Sanskritisation (linguistics): Difference between revisions
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'''Sanskritisation''' is the process of introducing features from [[Sanskrit]], such as [[vocabulary]] and [[grammar]], into other languages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramaswamy |first=Sumathi |date=1999 |title=Sanskrit for the Nation |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/sanskrit-for-the-nation/53E89BD4A2BFA304D2CCD131BA5C1782 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=339–381 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X99003273 |s2cid=145240374 |issn=1469-8099}}</ref> It is sometimes associated with the "[[Indian|Indian]]-isation" of a linguistic community, or less commonly, with introducing a more upper-[[Caste system in India|caste]] status into a community.<ref>{{Citation |title=Hindi/Urdu/Hindustani in the Metropolises: Visual (and Other) Impressions |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-03566-7/18 |work=Defining the Indefinable: Delimiting Hindi |date=2014 |access-date=2023-10-29 |publisher=Peter Lang|doi=10.3726/978-3-653-03566-7/18 |isbn=9783631647745 }}</ref><ref>Punnoose, Reenu, and Muhammed Haneefa. "[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4529992 Problematising Hindi as the'Self'and English as the'Other'.]" ''Economic & Political Weekly'' 53.7 (2018).</ref> Many languages throughout [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] were greatly influenced by Sanskrit (or its descendant languages, the [[Prakrit|Prakrits]] and modern-day [[Indo-Aryan languages]]) historically.<ref>Chakraborty, Shibashis. [https://www.academia.edu/45078705/_The_Role_of_Specific_Grammar_For_Interpretation_in_Sanskrit_ "The Role of Specific Grammar for Interpretation in Sanskrit"]. ''Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science, 9 (2)'' (2021): 107-187.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Burrow |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=cWDhKTj1SBYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA62 |title=The Sanskrit Language |date=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1767-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |date=2010-01-01 |title=The spread of Sanskrit |url=https://www.academia.edu/46040987/The_spread_of_Sanskrit |journal=From Turfan to Ajanta. Festschrift for Dieter Schlingloff on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday}}</ref> Ancient Indian conceptualisations of Sanskrit grammar have also influenced modern [[linguistics]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parret |first=Herman |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hQh0bC5RAe8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA102 |title=History of Linguistic Thought and Contemporary Linguistics |date=1976 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-005818-5 |language=en}}</ref> |
'''Sanskritisation''' is the process of introducing features from [[Sanskrit]], such as [[vocabulary]] and [[grammar]], into other languages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramaswamy |first=Sumathi |date=1999 |title=Sanskrit for the Nation |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/sanskrit-for-the-nation/53E89BD4A2BFA304D2CCD131BA5C1782 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=339–381 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X99003273 |s2cid=145240374 |issn=1469-8099}}</ref> It is sometimes associated with the "[[Indian|Indian]]-isation" of a linguistic community, or less commonly, with introducing a more upper-[[Caste system in India|caste]] status into a community.<ref>{{Citation |title=Hindi/Urdu/Hindustani in the Metropolises: Visual (and Other) Impressions |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-03566-7/18 |work=Defining the Indefinable: Delimiting Hindi |date=2014 |access-date=2023-10-29 |publisher=Peter Lang|doi=10.3726/978-3-653-03566-7/18 |isbn=9783631647745 }}</ref><ref>Punnoose, Reenu, and Muhammed Haneefa. "[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4529992 Problematising Hindi as the'Self'and English as the'Other'.]" ''Economic & Political Weekly'' 53.7 (2018).</ref> Many languages throughout [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] were greatly influenced by Sanskrit (or its descendant languages, the [[Prakrit|Prakrits]] and modern-day [[Indo-Aryan languages]]) historically.<ref>Chakraborty, Shibashis. [https://www.academia.edu/45078705/_The_Role_of_Specific_Grammar_For_Interpretation_in_Sanskrit_ "The Role of Specific Grammar for Interpretation in Sanskrit"]. ''Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science, 9 (2)'' (2021): 107-187.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Burrow |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=cWDhKTj1SBYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA62 |title=The Sanskrit Language |date=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1767-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |date=2010-01-01 |title=The spread of Sanskrit |url=https://www.academia.edu/46040987/The_spread_of_Sanskrit |journal=From Turfan to Ajanta. Festschrift for Dieter Schlingloff on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday}}</ref> Ancient Indian conceptualisations of Sanskrit grammar have also influenced modern [[linguistics]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parret |first=Herman |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hQh0bC5RAe8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA102 |title=History of Linguistic Thought and Contemporary Linguistics |date=1976 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-005818-5 |language=en}}</ref> |
