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==Naming the city==
==Naming the city==
Modi'in Illit was originally called "Kiryat Sefer" by the locals and the Haredi community in Israel. However, the Government Naming Committee rejected this name because it was the name of the construction company that built the project and because the biblical Kiryat Sefer is located far from this area (near Hebron). The officially accepted name is Modi'in Illit, due to its proximity to the city of Modi'in. The name "Kiryat Sefer" remains as the name of the city's older neighborhoods (the northern and southern hills), where the streets are named after religious books. Unofficially, the entire city is still called Kiryat Sefer.
Modi'in Illit was originally called "Kiryat Sefer" by the locals and the [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi community]] in Israel. However, the Government Naming Committee rejected this name because it was the name of the construction company that built the project and because the biblical Kiryat Sefer is located far from this area (near Hebron). The officially accepted name is Modi'in Illit, due to its proximity to the city of Modi'in. The name "Kiryat Sefer" remains as the name of the city's older neighborhoods (the northern and southern hills), where the streets are named after religious books. Unofficially, the entire city is still called Kiryat Sefer.


In June 2018, the city council decided to change the city's name to "Ayelet HaShahar" in honor of the book by the Haredi-Lithuanian community leader Rabbi Aharon Yehuda Leib Shteinman, who had passed away about seven months earlier. However, the Naming Committee rejected the request because there is already a kibbutz named "Ayelet HaShahar" in the Galilee Panhandle.
In June 2018, the city council decided to change the city's name to "Ayelet HaShahar" in honor of the book by the Haredi-Lithuanian community leader [[Aharon Yehuda Leib Shteinman|Rabbi Aharon Yehuda Leib Shteinman]], who had passed away about seven months earlier. However, the Naming Committee rejected the request because there is already a kibbutz named "Ayelet HaShahar" in the Galilee Panhandle.


==Geography and climate==
==Geography and climate==

Revision as of 14:23, 16 June 2024

Modi'in Illit
  • מוֹדִיעִין עִלִּית‎
  • موديعين عيليت
City (from 2008)
Official logo of Modi'in Illit
Modi'in Illit is located in the West Bank
Modi'in Illit
Modi'in Illit
Coordinates: 31°55′50″N 35°2′30″E / 31.93056°N 35.04167°E / 31.93056; 35.04167
RegionWest Bank
DistrictJudea and Samaria Area
Gegründet1994
Regierung
 • MayorYaakov Gutterman
Area
 • Total4,746 dunams (4.746 km2 or 1.832 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total83,356
 • Density18,000/km2 (45,000/sq mi)
Name meaningUpper Modi'in

Modi'in Illit (Hebrew: מוֹדִיעִין עִלִּית; Arabic: موديعين عيليت, lit. "Upper Modi'in") is a Haredi Jewish-Israeli settlement organized as a city council in the West Bank, situated midway between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv.

Built on the land of five Palestinian villages–Ni'lin, Kharbata, Saffa, Bil'in, and Dir Qadis[2]–Modi'in Illit was granted city status by the Israeli government in 2008. The international community has largely viewed Israeli settlements in the West Bank, referred to by Israel as Judea and Samaria, as illegal under international law.[3] However, Israel disputes this interpretation and maintains that settlements are legal and consistent with international law, citing historical, legal, and security reasons. This position has been upheld by successive Israeli governments.[4]

It is located six kilometres (3.7 miles) northeast of Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut and is often referred to as Kiryat Sefer (lit. "Book Town"), the name of its first neighborhood, established in 1994. Modi'in Illit also encompasses the neighborhood of Achuzat Brachfeld (Brachfeld Estates). In 2022, it had a total population of 83,356, making it the largest Jewish settlement in the area.[5][6]

History

A place named Kiryat Sefer (also called Dvir) is mentioned several times in the Book of Joshua and in the Book of Judges. However, this place is situated south of Hebron, and the Israeli Governmental names committee rejected calling the town Kiryat Sefer as was proposed initially, electing the name Modi'in Illit.

