Israel
 Austria
 Croatia
Related articles
HistoryKosovo Liberation Army
Kosovo Protection Corps
RanksMilitary ranks of Kosovo

The Kosovo Security Force (KSF; Albanian: Forca e Sigurisë së Kosovës; Serbian: Косовске безбедносне снаге/Kosovske bezbednosne snage) is the military of Kosovo. KSF is tasked with defending the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Kosovo, military support for civilian authorities, and participation in international peacekeeping missions and operations.[1] Since 2018, it is in the process of transforming into the Kosovo Armed Forces, a process that is expected to finish in 2028.

The President of Kosovo is the Supreme Commander of the Kosovo Security Force and has the competence for mobilizing the Kosovo Security Force in cases of the state of emergency.[2] In peace times, the President's powers as Commander-in-Chief are executed through the Prime Minister and the Defence Minister.

History

Kosovo Security Force's Standard-bearer

Following the Kosovo War in 1999, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 placed Kosovo under the authority of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), with security provided by the NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR). KFOR entered Kosovo on June 12, 1999 under a United Nations mandate, two days after the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1244.

After KFOR's entry into Kosovo, the Kosovo Liberation Army was disbanded and some of its members joined the newly-formed Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC). According to UNMIK regulation 1999/8, the KPC's tasks were to provide disaster response, conduct search and rescue operations, provide humanitarian assistance, assist in demining, and contribute to rebuilding of infrastructure after the war. KPC's membership grew over time, but it never had any role in defense, law enforcement, riot control, internal security, or any other law and order tasks. In 2007, the United States army transferred Camp Monteith in Gjilan to the Kosovo Protection Corps.

Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia in February 2008. On 19 March 2008, United States President George W. Bush authorised military aid to Kosovo in another step to establish formal relations with Kosovo.[3] In March 2008, the NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR) and the KPC started preparations for the formation of the Kosovo Security Force. According to guidelines laid out in the Ahtisaari Plan, the Kosovo Security Force was initially permitted to carry light weapons. The admission and the training of personnel began in early June 2008, when NATO experts arrived in Kosovo to guide the process, and from early December 2008, enlisting of candidates between 18 and 30 years old began.

On 20 January 2009, the names of those who were to be selected for the KSF from the KPC were announced. After being vetted by NATO, roughly 1,400 former members of the KPC were selected to serve as officers and rank and file members of the KSF.

On 21 January 2009, the Kosovo Security Force was officially launched. The KSF did not replace the Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) which was disbanded several months later. KFOR was charged with mentoring the KSF and bringing the force to Full Operational Capability. As part of this effort, various nations that are part of KFOR have provided assistance to the force on a bilateral basis including uniforms which were supplied by the United States and vehicles which were donated by Germany. Mentoring efforts were meant to develop the KSF in line with NATO standards.[4][5][6] Additionally Italy, Portugal and other NATO members are to help the KSF by donations and training.[7][8] Slovenia donated €30,000 towards the establishment of the KSF.[6]

The following senior officers took their oaths on 16 June 2009, under the supervision of then KSF Commander Lieutenant-General Sylejman Selimi:[9]

  • Lieutenant-General Bashkim Jashari – KSF Deputy Commander and Commander of Land Force Command
  • Brigadier-General Xhevahir Geci – Commander of Rapid Reaction Brigade
  • Brigadier-General Zymer Halimi – Chief of Operations and Training Department
  • Brigadier-General Imri Ilazi – Commander of Operations Support Brigade
  • Brigadier-General Enver Cikaqi – Commander of Training and Doctrine Command
Members of the Kosovo Security Force during an exercise near Istog.

On 15 September 2009 the Kosovo Security Force officially began the work, with its initial operational capacities after an eight-month training with NATO instructors.[10]

In 2010, the KSF deployed to northern Albania on two separate occasions to perform flood relief operations in support of the Albanian domestic response.

On 22 November 2011, Lieutenant General Sylejman Selimi retired from the KSF and President Atifete Jahjaga appointed the former Director of Operations Major General Kadri Kastrati to succeed him as Commander of the force. President Jahjaga also promoted Kastrati to the rank of lieutenant general.

