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Coordinates: 53°40′43″N 23°49′29″E / 53.6786°N 23.8246°E / 53.6786; 23.8246
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{{Short description|Synagogue in Grodno, Belarus}}
{{Short description|Synagogue in Grodno, Belarus}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{ref improve|date=July 2013}}
{{for|similarly named synagogues|Great Synagogue (disambiguation){{!}}Great Synagogue}}
{{for|similarly named synagogues|Great Synagogue (disambiguation){{!}}Great Synagogue}}
{{Infobox religious building
{{Infobox religious building
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The '''Great Synagogue of Grodno''' ({{lang-be|Харальная сінагога, Горадня}}, {{lang-ru|Большая Хоральная синагога, Гродно}}), also known as the '''New Synagogue''' or the '''Choral Synagogue''', is an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] [[Judaism|Jewish]] [[synagogue]], located on Vialikaja Trajeckaja Street, in [[Grodno]] (or Hrodna), [[Belarus]]. The building dates from the 16th century and was nominated for [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage]] listing in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lechaim.ru/ARHIV/180/region.htm |title=Иудейская религиозная община г. Гродно] |lang=be |date= |access-date= }}{{Verify source|date=February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Great Synagogue of Grodno |url=https://vetliva.com/belarus/what-to-see/glavnaya-sinagoga-v-grodno/ |website=Vetliva |access-date=April 16, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Great Synagogue of Grodno (also known as the "New" or "Choral" Synagogue) |url=https://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/g/1057-grodno/112-synagogues-houses-of-prayer-and-others/84678-great-synagogue-grodno-also-known-new-or-choral-synagogue |website=Wirtualny Sztetl |access-date=April 16, 2024}}</ref>
The '''Great Synagogue of Grodno''' ({{lang-be|Харальная сінагога, Горадня}}, {{lang-ru|Большая Хоральная синагога, Гродно}}), also known as the '''New Synagogue''' or the '''Choral Synagogue''', is an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] [[Judaism|Jewish]] [[synagogue]], located on Vialikaja Trajeckaja Street, in [[Grodno]] (or Hrodna), [[Belarus]]. The building dates from the 16th century and was nominated for [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage]] listing in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Иудейская религиозная община г. Гродно] |url=http://www.lechaim.ru/ARHIV/180/region.htm |access-date= |lang=be}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Great Synagogue of Grodno |url=https://vetliva.com/belarus/what-to-see/glavnaya-sinagoga-v-grodno/ |website=Vetliva |access-date=April 16, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Great Synagogue of Grodno (also known as the "New" or "Choral" Synagogue) |url=https://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/g/1057-grodno/112-synagogues-houses-of-prayer-and-others/84678-great-synagogue-grodno-also-known-new-or-choral-synagogue |website=Wirtualny Sztetl |access-date=April 16, 2024}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
Line 101: Line 100:
The Great Synagogue of Grodno was built from 1576 to 1580 by Santi Gucci, who designed a [[wooden synagogue]] at Rabbi [[Mordechai Yoffe]]'s invitation. However, this building burnt down in 1617.<ref name=POLIN>{{cite web |author= |url=https://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/g/1057-grodno/112-synagogues-houses-of-prayer-and-others/84678-great-synagogue-grodno-also-known-new-or-choral-synagogue |title=The Great Synagogue of Grodno (also known as the "New" or "Choral" Synagogue |work=Virtual Shtetl |publisher=POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews |location=Warsaw, Poland |date=n.d. |access-date=23 March 2024 }}</ref>
The Great Synagogue of Grodno was built from 1576 to 1580 by Santi Gucci, who designed a [[wooden synagogue]] at Rabbi [[Mordechai Yoffe]]'s invitation. However, this building burnt down in 1617.<ref name=POLIN>{{cite web |author= |url=https://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/g/1057-grodno/112-synagogues-houses-of-prayer-and-others/84678-great-synagogue-grodno-also-known-new-or-choral-synagogue |title=The Great Synagogue of Grodno (also known as the "New" or "Choral" Synagogue |work=Virtual Shtetl |publisher=POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews |location=Warsaw, Poland |date=n.d. |access-date=23 March 2024 }}</ref>


⚫
The second synagogue was also burnt down in 1899.<ref name="POLIN" /> The Jewish community built another synagogue in the [[Eclecticism|eclectic]] and [[Moors|Moorish]] style from 1902 to 1905.<ref name=":0" /> By 1907, the city boasted a state Jewish school, a girls' school, a craft shelter, a Talmud-Yeshiva, 107 Jewish primary schools, and 5 elementary schools for girls. There were also two Jewish libraries and several Jewish charitable organizations working in the city.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sobolewska |first=Olga |title=Virtual Shtetl - History of Grodno |url=https://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/g/1057-grodno/99-history/137341-history-of-community |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=Virtual Shtetl}}</ref>
In 1887, the Grodno Jews owned 88% of the commercial enterprises, 76% of the factories and workshops, and over 65% of the real estate in the city. Their property was estimated at 842,000 roubles at a time when the total sum of the city's properties was 1,202,000 roubles. In 1898, one of the first savings and loan cooperatives in Russia was founded in Grodno.


