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#REDIRECT [[Quantum engineering]]
{{Short description|Emerging technologies built on quantum mechanics}}
{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = April 2019}}

'''Quantum technology''' is an [[Emerging technologies|emerging field]] of physics and engineering, encompassing technologies that rely on the properties of [[quantum mechanics]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chen |first1=Rajasekar |title=Bridge Engineering Handbook, Five Volume Set, Second Edition |last2=Velusamy |first2=R. |date=2014 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781482263459 |location=Boca Raton, FL |pages=263}}</ref> especially [[quantum entanglement]], [[quantum superposition]], and [[quantum tunnelling|quantum tunneling]]. Quantum computing, [[quantum sensor|sensor]]s, [[quantum cryptography|cryptography]], [[quantum simulator|simulation]], [[quantum metrology|measurement]], [[quantum imaging|imaging]], quantum [[QCD vacuum|energy]] generators and space [[navigation]] are all examples of emerging quantum technologies. The development of quantum technologies also influences established fields such as space [[Space exploration|exploration]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Belenchia |first1=Alessio |last2=Carlesso |first2=Matteo |last3=Bayraktar |first3=Ömer |last4=Dequal |first4=Daniele |last5=Derkach |first5=Ivan |last6=Gasbarri |first6=Giulio |last7=Herr |first7=Waldemar |last8=Li |first8=Ying Lia |last9=Rademacher |first9=Markus |last10=Sidhu |first10=Jasminder |last11=Oi |first11=Daniel K. L. |date=2022-03-11 |title=Quantum physics in space |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157321004142 |journal=Physics Reports |language=en |volume=951 |pages=1–70 |doi=10.1016/j.physrep.2021.11.004 |arxiv=2108.01435 |bibcode=2022PhR...951....1B |s2cid=236881667 |issn=0370-1573}}</ref> the sustainable [[Sustainable energy|energy]] and [[Clean technology|cleantech]] sector, [[nanomanufacturing]], [[semiconductor]]s and [[laser]] technology.

Apart from its main roots in physics, some types of quantum technology may even involve [[chemistry]] or [[microbiology]].[[File:QD S.jpg|thumb|Colloidal quantum dots irradiated with a UV light. Different sized quantum dots emit different colour light due to quantum confinement.]]

== Secure communications ==
{{Main|Quantum communication}}
Quantum secure communication is a method that is expected to be 'quantum safe' in the advent of quantum computing systems that could break current [[cryptography]] systems using methods such as [[Shor's algorithm]]. These methods include [[Quantum key distribution|quantum key distribution (QKD)]], a method of transmitting information using entangled light in a way that makes any interception of the transmission obvious to the user. Another method is the quantum random number generator, which is capable of producing truly random numbers unlike non-quantum algorithms that merely imitate randomness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/quantum-technology-2017-7|title='Quantum' technology is the future, and it's already here — here's what that means for you|last=Love|first=Dylan|date=July 31, 2017|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

== Computing ==
{{Main|Quantum computing}}
Quantum computers are expected to have a number of important uses in computing fields such as optimization and machine learning. They are perhaps best known for their expected ability to carry out Shor's algorithm, which can be used to factorize large numbers and is an important process in the securing of data transmissions.

== Quantum simulators ==
{{Main|Quantum simulator}}
Quantum simulators are types of quantum computers used to simulate a real world system and can be used to simulate chemical compounds or solve high energy physics problems.<ref name="Quantum Technology">{{Cite web |title=Quantum Technologies in a nutshell |url=https://qt.eu/discover-quantum/quantum-technologies-in-a-nutshell/ |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=Quantum Technology |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Tomi H. |last2=Clark |first2=Stephen R. |last3=Jaksch |first3=Dieter |date=December 2014 |title=What is a quantum simulator? |journal=EPJ Quantum Technology |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1140/epjqt10 |issn=2196-0763|doi-access=free |arxiv=1405.2831 }}</ref> Quantum simulators are simpler to build as opposed to general purpose quantum computers because complete control over every component is not necessary.<ref name="Quantum Technology" /> Current quantum simulators under development include ultracold atoms in optical lattices, trapped ions, arrays of superconducting qubits, and others.<ref name="Quantum Technology" />