On 9 July 2013, the North Atlantic Council determined that the Kosovo Security Forces had reached Full Operational Capability (FOC), with regards to non-military security operations that were not appropriate for the police. This included search and rescue operations, explosive ordnance disposal, control and clearance of hazardous materials, fire-fighting and other humanitarian assistance tasks..[11]

NATO's role in the creation of KSF has therefore been two-fold: helping with its formation – standing up, recruitment and training; and the establishment of a civilian-led organisation to supervise and control the KSF. One of the principal aims was to encourage all minorities to enroll, so special attention was given to carrying out the recruitment process in two languages – Albanian and Serbian. The result has been a professional, multi-ethnic, all-volunteer force, which should continue to remain a source of regional stability. Following the declaration of full operational capability, NATO will continue to support the development of the KSF through the NATO Liaison and Advisory Team (NLAT), consisting of a mix of approximately 30 military and civilian personnel that will help with the professional development of the KSF, providing advice and support in a variety of areas such as capacity-building and training and leadership.[12]

Towards a Kosovo Armed Forces

The Kosovo Security Force Band.

On 5 March 2014, Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi declared that the Kosovan government had decided to establish a Defence Ministry and by 2019, officially transform the Kosovo Security Forces into the Kosovo Armed Forces (Albanian: Forcat e Armatosura të Kosovës, FAK) which will meet all the standards of NATO states with the aim of joining the alliance in the future. The new army will have a €98 million annual budget and will be 5,000 strong with another 3,000 reservists, composed of land forces, a national guard, logistics and training commands.[13][14][15] Kosovo's Security Forces Minister Agim Çeku stated that the Kosovo Armed Forces' mission will be "to protect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Kosovo, its people and their property and protect the interests of the Kosovo Republic".[16] Kosovo's ambassador to Turkey, Avni Spahiu, stated that the "decision to establish an army has been taken in consultation with NATO and our partners... [and] the army will have a defensive character as Kosovo has no territorial aspirations".[17]

Kosovo Security Force rescuers searching for survivors after the 2019 Albania earthquake.

On 28 May 2014, President Atifete Jahjaga told the United Nations Security Council that the creation of the Kosovan Armed Forces would be a long process, requiring the support and participation of all ethnic communities in Kosovo; she added that its purpose would be to contribute to overall security in the Balkans and called on all ethnic communities to take part in the process.[18] In November 2014, Agim Çeku stated that the Kosovo Army was running behind schedule "because of the delay in the constitution of the Kosovo parliament" but the decision to transform the Kosovo Security Force into an Army will be confirmed "at one of the first sessions upon its constitution"; he also noted that this transformation enjoys nationwide support and he doesn't expect any complaints from the political opposition.[19]

A Kosovo Security Force Soldier watches troop commanders from 5th Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment walk through a combined arms rehearsal as part of Combined Resolve VI at Hohenfels, Germany.

On 18 October 2018, the Kosovo Assembly approved to transform the Kosovo Security Force into the Kosovo Armed Forces within 10 years after 98 of the 120 deputies voted in favor, and the remaining 22 remained absent from the vote, including 11 representatives from the Serb minority who boycotted the vote.[20]

With the aim to upgrade its military competencies and to make it able to join NATO, on 14 December 2018, the Assembly of Kosovo passed legislation to redefine the KSF as a "professional military force" and to establish a defence ministry.[21][22][23] The transformation is supposed to be finished in 2028. The Iowa National Guard is one of Kosovo Security Force's main partners and supporters in its transformation.[24]

The KSF's personnel trains in NATO military academies in Turkey, the US, and the UK, including School of Army Aviation in Isparta, West Point, and Sandhurst. Its current transformation is actively supported by NATO members and its closest cooperation is with the Iowa National Guard. After the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Assembly of Kosovo passed a resolution, urging the government to start NATO membership bid.[25]

Reactions

Maj. General Benjamin Corell of the Iowa National Guard inspecting a Kosovo Security Force soldier's equipment. The Iowa National Guard supports FSK in its transformation into the Kosovo Armed Forces.