⚫
Jews played a very significant role in city life as industrialists, merchants, craftsmen, owners of printing houses, doctors, and teachers. There was said to be a special "Grodno Aura," created by its cultured and intelligent population. For this reason Grodno was considered to be one of the Jewish intellectual capitals of Europe.<ref name=":1" />
The second synagogue was also burnt down in 1899.<ref name=POLIN/>


⚫
The interior of the synagogue was vandalized in 1941 by Nazis. Soviet authorities closed the synagogue in 1944. The synagogue was returned to the Jewish community in 1991; and was subsequently restored<ref name="POLIN" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thesanetravel.com/travels/belarus/great-choral-synagogue-grodno |title=Great Choral Synagogue Grodno |work=The Sane Travel |date=2023 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> under the direction of Rabbi Yitzchok Kofman. However, in 2013, the synagogue was again destroyed by fire.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |author=Margolin, Dovid |url=https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/2461981/jewish/Grodnos-Great-Synagogue-Again-to-Rebuild-From-the-Ashes.htm |title=Grodno's Great Synagogue Again to Rebuild From the Ashes |work=Chabad News |date=15 January 2014 |access-date=23 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/fire-ravages-belarus-oldest-functioning-synagogue/ |title=Fire ravages Belarus' oldest functioning synagogue |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=29 November 2013 |access-date=23 March 2024 |via=[[Jewish Telegraph Agency]] }}</ref> The synagogue has since been restored and is in use.
⚫
Under the supervision of Iya Frunkin, the Jewish community built another synagogue in the [[Eclecticism|eclectic]] and [[Moors|Moorish]] style from 1902 to 1905. By 1907, the city boasted a state Jewish school, a girls' school, a craft shelter, a Talmud-Yeshiva, 107 Jewish primary schools, and 5 elementary schools for girls. This was unique in Russia.

There were also two Jewish libraries and several Jewish charitable organizations working in the city.

⚫
Jews played a very significant role in city life as industrialists, merchants, craftsmen, owners of printing houses, doctors, and teachers. There was said to be a special "Grodno Aura," created by its cultured and intelligent population. For this reason Grodno was considered to be one of the Jewish intellectual capitals of Europe.

⚫
The interior of the synagogue was vandalized in 1941 by Nazis. Soviet authorities closed the synagogue in 1944. The synagogue was returned to the Jewish community in 1991; and was subsequently restored<ref name=POLIN/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thesanetravel.com/travels/belarus/great-choral-synagogue-grodno |title=Great Choral Synagogue Grodno |work=The Sane Travel |date=2023 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> under the direction of Rabbi Yitzchok Kofman. However, in 2013, the synagogue was again destroyed by fire.<ref>{{cite news |author=Margolin, Dovid |url=https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/2461981/jewish/Grodnos-Great-Synagogue-Again-to-Rebuild-From-the-Ashes.htm |title=Grodno's Great Synagogue Again to Rebuild From the Ashes |work=Chabad News |date=15 January 2014 |access-date=23 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/fire-ravages-belarus-oldest-functioning-synagogue/ |title=Fire ravages Belarus' oldest functioning synagogue |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=29 November 2013 |access-date=23 March 2024 |via=[[Jewish Telegraph Agency]] }}</ref> The synagogue has since been restored and is in use.


== Notable members ==
== Notable members ==
* [[Léon Bakst]], an artist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Léon Bakst {{!}} Contemporary Arts Center |url=https://www.contemporaryartscenter.org/artists/lon-bakst |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.contemporaryartscenter.org |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{unreferenced|section|date=March 2024}}
* [[:ru:Гинцбург, Илья Яковлевич|Ilya Gintsburg]], a sculptor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian Art Gallery: Free Valuation and Attribution |url=http://russianartgallery.org/inventory/ilya_ginzburg |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=russianartgallery.org}}</ref>
* [[Léon Bakst]], an artist
* [[L. L. Zamenhof]], the founder of [[Esperanto]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=YIVO {{!}} Zamenhof, Ludwik |url=https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Zamenhof_Ludwik |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=yivoencyclopedia.org}}</ref>
* [[:ru:Гинцбург, Илья Яковлевич|Ilya Gintsburg]], a sculptor
* [[Herman Yablokoff]] (born Chaim Yablonik), the composer of [[Papirosn|Papirossen]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Hebron Cemetery |url=https://www.mounthebroncemetery.com/legacy/stories/view/?id=40 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.mounthebroncemetery.com}}</ref>
* [[L. L. Zamenhof]], the founder of [[Esperanto]]
* Avram-Shalom Friedberg (''Авроом-Шолом Фридберг''), a Hebrew translator<ref>{{Cite web |title=YIVO {{!}} Friedberg, Avraham Shalom |url=https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/friedberg_avraham_shalom |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=yivoencyclopedia.org}}</ref>
* [[Herman Yablokoff]] (born Chaim Yablonik), the composer of [[Papirosn|Papirossen]]
* Avram-Shalom Friedberg (''Авроом-Шолом Фридберг''), a Hebrew translator