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Sanskritisation often stands in opposition to the [[Persianisation]] or [[Englishization|Englishisation]] of a language within South Asia,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolton |first1=Kingsley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yT33ebcOBkC&pg=PA290 |title=World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics |last2=Kachru |first2=Braj B. |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-31507-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Calabrese |first=Rita |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=naDWCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA123 |title=Variation and Change in Postcolonial Contexts |last2=Chambers |first2=J. K. |last3=Leitner |first3=Gerhard |date=2015-10-13 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-8493-8 |language=en}}</ref> as occurs with the [[Hindustani language]], which in its Sanskritised, Persianised, and English-influenced registers becomes [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], and [[Hinglish]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tull |first=Herman |date=2011 |title=Language in South Asia. Edited by Braj B. Kachru, Yamuna Kachru, and S. N. Sridhar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. xxiv, 608 pp. $120.99 (cloth); $50.00 (paper). |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S002191181000361X |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=279–280 |doi=10.1017/s002191181000361x |s2cid=163424137 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kachru |first=Yamuna |date=2006 |title=Mixers lyricing in Hinglish: blending and fusion in Indian pop culture |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0083-2919.2006.00461.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=223–233 |doi=10.1111/j.0083-2919.2006.00461.x |issn=0883-2919}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kachru |first=Braj B. |date=1994 |title=Englishization and contact linguistics |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00303.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=135–154 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00303.x |issn=0883-2919}}</ref> Support for Sanskritisation in South Asia runs highest among |
Sanskritisation often stands in opposition to the [[Persianisation]] or [[Englishization|Englishisation]] of a language within South Asia,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolton |first1=Kingsley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yT33ebcOBkC&pg=PA290 |title=World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics |last2=Kachru |first2=Braj B. |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-31507-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Calabrese |first=Rita |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=naDWCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA123 |title=Variation and Change in Postcolonial Contexts |last2=Chambers |first2=J. K. |last3=Leitner |first3=Gerhard |date=2015-10-13 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-8493-8 |language=en}}</ref> as occurs with the [[Hindustani language]], which in its Sanskritised, Persianised, and English-influenced registers becomes [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], and [[Hinglish]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tull |first=Herman |date=2011 |title=Language in South Asia. Edited by Braj B. Kachru, Yamuna Kachru, and S. N. Sridhar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. xxiv, 608 pp. $120.99 (cloth); $50.00 (paper). |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S002191181000361X |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=279–280 |doi=10.1017/s002191181000361x |s2cid=163424137 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kachru |first=Yamuna |date=2006 |title=Mixers lyricing in Hinglish: blending and fusion in Indian pop culture |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0083-2919.2006.00461.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=223–233 |doi=10.1111/j.0083-2919.2006.00461.x |issn=0883-2919}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kachru |first=Braj B. |date=1994 |title=Englishization and contact linguistics |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00303.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=135–154 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00303.x |issn=0883-2919}}</ref> Support for Sanskritisation in South Asia runs highest among [[Indian Nationalism|Indian nationalists]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fishman |first=Joshua A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=OBoSDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA226 |title=Handbook of Language & Ethnic Identity |last2=García |first2=Ofelia |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539245-6 |language=en}}</ref> |