Reactions to the transformation of KSF to KAF have been mixed. The move has been seen with scepticism by Serbia and by NATO, European Union and United Nations officials, but it has been endorsed by the United States, as well as the governments of Germany, United Kingdom and France.[26][27]

The Serbian authorities have repeatedly said that according to all international documents, and especially UN Resolution 1244, NATO-led KFOR is the only legal military formation in Kosovo alongside 999 Serbian military personnel guaranteed by Resolution 1244.[28] Jens Stoltenberg, Secretary General of NATO, said he regrets that the Kosovo Assembly has decided to transform KSF despite concerns from the alliance, adding that "this move comes at the wrong time".[29] Also, Federica Mogherini, High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs has expressed regret over Kosovo's move to form a new army.[30] Furthermore, António Guterres, UN Secretary-General, expressed deep concern over the decision of Kosovo authorities, urging "all parties concerned" to exercise restraint.[31]

On the other hand, the United States fully supports and endorses the move. In a statement, the US Embassy in Kosovo stated that Kosovo is a sovereign nation, and as such, it is allowed to have a force to defend its territory. They confirmed that the United States will continue to support the development of KAF, and that they expect the cooperation of the KAF and NATO to continue.[32] The US. Ambassador in Kosovo, Philip S. Kosnett called the transformation a historical move.

Mission statement

A member of FSK with Kosovo's flag at a military parade in the Netherlands

Kosovo Security Force's duties are to defend the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Kosovo, provide military support to civilian authorities, and to participate in international military operations.

The Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Kosovo (MoD) is responsible for exercising civilian control over the Force, including management and administration. It comprises a mixture of civilian and KSF personnel and is accountable, through the Prime Minister, to the Kosovo Assembly.

The mission of the MoD, is to formulate, implement, evaluate and develop the policies and activities of the KSF within a framework of democratic governance and in accordance with the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Kosovo.

Personnel

Members of the Kosovo Security Force

Any citizen of Kosovo over the age of 18 is eligible to serve in the Kosovo Security Force.[33] Active members of the Kosovo Security Force are not legally allowed to run for, or serve in the Assembly of Kosovo.[34] The membership of the Kosovo Security Force is required to reflect the ethnic composition of the country.[35] Members of the Security Force are protected from discrimination on the basis of gender or ethnicity.[36]

The Ministry of Defense has taken active steps to recruit women into the Security Force. As of 2015, women made up 8.52% of the uniformed service members of the Security Force and 32% of the Ministry as a whole.[37] Of the 203 women in uniform in the Security Force, 21 are officers; the highest ranking woman in the Security Force is a Major-general Irfete Spahiu.[38]

According to the Law on the Kosovo Security Force, KSF can have up to 5,000 active soldiers and up to 3,000 reservists, but it allows the Force to recruit above that number based on strategic defense reviews.[39] As of 2023, KSF has surpassed the 5,000 active members threshold and is steadily recruiting over 1,000 new members per year.

Ethnic minorities

Ethnic minorities of Kosovo are encouraged to enroll in the Kosovo Security Force with Kosovo's constitution requiring the integration of ethnic-minority communities into the Kosovo Security Force. In April 2013, 179 (8.2%) of the Kosovo Security Force's military personnel came from minority backgrounds, the remainder being ethnic Albanians.[40] In May 2014, Kosovar President Atifete Jahjaga noted to the United Nations Security Council that 9% of the KSF were from minority communities.[18] In July 2018 40 out of 137 Serbs tendered their resignations from the KSF. Minister of the KSF, Rustem Berisha stated that the personnel in question were pressured by Belgrade and had received "blackmail and threats" violating their basic human rights.[41]

Minorities in the KSF[42]
Ethnicity Number
Turks 49
Serbs 45
Bosniaks 43
Ashkali 30
Egyptians 14
Croats 3
Romani 3
Gorani 1
Germans 1

Structure

Organogram of Kosovo Security Force Headquarters
Organogram of Kosovo Security Force Headquarters

Under the headquarters staff depicted above, the KSF comprises the Land Force Command (Rapid Reaction Brigade of three battalions, First Battalion at Gjilan and Second Battalion at Istog;[43]) Operational Support Brigade, including engineer unit and Civil Protection Regiment; Doctrine and Training Command); plus a Logistics Command and National Guard Command (2023).[44] There are approximately 3,300 KSF personnel, including reserves.

