Lake Waikaremoana: Difference between revisions
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'''Lake Waikaremoana''' is located in [[Te Urewera]] in the [[North Island]] of New Zealand, 60 |
'''Lake Waikaremoana''' is located in [[Te Urewera]] in the [[North Island]] of New Zealand, {{convert|60|km}} northwest of [[Wairoa]] and {{convert|80|km}} west-southwest of [[Gisborne, New Zealand|Gisborne]]. It covers an area of {{convert|54|km2}}. From the Māori Waikaremoana translates as 'sea of rippling waters'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/maori-language-week/1000-maori-place-names|title=1000 Māori place names|publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage|date=6 August 2019}}</ref> |
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The lake lies within the tribal boundaries of Ngāi Tūhoe, Ngāti Ruapani and Ngāti Kahungunu ki Te Wairoa. The hamlet of [[Aniwaniwa]] and the Waikaremoana Holiday Park are located on the lakeshore, along [[New Zealand State Highway 38|SH38]] (from [[Waiotapu|Wai-O-Tapu]] via [[Murupara]] to Wairoa), which connects the lake to the central North Island (Rotorua) and Gisborne. There is a [[New Zealand Department of Conservation|Department of Conservation]] office at Aniwaniwa. Several walks start here, including a short stroll to [[Āniwaniwa Falls]]. |
The lake lies within the tribal boundaries of Ngāi Tūhoe, Ngāti Ruapani and Ngāti Kahungunu ki Te Wairoa. The hamlet of [[Aniwaniwa]] and the Waikaremoana Holiday Park are located on the lakeshore, along [[New Zealand State Highway 38|SH38]] (from [[Waiotapu|Wai-O-Tapu]] via [[Murupara]] to Wairoa), which connects the lake to the central North Island (Rotorua) and Gisborne. There is a [[New Zealand Department of Conservation|Department of Conservation]] office at Aniwaniwa. Several walks start here, including a short stroll to [[Āniwaniwa Falls]]. |
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The village of Onepoto is located on the lake's southern shores, close to the lake's old overflow channel and the intake of the Waikaremoana hydroelectric power scheme. The name Onepoto means short beach , and refers to the small bay to the north of the village with a beach only 60 |
The village of Onepoto is located on the lake's southern shores, close to the lake's old overflow channel and the intake of the Waikaremoana hydroelectric power scheme. The name Onepoto means short beach , and refers to the small bay to the north of the village with a beach only {{convert|60|m|ft}} long.<ref name=wises>Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th edition 1979</ref> |
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Lake Waikaremoana is a holiday destination for people who use the lake for fishing, tramping and other recreational activities. The [[Lake Waikaremoana Great Walk|Lake Waikaremoana Track]], one of New Zealand's [[New Zealand Great Walks|"Great Walks"]], is a three- to four-day tramp which follows approximately half of the lake's circumference. The track can be walked independently, or as part of a guided group. There are huts dotted on the walk which require booking to use. Camping is permitted unless you are more than 500 |
Lake Waikaremoana is a holiday destination for people who use the lake for fishing, tramping and other recreational activities. The [[Lake Waikaremoana Great Walk|Lake Waikaremoana Track]], one of New Zealand's [[New Zealand Great Walks|"Great Walks"]], is a three- to four-day tramp which follows approximately half of the lake's circumference. The track can be walked independently, or as part of a guided group. There are huts dotted on the walk which require booking to use. Camping is permitted unless you are more than {{convert|500|m|ft}} from the track. |
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The climate of the area is temperate In the summer and cool during the winters, snowfalls occur a few times a year in the region. |
The climate of the area is temperate In the summer and cool during the winters, snowfalls occur a few times a year in the region. |
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==Geography, natural history and climate== |
==Geography, natural history and climate== |
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Waikaremoana, the North Island's [[List of lakes in New Zealand#Deepest lakes|deepest lake]] (256 m deep), has its surface at 600 |
