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{{More citations needed|date=March 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2021}}
[[File:Eurofighter 9803.ogg|thumb|right|thumbtime=32|The [[Eurofighter]] was developed, produced and procured by several European nations]]
[[File:Eurofighter 9803.ogg|thumb|right|thumbtime=32|The [[Eurofighter]] was developed, produced and procured by several European nations]]
'''European multilateral defence procurement''' refers to the collective armaments purchasing policies of European nations.
'''European multilateral defence procurement''' refers to the collective armaments purchasing policies of European nations.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}


Traditionally European countries have either developed their own weapon systems or bought 'off the shelf' systems usually [[NATO]]-sponsored from the United States or from the [[Soviet Union]], now from Russia. Furthermore, identical projects in differing countries were recognised as a waste of resources.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} Likewise they hope to establish a profitable export competing the American one.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/a-new-arms-race-exports-booming-for-german-weapons-manufacturers-a-773626.html |title=A New Arms Race: Exports Booming for German Weapons Manufacturers |work=Der Spiegel |first1=Dietmar |last1=Hawranek |first2=Markus |last2=Dettmer |first3=Ralf |last3=Beste |date=11 July 2011 |access-date=6 October 2021 }}</ref>
European countries hope to establish a profitable export competing the American one.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/a-new-arms-race-exports-booming-for-german-weapons-manufacturers-a-773626.html |title=A New Arms Race: Exports Booming for German Weapons Manufacturers |work=Der Spiegel |first1=Dietmar |last1=Hawranek |first2=Markus |last2=Dettmer |first3=Ralf |last3=Beste |date=11 July 2011 |access-date=6 October 2021 }}</ref>


The [[European Defence Agency]] was established in 2004 to create a stronger European market for military equipment.
The [[European Defence Agency]] was established in 2004 to create a stronger European market for military equipment.

==History==
The [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] is the latest in a line of joint aircraft projects between the Western European powers. Previously the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy had cooperated in producing the [[Panavia Tornado]] in the 1970s, and the UK and France had cooperated in producing the [[SEPECAT Jaguar]]. The [[Eurocopter Tiger]] is developed by France and Germany and was also bought by Spain. Franco-Italian naval projects include the {{sclass2|Horizon|frigate|1}}s and [[FREMM multipurpose frigate]]s.


==Industry==
==Industry==
⚫
In 2015, the German [[Krauss-Maffei Wegmann]] (KMW) and French [[Nexter]] merged under a joint holding company [[KMW+Nexter Defense Systems]]. Both companies are major producers of military land systems.<ref name="kmw-nexter">{{cite press release|url=http://www.nexter-group.fr/images/stories/actualites/groupe/Press_Release_-_Nexter_Systems_and_Krauss-Maffei_Wegmann_have_completed_their_association.pdf|title=Nexter Systems and Krauss-Maffei Wegmann have completed their association|location=Amsterdam|publisher=KMW, Nexter|date=15 December 2015|access-date=21 July 2017}}</ref>
While European military budgets remain fragmented and massive duplication in research and development exists, the European military industry has made some moves towards consolidation. [[British Aerospace]] (BAe) was widely expected to merge with Germany's [[DASA]] to form the first major European military-industrial giant. Instead in 1999 BAe merged with another British company, [[The General Electric Company|GEC's]] defence business ([[Marconi Electronic Systems]]), to form [[BAE Systems]]. As a result, in 2000, DASA merged with [[Aerospatiale-Matra]] to form [[Airbus|EADS]].

In 2001 the formation of [[MBDA]] brought together the product portfolios of [[Aerospatiale Matra Missiles]] (of EADS), [[Alenia Marconi Systems]] missiles, and [[Matra BAe Dynamics]] to form Europe's largest missile manufacturer and number two globally after [[Raytheon]].

⚫
In 2015, the German [[Krauss-Maffei Wegmann]] (KMW) and French [[Nexter]] merged under a joint holding company [[KMW+Nexter Defense Systems]]. Both companies are major producers of military land systems.<ref name="kmw-nexter">{{cite press release|url=http://www.nexter-group.fr/images/stories/actualites/groupe/Press_Release_-_Nexter_Systems_and_Krauss-Maffei_Wegmann_have_completed_their_association.pdf|title=Nexter Systems and Krauss-Maffei Wegmann have completed their association|location=Amsterdam|publisher=KMW, Nexter|date=15 December 2015|access-date=21 July 2017}}</ref>


Other major European defence contractors include:
Other major European defence contractors include:
Line 38: Line 31:


==Products==
==Products==
⚫
Then British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] came under pressure from President [[Bill Clinton]] to select Raytheon's future missile to arm the Eurofighter,<ref>{{cite news | first =Neil | last = Baumgardner | title = Raytheon Offers Joint Development of New Missile with UK | work = Defense Daily | publisher = Phillips Business Information, Inc. | date = 16 September 1999 }}</ref> however the UK government selected the European Meteor air-to-air missile.
Below are some examples of European products and the previously used weapons they may replace.
*Aircraft and missiles:
**[[A400M]] – replacing [[C-130]] and Franco/German [[Transall]]
**[[Eurofighter Typhoon]] – replacing F-4 Phantom II, F-16s, Mirage F-1, Tornado F.3
**[[Eurocopter Tiger]] – for France, Germany and Spain
**[[AgustaWestland EH101|EH101]] and [[NH90]] – largely replacing European helicopters
**[[MBDA Meteor|Meteor]] – replacing [[AMRAAM]] as long-range [[Air-to-air missile|AAM]]
**[[ASRAAM]] and [[IRIS-T]] – replacing [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] as short-range AAM
*Land vehicles:
**[[ASCOD]] IFV equipping the Austrian, Spanish and British armies, [[Puma (IFV)|Puma]] IFV equipping the Germany army
**[[Patria AMV]] and [[Boxer MRAV|GTK Boxer]] APCs equipping various European armies
**[[ATF Dingo]], [[Fennek]], [[Iveco LMV]] tactical vehicles used by various countries
**[[PzH 2000]] – replacing [[M109 howitzer|M109 Paladin]]
*Naval vessels:
**[[Álvaro de Bazán-class frigate|F-100-class frigates]] replacing US designed [[Baleares-class frigate|''Knox''-class frigates]] in Spain, [[Anzac-class frigate|''Oliver Hazard Perry''-class frigates]] in Australia and [[Oslo-class frigate|''Dealey''-class]] frigates in Norway.
**[[Type 212 submarine]], equipping the German, Italian navies, [[Type 214 submarine]] equipping the Greek and Portuguese navies, {{sclass2|S-80|submarine|1}} equipping the Spanish Navy
**{{sclass2|Horizon|frigate|1}}s and [[FREMM multipurpose frigate]]s both for the French and Italian navies
**{{sclass|Rotterdam|amphibious transport dock|5}} and {{sclass|Galicia|landing platform dock|0}} LPDs, replacing {{sclass|Newport|tank landing ship|1}}s in the Netherlands and Spanish navies.

France's desire for military and industrial independence has motivated its continued pursuit of high-technology projects, for example the [[Dassault Rafale]].

Multinational programmes can fail because of disagreements about price or capability. For example, while the UK terminated its collaboration with France and Italy on the next generation frigate ([[Horizon CNGF]]) and started a national [[Type 45 destroyer|Type 45]] programme. However the warships will share some systems, primarily the [[MBDA Aster]] missile.

⚫
Then British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] came under pressure from President [[Bill Clinton]] to select Raytheon's future missile to arm the Eurofighter,<ref>{{cite news | first =Neil | last = Baumgardner | title = Raytheon Offers Joint Development of New Missile with UK | work = Defense Daily | publisher = Phillips Business Information, Inc. | date = 16 September 1999 }}</ref> however the UK government selected the European Meteor air-to-air missile.


Airbus Group CEO Tom Enders has called the difficulties in coordinating European investment in the A400M program a "horror", and said "I am determined, at least for my company, not to ever again walk into such a program".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://aviationweek.com/blog/a400m-horror-horror |title=A400M: The Horror, The Horror |last1=Bruno |first1=Michael |date=2 May 2014 |website=aviationweek.com |publisher=Penton |access-date=2 May 2014}}</ref>
Airbus Group CEO Tom Enders has called the difficulties in coordinating European investment in the A400M program a "horror", and said "I am determined, at least for my company, not to ever again walk into such a program".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://aviationweek.com/blog/a400m-horror-horror |title=A400M: The Horror, The Horror |last1=Bruno |first1=Michael |date=2 May 2014 |website=aviationweek.com |publisher=Penton |access-date=2 May 2014}}</ref>

Revision as of 10:48, 3 July 2024

The Eurofighter was developed, produced and procured by several European nations

European multilateral defence procurement refers to the collective armaments purchasing policies of European nations.[citation needed]

European countries hope to establish a profitable export competing the American one.[1]

The European Defence Agency was established in 2004 to create a stronger European market for military equipment.

Industrie

In 2015, the German Krauss-Maffei Wegmann (KMW) and French Nexter merged under a joint holding company KMW+Nexter Defense Systems. Both companies are major producers of military land systems.[2]

Other major European defence contractors include:

Produkte

Then British Prime Minister Tony Blair came under pressure from President Bill Clinton to select Raytheon's future missile to arm the Eurofighter,[3] however the UK government selected the European Meteor air-to-air missile.

Airbus Group CEO Tom Enders has called the difficulties in coordinating European investment in the A400M program a "horror", and said "I am determined, at least for my company, not to ever again walk into such a program".[4]

French President Emmanuel Macron and German Chancellor Angela Merkel have signalled their countries intention to co-operate on the development of a future combat aircraft to be produced as a replacement for Dassault Rafale and Eurofighter Typhoon.[5][6]

Code of Conduct on Defence Procurement

The European Union has adopted a code of conduct[7] with the objective to inject transparency and competition into the military procurement. It is administered by the EDA and under its scope are contracts under Article 346 of TFEU, of at least €1 million and with the exclusions of weapons of mass destruction, cryptographic equipment and other procurements.

As of 2009 the code is adopted by Norway and all EDA members except Romania, who may join later.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ Hawranek, Dietmar; Dettmer, Markus; Beste, Ralf (11 July 2011). "A New Arms Race: Exports Booming for German Weapons Manufacturers". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  2. ^ "Nexter Systems and Krauss-Maffei Wegmann have completed their association" (PDF) (Press release). Amsterdam: KMW, Nexter. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  3. ^ Baumgardner, Neil (16 September 1999). "Raytheon Offers Joint Development of New Missile with UK". Defense Daily. Phillips Business Information, Inc.
  4. ^ Bruno, Michael (2 May 2014). "A400M: The Horror, The Horror". aviationweek.com. Penton. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  5. ^ Hoyle, Craig (20 July 2017). "Franco-German fighter proposal gains momentum". FlightGlobal. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  6. ^ Tran, Pierre (14 July 2017). "France and Germany agree to jointly build new generation fighter jet". Defense News. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  7. ^ The Code of Conduct on Defence Procurement
  8. ^ Key Facts About the Code of Conduct on Defence Procurement
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