The city was founded in 1990 by several Haredi real estate entrepreneurs who owned land on the outskirts of the settlement of Matityahu through "Kiryat Sefer Ltd." The infrastructure, roads, and public buildings were built on private land. In October 1993, the Ministry of Housing established a settlement administration, and it was declared a local council in 1996 and became a city in March 2008.[7] Modiin Illit was the largest local council in the country until its declaration as a city.

Its establishment was characterized by particularly challenging starting conditions: a city built on private land without government support, without master plans, and without assistance from the Israel Land Administration.[8] Additionally, the city's development fund was found to be impoverished due to a lack of basic income, the absence of an improvement levy, and a replacement improvement levy, as well as the socio-economic status of its residents, ranking at level 1 (the lowest). Despite this, the city developed quickly and successfully. Modiin Illit receives an annual award for proper management from the Ministry of the Interior (the only one with a socio-economic rating of 1 to receive this award).

In 2005, the city began to expand eastward by constructing hundreds of housing units on land claimed by residents of the nearby village of Bil'in. After several petitions to the Supreme Court of Justice and a delay of over a year and a half during which the occupation of the apartments and continued construction were prohibited,[9] and after preparing a new master plan that corrected the flaws in the previous one and stipulated that the situation would be restored to its original state in enclaves of private land belonging to Palestinians, fenced off and ensuring accessibility, it was determined that construction in the area was legal, and occupancy and continued construction were permitted.[10]

The separation fence in the area, which came into the headlines due to the struggle of the residents of Bil'in, was initially planned and built considering the future development needs of the city and not only based on security considerations.[11] Following a Supreme Court ruling, the district commander was required to redesign the route of the fence to consider only security routes, and accordingly, the fence was built adjacent to the residents' homes, and lands approved for construction were confiscated. In the same ruling, the court allowed the landowners to submit compensation claims.[12]

In March 2013, the municipal master plan was approved. As part of the plan, drainage works were carried out to address the flooding problem of the Dolev stream, an ongoing failure that claimed the life of a young girl from the city who fell into the stream.[13]

At the beginning of 2019, the expansion of the Shilat industrial zone was approved.[14] As part of the expansion, a large employment center is expected to be built to train Haredi workers from the city in the fields of computing and technology. Additionally, a bus terminal will be established to meet the significant public transportation needs of the Haredi sector.

According to ARIJ the settlement was built on the land confiscated from several Palestinian villages:

The barrier surrounding the city divides the nearby village of Bil'in from most of its olive groves and other agricultural land and is the subject of the documentary 5 Broken Cameras. The homes in Kiryat Sefer were completed in 1994, and the local council of Modi'in Illit was given city status on March 7, 2008.[citation needed] In keeping with its name, which means "Book Town," most of Kiryat Sefer's streets are named after a landmark sefer (book) written by Gedolei Yisrael. These include: Chofetz Chaim, Noda BiYehuda, Meshech Chochma, Avnei Nezer, and Sdei Chemed.

Naming the city

Modi'in Illit was originally called "Kiryat Sefer" by the locals and the Haredi community in Israel. However, the Government Naming Committee rejected this name because it was the name of the construction company that built the project and because the biblical Kiryat Sefer is located far from this area (near Hebron). The officially accepted name is Modi'in Illit, due to its proximity to the city of Modi'in. The name "Kiryat Sefer" remains as the name of the city's older neighborhoods (the northern and southern hills), where the streets are named after religious books. Unofficially, the entire city is still called Kiryat Sefer.

In June 2018, the city council decided to change the city's name to "Ayelet HaShahar" in honor of the book by the Haredi-Lithuanian community leader Rabbi Aharon Yehuda Leib Shteinman, who had passed away about seven months earlier. However, the Naming Committee rejected the request because there is already a kibbutz named "Ayelet HaShahar" in the Galilee Panhandle.