Waikaremoana, the North Island's [[List of lakes in New Zealand#Deepest lakes|deepest lake]] (256 m deep), has its surface at {{convert|600|m|ft}} above sea level. A huge [[landslide dam]] about {{convert|250|m|ft|-2}} high formed the lake around 2,200 years ago.<ref name="Offer">{{cite book |title=Walls for Water: Pioneer Dam Building in New Zealand |last=Offer |first=R.E. (Robert) |year=1997 |publisher=The Dunmore Press Ltd. |location=Palmerston North |isbn=0-86469-313-3 |pages=191–200}}</ref> Before the landslip was sealed, around 1950, much of the lake outflow flowed through the landslip rather than out of an overflow at a low point in the slip.<ref name="Offer" /> |
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Other geographical features include [[Panekiri Bluff]] and [[Puketukutuku Peninsula]], which is the site of a [[Kiwi (bird)|kiwi]]-conservation programme. Surrounded by mountains clad with native forest which has never been logged, Waikaremoana retains ecological importance. Many native bird-species scarce in most other parts of the North Island occur in the area. A [[common brushtail possum|possum]]-hunting programme operates in the area to help protect the forest. Numerous understory species grow within the forested area of the catchment basin, [[Lomaria discolor|crown fern]] (''Lomaria discolor''), for example.<ref> |
Other geographical features include [[Panekiri Bluff]] and [[Puketukutuku Peninsula]], which is the site of a [[Kiwi (bird)|kiwi]]-conservation programme. Surrounded by mountains clad with native forest which has never been logged, Waikaremoana retains ecological importance. Many native bird-species scarce in most other parts of the North Island occur in the area. A [[common brushtail possum|possum]]-hunting programme operates in the area to help protect the forest. Numerous understory species grow within the forested area of the catchment basin, [[Lomaria discolor|crown fern]] (''Lomaria discolor''), for example.<ref> |
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===Modifying the natural dam=== |
===Modifying the natural dam=== |
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The stability of the [[landslide dam|natural dam]] has been the subject of intense engineering review, both at the time of construction and subsequently. Construction of an outlet tunnel through the slip, which commenced in 1935, required extensive grouting around the control structures and throughout tunnel construction. Work was suspended at the end of 1936 because [[Bob Semple]], the newly elected Minister for Public Works, wanted the tunnelling project reconsidered for "risk, cost and value". A new tunnelling scheme was devised in 1941 based on what had been learned from initial exploratory tunnelling and work recommenced in 1943 and continued for about |
The stability of the [[landslide dam|natural dam]] has been the subject of intense engineering review, both at the time of construction and subsequently. Construction of an outlet tunnel through the slip, which commenced in 1935, required extensive grouting around the control structures and throughout tunnel construction. Work was suspended at the end of 1936 because [[Bob Semple]], the newly elected Minister for Public Works, wanted the tunnelling project reconsidered for "risk, cost and value". A new tunnelling scheme was devised in 1941 based on what had been learned from initial exploratory tunnelling and work recommenced in 1943 and continued for about five years because of continual problems with dewatering the tunnels. After the tunnels and intake headworks had been completed the natural dam was sealed for leaks on the lake side by removing submerged timber, a task that took a year and then applying {{convert|40,000|m3}} of crushed rock and clay-like [[pumice]] in six layers, then covering those layers with a top layer of larger rock and spalls to protect the material from wave action. This sealing reduced the natural flow by about 80%. The sealing of the lake was only done after tunnelling was completed otherwise it would have caused the lake level to rise and make tunnelling more difficult. As it was, the lake level had to be lowered by temporary syphons to enable the construction of the headworks and make sealing of the natural dam easier.<ref name="Offer" /> |
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===Power stations=== |
===Power stations=== |
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Although the Waikaretaheke River carries a flow of about 17 |