Military rank insignias

Vehicles plates
Main article: Military ranks of Kosovo
Officers
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers Officer cadet
 Kosovo Security Force[45]
Gjenerallejtnant Gjeneralmajor Gjeneralbrigade Kolonel Nënkolonel Major Kapiten Toger Nëntoger
Enlisted
Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
 Kosovo Security Force[45]
Rreshter major Rreshter i parë Rreshter master Rreshter i klasit të parë Rreshter i stafit Rreshter Tetar Specialist Ushtari i klasit te parë Ushtar

Equipment

Weapons

Picture Weapon Cartridge Country manufactured Notes Reference
Pistols
FN Five-seven FN 5.7×28mm  Belgium Standard side arm [46]
Glock 17 9×19mm Parabellum  Austria
SIG M17 9×19mm Parabellum  United States
Assault rifles & Carbines
MPT-76 7.62×51mm NATO  Turkey
MPT-55 5.56×45mm NATO  Turkey
IMI Galil 5.56×45mm NATO  Israel
SIGM400 5.56×45mm NATO  Germany
Heckler & Koch G36 5.56×45mm NATO  Germany Standard service rifle [46]
M4A1 5.56×45mm NATO  United States [47]
M5 Carbine
M5 Carbine
 M5 Colt Carbine 5.56×45mm NATO  United States
Zastava M59/66 7.62x39mm  Yugoslavia Used by the Honour Guard
Machine guns & Submachine guns
PMT-76-57A 7.62x51mm NATO  Turkey [48][49]
M240 7.62×51mm NATO  United States
M249 Squad Automatic Weapon 5.56×45mm NATO  United States
M2 Browning .50 BMG  United States Used as a standalone weapon, but has also been seen fitted on the M1117 Guardian and Humvee chases
Heckler & Koch MP5 9×19mm Parabellum  Germany
 Turkey 		Several variants
Sniper rifles
SIG Sauer SIG 716 DMR 7.62×51mm NATO  Germany
M24 7.62×51mm NATO  United States
Barrett M82 .50 BMG  United States [50]
Barrett M99 .50 BMG  United States
Grenade launchers
Heckler & Koch AG36 40 mm grenade  Germany Attaches to rifle
Mk 19 40 mm grenade  United States Attaches to the M1117 AFV
Aselsan SARP DUAL RCWS 40 mm grenade  Turkey Attaches to the Otokar Cobra AFV [49]
Portable anti-material weapons
M72 LAW 66mm  United States
BGM-71 TOW 152 mm  United States
OMTAS 160 mm  Turkey [51][49]
File:Sungur Manpads.png
 SUNGUR MANPAD N/A  Turkey Kosovo Ministry of Defense signed 180X Sungur Manpads in 2022.
Portable anti-drone jammers
Aselsan IHASAVAR  Turkey [49]
Mortars
MKEK Commando 60 mm  Turkey [49]
MKEK NT1 81mm  Turkey
M69 mortar 82 mm  Croatia /  Yugoslavia
M75 light mortar 120 mm  Croatia /  Yugoslavia
ASELSAN AHS-120 Alkar self-propelled mortar 120 mm  Turkey Fitted on BMC Vuran chasis [49]
Howitzers
MKEK Boran 105 mm Turkey