Geography and climate

Situated in the West Bank, north of Modi'in, Modi'in Illit lies 2.3 kilometres (1.4 mi) from the Green Line, and 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the 443 highway. Located in the foothills of the Judean Mountains 286 meters (938 feet) above sea level, Modi'in Illit has mild winters and hot, dry summers with temperatures averaging 30 °C (86 °F) during the day. Modi'in Illit's immediate neighbors are moshav Matityahu, Lapid, and Hashmonaim.

Archaeology

Khirbet Badd ‘Isa

An archaeological site now known as Khirbet Badd ‘Isa was discovered during a salvage dig by the archaeology department of the Civil Administration in Modi'in Illit in 1994. The excavations eventually revealed what is believed to have been a large Jewish village from the Second Temple period with a public structure in the center, which probably served as a synagogue, at least three ritual baths, private homes (some built with Herodian blocks), an oil press, warehouses, and a collection of 145 Roman coins from the first century CE. Archaeological data indicate that the village was established during the Hellenistic period and existed up until the First Jewish–Roman War (c. 66–73 CE). It was resettled by Jews who later took part in the Bar Kokhba revolt (c. 132–136 CE). The site was destroyed during the revolt and remained uninhabited up until the third century. This settlement gap may mark the end of the Jewish settlement and the arrival of a new population at the area.[20]

The excavations at the site were first protested by the Haredi community, but after the discovery Khirbet Badd ‘Isa was designated "a heritage site for the Haredi public" in 2011, and the Israeli government contributed NIS 3 million to develop the site, with another NIS 1 million reportedly coming from the Civil Administration. According to Mod'in Illit's Mayor Yaakov Gutterman of the Degel HaTorah party, the site "will operate according to the doctrines of our forefathers, according to the Jewish historical sources presented by the Bible, the Gemara and ancient Jewish sages only [and] will be open only to the Haredi public, which will keep it a proper place for them to visit and connect to their Jewish roots, without the distortions and disruptions of other places, where there is fear of hearing false opinions."[21]

Ḥorvat Abu a-Danin

Another archeological site called Hurvat Abu a-Danin is located on the northern slope of Nahal Modi'im, directly south of the city's built-up area. Finkelstein surveyed the site in the 1980s, and suggested that a public building might be located in the middle of the site. In 2004 and 2005, excavations were conducted, and uncovered the ruins of a rural Jewish village from the late Second Temple period. Archeological findingsi indicate that the community was founded in the second century BCE, had its apex in the first centuries BCE and CE, and ceased to exist following the Bar Kohkba revolt. The site underwent some minor resettlement in the late Roman and Byzantine eras.[22]

Demographics

Welcome sign for Modi'in Illit, with the small inscription, "Haredi City of the Future". The homes of Kiryat Sefer and its water towers are in the background.

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), as of the end of 2009, the city had a total population of 46,200,[23] making it the largest Israeli settlement in the West Bank.[24] The city had an annual growth rate of 13.2 percent in 2009,[23] due to new home construction and natural population growth. An estimated 80 percent of the population is under age 30,[25] and in 2006 the city's median age stood at 10, the lowest of all Israeli municipalities.[26]

Age distribution (2007)
Age 0–4 5–9 10–14 15–19 20–29 30–44 45–59 60–64 65–74 75+
Prozentualer Anteil 28.8 19.4 8.6 4.8 19.4 14 3.3 0.6 0.7 0.4
Source: Israel Central Bureau of Statistics[25]

Bildung

Modi'in Illit has 30 elementary schools and 20 secondary schools (seminaries and yeshivas). Achuzat Brachfeld (Brachfeld Estates) is home to the Mir Brachfeld branch of the famous Mir Yeshiva.

The city is home to many commercial enterprises. Because of its sizable English-speaking immigrant population, it has become a center for outsourcing by American companies. There are approximately 80 synagogues. A significant number of men study the Torah full-time.[citation needed]

Local government

Yaakov Gutterman of the Degel HaTorah party, a rabbi, is the town's mayor.[citation needed] The first head of council of Modi'in Illit was Yosef Schwinger, appointed by the Ministry of the Interior. Yaakov Gutterman replaced him in 2002, and has been reinstated twice when he ran for election uncontested.