Although the Waikaretaheke River carries a flow of about {{convert|17|m3/s}} from Lake Waikaremoana, the head of water through the three power stations, Kaitawa, Tuai, and Piripaua is around {{convert|450|m|-2}}, allowing the stations to potentially generate 138 megawatts all up. The {{convert|250|m|-2|adj=on}} head of water for the Kaitawa station is the highest for a power station in New Zealand and among the highest in the world.<ref name="Offer" /> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Latest revision as of 19:47, 10 June 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2009) |
| Lake Waikaremoana | |
|---|---|
.JPG) Lake Waikaremoana (winter 2015) | |
 | |
  Lake Waikaremoana | |
| Location | Wairoa District, Hawke's Bay Region, North Island |
| Coordinates | 38°46′S 177°05′E / 38.767°S 177.083°E |
| Primary outflows | Waikaretaheke River |
| Basin countries | New Zealand |
| Surface area | 54 km2 (21 sq mi) |
| Max. depth | 256 m (840 ft) |
| Shore length1 | 102.3 km (63.6 mi) |
| Surface elevation | 600 m (2,000 ft) |
| Settlements | Āniwaniwa |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |
Lake Waikaremoana is located in Te Urewera in the North Island of New Zealand, 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of Wairoa and 80 kilometres (50 mi) west-southwest of Gisborne. It covers an area of 54 square kilometres (21 sq mi). From the Māori Waikaremoana translates as 'sea of rippling waters'.[1]
The lake lies within the tribal boundaries of Ngāi Tūhoe, Ngāti Ruapani and Ngāti Kahungunu ki Te Wairoa. The hamlet of Aniwaniwa and the Waikaremoana Holiday Park are located on the lakeshore, along SH38 (from Wai-O-Tapu via Murupara to Wairoa), which connects the lake to the central North Island (Rotorua) and Gisborne. There is a Department of Conservation office at Aniwaniwa. Several walks start here, including a short stroll to Āniwaniwa Falls.
The village of Onepoto is located on the lake's southern shores, close to the lake's old overflow channel and the intake of the Waikaremoana hydroelectric power scheme. The name Onepoto means short beach , and refers to the small bay to the north of the village with a beach only 60 metres (200 ft) long.[2]
Lake Waikaremoana is a holiday destination for people who use the lake for fishing, tramping and other recreational activities. The Lake Waikaremoana Track, one of New Zealand's "Great Walks", is a three- to four-day tramp which follows approximately half of the lake's circumference. The track can be walked independently, or as part of a guided group. There are huts dotted on the walk which require booking to use. Camping is permitted unless you are more than 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the track.
The climate of the area is temperate In the summer and cool during the winters, snowfalls occur a few times a year in the region.
Numbers of visitors to the area are limited to some extent as a result of the extensive unsealed road that must be taken to reach it. This makes Lake Waikaremoana significantly less congested with tourists than the other nine Great Walks in New Zealand. The smaller Lake Waikareiti lies four kilometres to the northeast.
Geography, natural history and climate[edit]
Waikaremoana, the North Island's deepest lake (256 m deep), has its surface at 600 metres (2,000 ft) above sea level. A huge landslide dam about 250 metres (800 ft) high formed the lake around 2,200 years ago.[3] Before the landslip was sealed, around 1950, much of the lake outflow flowed through the landslip rather than out of an overflow at a low point in the slip.[3]
Other geographical features include Panekiri Bluff and Puketukutuku Peninsula, which is the site of a kiwi-conservation programme. Surrounded by mountains clad with native forest which has never been logged, Waikaremoana retains ecological importance. Many native bird-species scarce in most other parts of the North Island occur in the area. A possum-hunting programme operates in the area to help protect the forest. Numerous understory species grow within the forested area of the catchment basin, crown fern (Lomaria discolor), for example.[4] Since at least the early 1900s lake-bottom molluscs have been studied by Colenso (1811-1899) and others.[5]
The climate of Lake Waikaremoana is temperate during the summer months and cool in the winter where snow events are not unheard of. Heavy rains affect the region, especially about late winter and early spring. The weather in the area is very changeable, trampers in the region need to be on the look out for dangerous weather conditions.