==Gallery==
==Gallery==

Revision as of 18:21, 21 June 2024

For similarly named synagogues, see Great Synagogue.
Great Synagogue of Grodno
Belarusian: Харальная сінагога, Горадня
The synagogue, in 2019
Religion
AffiliationOrthodox Judaism
RiteHasidic Judaism
Ecclesiastical or organisational statusSynagogue
StatusActive
Location
LocationVialikaja Trajeckaja Street 59a, Grodno 230023
CountryBelarus
Great Synagogue (Grodno) is located in Belarus
Great Synagogue (Grodno)
Location in Belarus
Geographic coordinates53°40′43″N 23°49′29″E / 53.6786°N 23.8246°E / 53.6786; 23.8246
Architecture
Architect(s)Iya Frunkin
TypeSynagogue architecture
Style
Date established1576 (as a congregation)
Completed1905
Website
jewishgrodno.com

The Great Synagogue of Grodno (Belarusian: Харальная сінагога, Горадня, Russian: Большая Хоральная синагога, Гродно), also known as the New Synagogue or the Choral Synagogue, is an Orthodox Hasidic Jewish synagogue, located on Vialikaja Trajeckaja Street, in Grodno (or Hrodna), Belarus. The building dates from the 16th century and was nominated for UNESCO World Heritage listing in 2007.[1][2][3]

History

The Great Synagogue of Grodno was built from 1576 to 1580 by Santi Gucci, who designed a wooden synagogue at Rabbi Mordechai Yoffe's invitation. However, this building burnt down in 1617.[4]

The second synagogue was also burnt down in 1899.[4] The Jewish community built another synagogue in the eclectic and Moorish style from 1902 to 1905.[5] By 1907, the city boasted a state Jewish school, a girls' school, a craft shelter, a Talmud-Yeshiva, 107 Jewish primary schools, and 5 elementary schools for girls. There were also two Jewish libraries and several Jewish charitable organizations working in the city.[6]

Jews played a very significant role in city life as industrialists, merchants, craftsmen, owners of printing houses, doctors, and teachers. There was said to be a special "Grodno Aura," created by its cultured and intelligent population. For this reason Grodno was considered to be one of the Jewish intellectual capitals of Europe.[6]

The interior of the synagogue was vandalized in 1941 by Nazis. Soviet authorities closed the synagogue in 1944. The synagogue was returned to the Jewish community in 1991; and was subsequently restored[4][7] under the direction of Rabbi Yitzchok Kofman. However, in 2013, the synagogue was again destroyed by fire.[5][8] The synagogue has since been restored and is in use.

Notable members

References

  1. ^ "Иудейская религиозная община г. Гродно]" (in Belarusian).
  2. ^ "Great Synagogue of Grodno". Vetliva. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  3. ^ "The Great Synagogue of Grodno (also known as the "New" or "Choral" Synagogue)". Wirtualny Sztetl. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  4. ^ a b c "The Great Synagogue of Grodno (also known as the "New" or "Choral" Synagogue". Virtual Shtetl. Warsaw, Poland: POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. n.d. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  5. ^ a b Margolin, Dovid (15 January 2014). "Grodno's Great Synagogue Again to Rebuild From the Ashes". Chabad News. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  6. ^ a b Sobolewska, Olga. "Virtual Shtetl - History of Grodno". Virtual Shtetl. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  7. ^ "Great Choral Synagogue Grodno". The Sane Travel. 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  8. ^ "Fire ravages Belarus' oldest functioning synagogue". The Times of Israel. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2024 – via Jewish Telegraph Agency.
  9. ^ "Léon Bakst | Contemporary Arts Center". www.contemporaryartscenter.org. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  10. ^ "Russian Art Gallery: Free Valuation and Attribution". russianartgallery.org. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  11. ^ "YIVO | Zamenhof, Ludwik". yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  12. ^ "Mount Hebron Cemetery". www.mounthebroncemetery.com. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  13. ^ "YIVO | Friedberg, Avraham Shalom". yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
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