The Chief Rabbi and head of Rabbinical Court of Modi'in Illit is Rabbi Meir Kessler.[27]

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Residential buildings

The international community considers Israeli settlements to violate the Fourth Geneva Convention's prohibition on the transfer of an occupying power's civilian population into occupied territory and are as such illegal under customary international law.[28] Israel disputes that the Fourth Geneva Convention applies to the Palestinian territories as they had not been legally held by a sovereign prior to Israel taking control of them. This view has been rejected by the International Court of Justice and the International Committee of the Red Cross.[29][30]

Modi'in Illit was granted city status in 2008, by Aluf Gadi Shamni. The Israeli NGO B'Tselem appealed the decision to the Ministry of Interior. B'Tselem claimed that the upgrading of Modi'in Illit's status to that of a municipality was of concern because the land on which Mod'in Illit was built was declared state land through a manipulative application of Ottoman Law, resulting in the confiscation of lands belonging to neighbouring Palestinian villages. B'Tselem also stated that the upgraded status would lead to an increase of the settler population of Modi'in Illit, and thus the change in status would be illegal. For these reasons, B'Tselem expressed "vehement opposition" to the change of status.[31] In connection with separate allegations that the city has allowed illegal construction to take place, the Israel Defense Forces told Israel's Interior Ministry in May 2008 that Modi'in Illit was "in a state of lawlessness."[32]

Israel's West Bank Barrier passes just east of Modi'in Illit. The barrier's section in this area was built to separate the Modi'in bloc settlements of Mattityahu, Modi'in Illit and Hashmona'im from the Palestinian villages of Bil'in and others.[33] The Israeli government believes that Modi'in Illit would remain within Israeli jurisdiction in a final-status agreement with the Palestinians.[34][35]