| Climate data for Waikaremoana, elevation 643 m (2,110 ft), (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.4 (70.5) |
21.3 (70.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
15.9 (60.6) |
13.0 (55.4) |
10.5 (50.9) |
9.3 (48.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
12.9 (55.2) |
15.2 (59.4) |
17.5 (63.5) |
19.6 (67.3) |
15.5 (60.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) |
16.4 (61.5) |
14.8 (58.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
9.7 (49.5) |
7.3 (45.1) |
6.2 (43.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
8.9 (48.0) |
10.7 (51.3) |
12.8 (55.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
11.4 (52.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.2 (52.2) |
11.6 (52.9) |
10.2 (50.4) |
8.3 (46.9) |
6.3 (43.3) |
4.1 (39.4) |
3.2 (37.8) |
3.4 (38.1) |
4.8 (40.6) |
6.2 (43.2) |
8.0 (46.4) |
10.4 (50.7) |
7.3 (45.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 135.0 (5.31) |
158.1 (6.22) |
230.9 (9.09) |
177.9 (7.00) |
173.5 (6.83) |
201.2 (7.92) |
176.0 (6.93) |
192.6 (7.58) |
210.7 (8.30) |
146.4 (5.76) |
118.2 (4.65) |
196.5 (7.74) |
2,117 (83.33) |
| Source: NIWA (rain 1971–2000)[6] | |||||||||||||
Hydroelectric power scheme[edit]
.JPG)
The Waikaremoana Hydroelectric Power Scheme is a rare example of a hydroelectric power station being built on a natural landslide dam.[7][page needed] Another example is the Tortum Dam in Turkey. [citation needed]
Modifying the natural dam[edit]
The stability of the natural dam has been the subject of intense engineering review, both at the time of construction and subsequently. Construction of an outlet tunnel through the slip, which commenced in 1935, required extensive grouting around the control structures and throughout tunnel construction. Work was suspended at the end of 1936 because Bob Semple, the newly elected Minister for Public Works, wanted the tunnelling project reconsidered for "risk, cost and value". A new tunnelling scheme was devised in 1941 based on what had been learned from initial exploratory tunnelling and work recommenced in 1943 and continued for about five years because of continual problems with dewatering the tunnels. After the tunnels and intake headworks had been completed the natural dam was sealed for leaks on the lake side by removing submerged timber, a task that took a year and then applying 40,000 cubic metres (1,400,000 cu ft) of crushed rock and clay-like pumice in six layers, then covering those layers with a top layer of larger rock and spalls to protect the material from wave action. This sealing reduced the natural flow by about 80%. The sealing of the lake was only done after tunnelling was completed otherwise it would have caused the lake level to rise and make tunnelling more difficult. As it was, the lake level had to be lowered by temporary syphons to enable the construction of the headworks and make sealing of the natural dam easier.[3]
Power stations[edit]
Although the Waikaretaheke River carries a flow of about 17 cubic metres per second (600 cu ft/s) from Lake Waikaremoana, the head of water through the three power stations, Kaitawa, Tuai, and Piripaua is around 450 metres (1,500 ft), allowing the stations to potentially generate 138 megawatts all up. The 250-metre (800 ft) head of water for the Kaitawa station is the highest for a power station in New Zealand and among the highest in the world.[3]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
- New Zealand Department of conservation. 2009. Te Urewera National Park
- Royal Society of New Zealand. 1905. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, v. 1-76; v. 77, pts. 1–5; v. 78-88
Line notes[edit]
- ^ "1000 Māori place names". New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 6 August 2019.
- ^ Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th edition 1979
- ^ a b c d Offer, R.E. (Robert) (1997). Walls for Water: Pioneer Dam Building in New Zealand. Palmerston North: The Dunmore Press Ltd. pp. 191–200. ISBN 0-86469-313-3.
- ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2009
- ^ Royal Society of New Zealand. 1905
- ^ "CliFlo – National Climate Database : Waikaremoana Onepot". NIWA. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ Offer, R.E. (Robert) (1997). Walls for Water: Pioneer Dam Building in New Zealand. Palmerston North: The Dunmore Press Ltd. ISBN 978-0-86469-313-6.
Gallery[edit]
External links[edit]
- Wairoa District Council Waikaremoana page
- Department of Conservation Waikaremoana Track page Department of Conservation
- Photos of Waikaremoana and the track
- Waikaremoana Holiday Park
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| National | |
| Other | |