Vehicles

Picture Name Country manufactured Number Notes Reference
Light utility vehicles
Mercedes-Benz G Class  Germany N/A
Land Rover Defender  United Kingdom N/A
Jeep  United States N/A
Otokar Akrep  Turkey 3 [52]
Achleitner  Austria N/A
Light armored vehicles and MRAPs
Otokar Cobra  Turkey 80 [53][54][49]
Humvee  United States 200+ [55][56][57]
M1117 Guardian  United States 55 [58]
BMC Kirpi  Turkey 10 [52]
BMC Vuran  Turkey 26 12 of them equipped with the Roketsan TR-107 MLRS system. 14 equipped with Aselsan Alkar 120mm mortars. [52]
FNSS ACV-15  Turkey 60 The minister of Defense has shown that Kosovo will be equipped with turkish ACV-s.
MLRS
TRG-300 TIGER  Turkey N/A Media discovered a document signed by Kosovo Ministry of Defense to buy turkish MLRS, The ministry has never denied the news. {1}
TRG-230 Fuzesi  Turkey N/A The TRG-230 were included in the same agreement. {2}
Trucks
Mercedes-Benz NG 1017A  Germany N/A
Mercedes-Benz Unimog  Germany N/A
Iveco Trakker  Italy N/A
Iveco 8X8  Italy N/A
FMTV  United States N/A
MB Man  Germany 15 KSF purchased 12 trucks in 2018; an additional 3 were donated by the German Embassy in 2023.
UAV ground control station  Turkey 2

Kosovo Airforce

Name Picture Origin Numbers Notes Reference
Helicopters
Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk  United States 2 (on order) To be received in the Spring of 2024 as a donation by the Iowa National Guard.
Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma France 4 (on order) The minister of Defense has shown that Kosovo will be receiving 4 Eurocopters by 2025.
Unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs)
Baykar Bayraktar TB2  Turkey 5 Received in 2023. Equipped with Roketsan MAM-C and MAM-L precision-guided munition. [49]
Baykar Bayraktar Akinci  Turkey N/A After the visit of the owner of the Baykar company, it is known that the Ministry of Defense has made an agreement for Baykar Bayraktar Akinci drone equipment. [59]
Unmanned aerial vehicles
AeroVironment RQ-20 Puma  United States 40 First batch of 40 received in 2022. [60]
AAI RQ-7 Shadow  United States N/A
STM Alpagu  Turkey 100 50x Thermobaric & 50x Armour-piercing warheads.
Airports
Pristina International Airport "Adem Jashari" Pristina (Sllatina) Civil and Military use This airport contains NATO standards for military (airforce) uses.
Gjakova Military Airport Gjakova Military use The airport is owned by the Kosovo Ministry of Defense, and it is being used for the needs of KSF since 2018.
Dumosh-Batllava Airfield Podujevo Military Use This Airfield is officially managed by KSF, but is out of order.
Air Bases
Sllatina Airbase Pristina (Sllatina) Only Military use The activities in this air base are not very public, but it is known that recently this airbase has been strengthened and keeps the air assets inside.

Kosovo Military Camouflage

1st Uniform Camo
File:Kosovo Camo 1.png
 Kosovo Green Digital Camo Uniform This camouflage was established immediately after disbursement of Kosovo Protection Corps (TMK), KSF worked continuously with this Camo.
Backpack
Tents etc.
2nd Uniform Camo
File:Second Kosovo Camo.png
 Kosovo wooden Digital Camo Uniform This camo was established in October 2022, by the supreme commander of the force Vjosa Osmani.
Vehicles Camo
Matt Green Camo Vehicles This camo is used to mark the land vehicles of KSF.
Aerial Vehicles Camo
File:Image of aerial grey.png
 Aerial Grey Camo Drones and UAV-s [61]
File:Snow Camo.png
 Snow Camo Winter Special Forces

Kosovo Army Medals and Decorations

Medal of Appreciation (Medalja "Shërbim i shquar")
File:Kosovo Army Medal of Appreciation.png
 The medal is given by the Minister of Defense to members of the KSF as a recognition of their achievements in the KSF.

Notes

  1. ^ In the process of moving from Kosovo Security Force to Kosovo Armed Forces.