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Sanskritization of the names of people and places is also commonplace in India, except in some areas like [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Staal |first=J. F. |date=1963 |title=Sanskrit and Sanskritization |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2050186 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=261–275 |doi=10.2307/2050186 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shah |first=A.M. |date=2005 |title=Sanskritisation Revisited |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23620499 |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=238–249 |issn=0038-0229}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kapur |first=Anu |title=Sanskritization of place names |date=2019 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780429057687-4/sanskritization-place-names-anu-kapur |work=Mapping Place Names of India |access-date=2023-10-30 |publisher=Routledge India |doi=10.4324/9780429057687-4/sanskritization-place-names-anu-kapur |isbn=978-0-429-05768-7}}</ref> |
Sanskritization of the names of people and places is also commonplace in India, except in some areas like [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Staal |first=J. F. |date=1963 |title=Sanskrit and Sanskritization |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2050186 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=261–275 |doi=10.2307/2050186 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shah |first=A.M. |date=2005 |title=Sanskritisation Revisited |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23620499 |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=238–249 |issn=0038-0229}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kapur |first=Anu |title=Sanskritization of place names |date=2019 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780429057687-4/sanskritization-place-names-anu-kapur |work=Mapping Place Names of India |access-date=2023-10-30 |publisher=Routledge India |doi=10.4324/9780429057687-4/sanskritization-place-names-anu-kapur |isbn=978-0-429-05768-7}}</ref> |
Revision as of 09:00, 29 November 2023
Sanskritisation is the process of introducing features from Sanskrit, such as vocabulary and grammar, into other languages.[1] It is sometimes associated with the "Indian-isation" of a linguistic community, or less commonly, with introducing a more upper-caste status into a community.[2][3] Many languages throughout South Asia and Southeast Asia were greatly influenced by Sanskrit (or its descendant languages, the Prakrits and modern-day Indo-Aryan languages) historically.[4][5][6] Ancient Indian conceptualisations of Sanskrit grammar have also influenced modern linguistics.[7]
Sanskritisation often stands in opposition to the Persianisation or Englishisation of a language within South Asia,[8][9] as occurs with the Hindustani language, which in its Sanskritised, Persianised, and English-influenced registers becomes Hindi, Urdu, and Hinglish respectively.[10][11][12] Support for Sanskritisation in South Asia runs highest among Indian nationalists.[13]
Sanskritization of the names of people and places is also commonplace in India, except in some areas like Tamil Nadu.[14][15][16]
History
Ancient era
Modern era
During the medieval era, the Indian languages had taken in a lot of Perso-Arabic influences as a result of Muslim invasions, particularly in the northwestern subcontinent;[20] colonial-era education policies, religious nationalism, and the influence of some of the more Sanskritised Indian languages played a role in Hindus and Muslims increasingly separating in terms of their linguistic influences,[21] with Hindus tending towards the usage of Sanskrit words and the Sanskrit-associated Devanagari script for writing Hindi.[22][23][24]
Since the 1947 Partition of India, the Indian government, which at one point considered making Sanskrit the national language, instead has sought to further Sanskritise Hindi,[25] considering it to be easier for Indians to learn,[26] and as a way of distancing Hindi from the Urdu spoken in the newly formed country of Pakistan.[27] Sanskrit has been used to form new words to describe modern concepts and technologies in several South Asian languages by forming calques based on English words.[28][23][29] In addition, Sanskrit words that have been nativised into other languages have been mixed with words from other language families, such as the Dravidian languages, to form new words.[30]
Cultural debates have emerged over how much Sanskrit should appear in Hindi and how acceptable Persian and English influences should be,[31][32] with Indian nationalists favouring Sanskritised Hindi,[33] opposing Urdu in part because it is a Muslim-associated language,[34] and some boycotting the Hindi-language Bollywood film industry for featuring too much Urdu in its movies.[35][36]
See also
References
- ^ Ramaswamy, Sumathi (1999). "Sanskrit for the Nation". Modern Asian Studies. 33 (2): 339–381. doi:10.1017/S0026749X99003273. ISSN 1469-8099. S2CID 145240374.
- ^ "Hindi/Urdu/Hindustani in the Metropolises: Visual (and Other) Impressions", Defining the Indefinable: Delimiting Hindi, Peter Lang, 2014, doi:10.3726/978-3-653-03566-7/18, ISBN 9783631647745, retrieved 2023-10-29
- ^ Punnoose, Reenu, and Muhammed Haneefa. "Problematising Hindi as the'Self'and English as the'Other'." Economic & Political Weekly 53.7 (2018).
- ^ Chakraborty, Shibashis. "The Role of Specific Grammar for Interpretation in Sanskrit". Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science, 9 (2) (2021): 107-187.
- ^ Burrow, Thomas (2001). The Sanskrit Language. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1767-8.
- ^ Bronkhorst, Johannes (2010-01-01). "The spread of Sanskrit". From Turfan to Ajanta. Festschrift for Dieter Schlingloff on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday.