Attack on residents

On the morning of 29 December 2008, a Palestinian worker who had worked in the settlement of Modi'in Illit for more than a decade attacked four Israelis, leaving one victim seriously and three others lightly wounded. He first stabbed two people for whom he was carrying out renovations in a private home on Rehov Yehuda Hanassi, wounding them lightly, and then stabbed and seriously wounded his Israeli employer who was overseeing the work. After stabbing a fourth person at a different location, he was shot and seriously wounded by a settlement security official and Magen David Adom volunteer as he attempted to flee out of the settlement. Reportedly, the assailant had been very friendly with Israelis for years. According to an Israel Police spokesperson, the stabbing was a "spontaneous" act in response to the aerial offensive on the Gaza Strip that Israel had started two days earlier.[36]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ Gadi Algazi (August 2006). "La Cisjordanie, nouveau " Far Est " du capitalisme israélien". Le Monde diplomatique (in French). Modi'in Illit est une colonie juive importante en Cisjordanie, qui occupe les terres de cinq villages palestiniens : Ni'lin, Kharbata, Saffa, Bil'in et Dir Qadis.
  3. ^ "The Geneva Convention". BBC News. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  4. ^ Gregory S. Mahler (2004). Politics and government in Israel: the maturation of a modern state. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-7425-1611-3.
  5. ^ Bronner, Ethan and Kershner, Isabel. Unsettled; In West Bank Settlements, Sign of Hope for a Deal, NY Times, July 26, 2009.
  6. ^ Cook, 2008, p. 92.
  7. ^ Moshe Weisberg, "City of Scholars: This is How Modi'in Illit was Established," on the B'Chadrei Charedim website, September 3, 2017.
  8. ^ "Replacement of Improvement Levy Procedure" on the Israel Land Authority website.
  9. ^ Akiva Eldar, "The Civil Administration Admits: Unauthorized Construction Approved to Establish Facts on the Ground," on Haaretz website, January 2, 2006; Akiva Eldar, "Hundreds of Housing Units Built Illegally Near Bil'in," on Haaretz website, December 14, 2005
  10. ^ HCJ 143/06 Bil'in Village Council Head et al. v. Minister of Defense et al., delivered on September 5, 2007.
  11. ^ HCJ 8414/05 Ahmad Issa Abdullah Yassin, Head of the Bil'in Village Council v. Government of Israel et al., delivered on September 4, 2007.
  12. ^ HCJ 143/06 Bil'in Village Council Head et al. v. Minister of Defense et al., delivered on September 5, 2007.
  13. ^ Chaim Lev, "Modi'in Illit's Master Plan Approved," on Arutz Sheva website, March 24, 2013.
  14. ^ Yehuda Golan, "The Expanded Shilat Industrial Zone Begins," on Modi'in News website, February 27, 2019.
  15. ^ Deir Qaddis Village Profile, ARIJ, p. 17
  16. ^ Bil’in Village Profile, ARIJ, p. 17
  17. ^ Kharbatha Bani Harith Village (Fact Sheet), ARIJ
  18. ^ Kharbatha Bani Harith Village Profile, ARIJ, p. 4
  19. ^ Ni’lin Town (Fact Sheet), ARIJ, pp. 16–17
  20. ^ רביב, דביר (2014). "היישוב היהודי בפלך תמנה משלהי ימי הבית השני ועד מרד בר-כוכבא". In ביליג, מרים (ed.). מחקרי יהודה ושומרון (in Hebrew). Vol. כג. אריאל: אוניברסיטת אריאל בשומרון, מו"פ אזורי השומרון ובקעת הירדן. pp. 165–166, 177. ISSN 0792-8416.
  21. ^ Ettinger, Yair (21 August 2012). "Modi'in Ilit mayor: Secular Israelis unwelcome at our historic sites". Haaretz. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  22. ^ אהרונוביץ׳, יבגני; Aharonovich, Y. (2018). "חורבת אבו א–דנין, יישוב כפרי מסוף ימי הבית השני בשפלת לוד - Ḥorvat Abu a-Danin, a Rural Settlement of the Late Second Temple Period in the Lod Shephelah". Qadmoniot: A Journal for the Antiquities of Eretz-Israel and Bible Lands / קדמוניות: כתב-עת לעתיקות ארץ-ישראל וארצות המקרא. נ"א (155): 37–41. ISSN 0033-4839.
  23. ^ a b "Table 3 - Population of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2009-12-31. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
  24. ^ Lazaroff, Tovah (January 10, 2007). "Report: 12,400 New Settlers in 2006". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
  25. ^ a b "Local Authorities in Israel 2007, Publication #1358 - Municipality Profiles - Modi'in Illit" (PDF) (in Hebrew). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
  26. ^ "Table 1 – Local Councils and Municipalities – Rank, Cluster Membership, Population, Variable Values, Standardized Values and Ranking for the Variables Used in the Computation of the Index" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2006. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
  27. ^ Orpaz, Inbal; Teig, Amir (Jan 11, 2015). "Religious Women in Israel Juggle High-tech Jobs and ultra-Orthodox Life". Haaretz. Retrieved Apr 26, 2016.
  28. ^ The settlers' struggle BBC News. 19 December 2003
  29. ^ Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory Archived 2010-07-06 at the Wayback Machine International Court of Justice, 9 July 2004. pp. 44-45
  30. ^ Opinion of the International Court of Justice B'Tselem
  31. ^ B'Tselem's position on turning Modi'in Illit into a municipality, B'Tselem - The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, November 4, 2005.
  32. ^ Eldar, Akiva, Panel: Ultra-Orthodox settlement should be city, despite illegal construction , Haaretz, June 5, 2008.
  33. ^ Judgement: Land Sequestration Order no. Tav/40/04, (Boundary Alteration), issued by the military commander for construction of the security fence on land of the Village of Bil'in, east of the settlement of Modi'in Illit. The Supreme Court of Israel. 4 September 2007
  34. ^ "'Settler population rose 4.9% in 2009'". Jerusalem Post. 2010-03-10. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  35. ^ "Anger at Israeli settlement plan". BBC. 2009-09-07. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  36. ^ Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy, Lefkovits, Etgar (December 29, 2008). "Palestinian stabs 4 in Modi'in Illit". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved March 8, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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