References

  1. ^ LAW NO. 06 L-123 ON KOSOVO SECURITY FORCE (Law, IV). Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo. 4 January 2019.
  2. ^ LAW NO. 06 L-123 ON KOSOVO SECURITY FORCE (Law, XVI). Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo. 4 January 2019.
  3. ^ Bush OKs supplying arms to Kosovo, AFP, March 19, 2008.
  4. ^ "Lt. Gen. Selimi appointed as Chief of Staff of KSF" Archived 2009-03-07 at the Wayback Machine newkosovoareport.com 20 December 2009. Link accessed 21-01-09
  5. ^ "Kosovo's security force launched" news.bbc.co.uk 21 January 2009. Link Retrieved 21-01-09
  6. ^ a b "Kosovo: Security or militarisation?" Archived 26 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine b92.net 21 January 2009. Link retrieved 21-01-09
  7. ^ "Italy to support the establishment of Kosovo armed forces" Archived 2012-04-01 at the Wayback Machine newkosovoareport.com 24 December 2008. Link accessed 21-01-09
  8. ^ "Portugal to assist the establishment of Kosovo Army" Archived 2009-06-04 at the Wayback Machine newkosovoareport.com 20 December 2008. Link accessed 21-01-09
  9. ^ Ministry Press Release, 16 June 2009, Pristina
  10. ^ "FSK nis zyrtarisht punën" (in Albanian). Pristina, Kosovo: Gazeta Express. 18 September 2009. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
  11. ^ "NATO Secretary General statement on Kosovo Security Force reaching Full Operational Capability".
  12. ^ "The Kosovo Security Force now self-sustainable".
  13. ^ "Kosovo to create national army of 5,000 soldiers". Reuters. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  14. ^ "Kosovo to Have Army by 2019". noinvite.com. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  15. ^ "Kosovo to build its first national army". Euronews. 4 March 2014. Archived from the original on 9 August 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  16. ^ "Kosovo to Have Armed Forces by 2019". Balkan Insight. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  17. ^ "Kosovo to form army 15 yrs after war, Serbia reacts". Turkish Weekly. 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  18. ^ a b "Kosovo precedent created new hotspots". B92. 28 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  19. ^ "Kosovo will soon have its army". B92. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  20. ^ Bozinovski, Igor (25 October 2018). "Kosovo Security Forces to be transformed into army". IHS Jane's 360. Skopje. Archived from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  21. ^ "Kosovo approves new army despite Serbia opposition - News - Al Jazeera". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  22. ^ "Kosovo approves new army despite Serb opposition, NATO criticism". Reuters. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  23. ^ https://kallxo.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/2824-2.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  24. ^ "Iowa National Guard strengthens bonds with Kosovo". National Guard. National Guard. 5 October 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  25. ^ "Kosovo parliament urges government to start NATO membership bid". Reuters. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  26. ^ "Kosovo legislature approves creation of national army". www.dw.com. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  27. ^ "Franca përkrahë transformimin e FSK-së në Ushtri të Kosovës". www.telegrafi.com. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  28. ^ "Kosovo army has no business in North, Serbs say". B92. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  29. ^ "Kosovo Parliament Votes to Create an Army, Defying Serbia and NATO". The New York Times. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  30. ^ "The Latest: Serbia calls new Kosovo army illegal". abcnews.go.com. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  31. ^ "UN Security Council discusses Kosovo, Guterres calls for restraint". N1. 15 December 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
  32. ^ "Statement from U.S. Embassy Pristina". 14 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018 – via xk.usembassy.gov.
  33. ^ The Law on the Kosovo Security Force (PDF) (Law No. 03/L-046, Article 13, Section 13.1). 13 March 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  34. ^ "Article 73, Section 1(2)" (PDF). Constitution of Kosovo. 9 April 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  35. ^ "Article 126, Section 4" (PDF). Constitution of Kosovo. 9 April 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  36. ^ Law on Service in the Kosovo Security Force (PDF) (Law No. 03/L-082, Article 3, Section 3(a)). 13 June 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  37. ^ Annual Report 2015 (PDF) (Report). Ministry for the Kosovo Security Force. December 2015. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  38. ^ THE WOMAN SHAPING KOSOVO'S FUTURE SOLDIERS (Report). Kosovo 2.0. March 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  39. ^ "Ligji për FSK". Gazeta Zyrtare e Republikës së Kosovës.
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