- ^ Parret, Herman (1976). History of Linguistic Thought and Contemporary Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-005818-5.
- ^ Bolton, Kingsley; Kachru, Braj B. (2006). World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-31507-4.
- ^ Calabrese, Rita; Chambers, J. K.; Leitner, Gerhard (2015-10-13). Variation and Change in Postcolonial Contexts. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-8493-8.
- ^ Tull, Herman (2011). "Language in South Asia. Edited by Braj B. Kachru, Yamuna Kachru, and S. N. Sridhar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. xxiv, 608 pp. $120.99 (cloth); $50.00 (paper)". The Journal of Asian Studies. 70 (1): 279–280. doi:10.1017/s002191181000361x. ISSN 0021-9118. S2CID 163424137.
- ^ Kachru, Yamuna (2006). "Mixers lyricing in Hinglish: blending and fusion in Indian pop culture". World Englishes. 25 (2): 223–233. doi:10.1111/j.0083-2919.2006.00461.x. ISSN 0883-2919.
- ^ Kachru, Braj B. (1994). "Englishization and contact linguistics". World Englishes. 13 (2): 135–154. doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00303.x. ISSN 0883-2919.
- ^ Fishman, Joshua A.; García, Ofelia (2010). Handbook of Language & Ethnic Identity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539245-6.
- ^ Staal, J. F. (1963). "Sanskrit and Sanskritization". The Journal of Asian Studies. 22 (3): 261–275. doi:10.2307/2050186. ISSN 0021-9118.
- ^ Shah, A.M. (2005). "Sanskritisation Revisited". Sociological Bulletin. 54 (2): 238–249. ISSN 0038-0229.
- ^ Kapur, Anu (2019), "Sanskritization of place names", Mapping Place Names of India, Routledge India, doi:10.4324/9780429057687-4/sanskritization-place-names-anu-kapur, ISBN 978-0-429-05768-7, retrieved 2023-10-30
- ^ Pollock 2001.
- ^ Oberlies 2003, pp. xxvii–xxix.
- ^ Edgerton, Franklin (2004). Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit grammar and dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-215-1110-0.
- ^ Kachru, Braj B.; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S. N. (2008-03-27). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46550-2.
- ^ Bhatia, Tej K. (1987). A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition: Hindi-Hindustani Grammar, Grammarrians, History and Problems. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-07924-3.
- ^ Rai, Alok (1995). "Making a Difference: Hindi, 1880-1930".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ a b Ganpat Teli, M.Phil. "Revisiting the Making of Hindi as a ‘National’ Language", M.Phil.
- ^ Das, Sisir Kumar (1978), Standardisation of Hindi and Bengali, Pacific Linguistics, retrieved 2023-10-29
- ^ Ludden, David (1996). Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1585-4.
- ^ McCartney, Patrick. "The sanitising power of spoken Sanskrit". Himāl South Asian (2014).
- ^ Nijhawan, Shobna (2018-07-03). "Defining the Indefinable: Delimiting Hindi". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 41 (3): 702–704. doi:10.1080/00856401.2018.1489763. ISSN 0085-6401. S2CID 149573096.
- ^ Hock, Hans Henrich (1992). "A note on English and modern Sanskrit". World Englishes. 11 (2–3): 163–171. doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1992.tb00061.x. ISSN 0883-2919.
- ^ D'Souza, Jean (1987). "English in India's language modernization". World Englishes. 6 (1): 63–70. doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1987.tb00177.x. ISSN 0883-2919.
- ^ "Crowd-sourced Technical Texts can help Revitalise Indian Languages". ResearchGate.
- ^ "India's War on Urdu". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
- ^ Yamuna Kachru. "Corpus planning for modernization: Sanskritization and Englishization of Hindi". Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 1, Spring 1989, pages 153-164
- ^ Sau, Ranjit (1999). "From Sanskritisation to Hindi-Isation and Indian-Isation: The 13th Lok Sabha". Economic and Political Weekly. 34 (42/43): 2979–2983. ISSN 0012-9976.
- ^ "The curious case of Urdu". Frontline. 2022-05-16. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
- ^ "Is the Indian Nationalist 'Boycott Bollywood' Campaign Impacting the Box Office?". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
- ^ "The siege of Bollywood". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2023-10-27.