== Sensors ==
{{Main|Quantum sensor}}
Quantum sensors are expected to have a number of applications in a wide variety of fields including positioning systems, communication technology, electric and magnetic field sensors, [[gravimetry]]<ref name="rademacher_quantum_2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Rademacher |first1=Markus |last2=Millen |first2=James |last3=Li |first3=Ying Lia |date=2020-10-01 |title=Quantum sensing with nanoparticles for gravimetry: when bigger is better |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/aot-2020-0019/html |journal=Advanced Optical Technologies |language=en |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=227–239 |doi=10.1515/aot-2020-0019 |arxiv=2005.14642 |bibcode=2020AdOT....9..227R |s2cid=219124060 |issn=2192-8584}}</ref> as well as geophysical areas of research such as civil engineering<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stray |first1=Ben |last2=Lamb |first2=Andrew |last3=Kaushik |first3=Aisha |last4=Vovrosh |first4=Jamie |last5=Rodgers |first5=Anthony |last6=Winch |first6=Jonathan |last7=Hayati |first7=Farzad |last8=Boddice |first8=Daniel |last9=Stabrawa |first9=Artur |last10=Niggebaum |first10=Alexander |last11=Langlois |first11=Mehdi |last12=Lien |first12=Yu-Hung |last13=Lellouch |first13=Samuel |last14=Roshanmanesh |first14=Sanaz |last15=Ridley|first15=Kevin |last16=de Villiers |first16=Geoffrey |last17=Brown |first17=Gareth |last18=Cross |first18=Trevor |last19=Tuckwell |first19=George |last20=Faramarzi |first20= Asaad |last21=Metje |first21=Nicole |last22=Bongs |first22=Kai |last23=Holynski |first23=Michael |title= Quantum sensing for gravity cartography |journal=Nature |volume =602 |issue= 7898|pages =590–594 | year=2020|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04315-3 |pmid=35197616 |pmc=8866129 |bibcode=2022Natur.602..590S |doi-access=free }}</ref> and seismology.

==History==
The field of quantum technology was first outlined in a 1997 book by [[Gerard J. Milburn]],<ref>[http://www.physics.uq.edu.au/people/milburn/books/Schr_Mach.html ''Schrödinger's Machines''], G.J.Milburn, W H Freeman & Co. (1997) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830190154/http://www.physics.uq.edu.au/people/milburn/books/Schr_Mach.html|date=August 30, 2007}}</ref> which was then followed by a 2003 article by [[Jonathan P. Dowling]] and [[Gerard J. Milburn]],<ref>"[https://archive.today/20120714114853/http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/bdm1frlb9tfmr3ar/ Quantum Technology: The Second Quantum Revolution] ,"J.P.Dowling and G.J.Milburn, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 361, 3655 (2003)</ref><ref>"[[arxiv:quant-ph/0206091|Quantum Technology: The Second Quantum Revolution]]," J.P.Dowling and G.J.Milburn, arXiv:quant-ph/0206091v1</ref> as well as a 2003 article by [[David Deutsch]].<ref>"[http://www.qubit.org/people/david/structure/Documents/Research%20Papers/PPQT.pdf Physics, Philosophy, and Quantum Technology]," D.Deutsch in the Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Quantum Communication, Measurement and Computing, Shapiro, J.H. and Hirota, O., Eds. (Rinton Press, Princeton, NJ. 2003)</ref>

Many devices already available are fundamentally reliant on the effects of quantum mechanics. These include [[laser]] systems, [[transistors]] and [[semiconductor]] devices, as well as other devices such as [[MRI]] imagers. The UK [[Defence Science and Technology Laboratory]] (DSTL) grouped these devices as 'quantum 1.0' to differentiate them from what it dubbed 'quantum 2.0', which it defined as a class of devices that actively create, manipulate, and read out quantum states of matter using the effects of superposition and entanglement.<ref>J. Pritchard and S. Till. [https://www.epsrc.ac.uk/newsevents/pubs/dstl-uk-quantum-technology-landscape-2014/ "UK Quantum Technology Landscape 2014"]</ref>

===Research programmes===
{{Cleanup list|section|date=December 2023}}
From 2010 onwards, multiple governments have established programmes to explore quantum technologies,<ref>[https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2058-9565/page/Focus_on_quantum_science_and_technology_initiatives_around_the_world/ Focus on Quantum Science and Technology Initiatives Around the World], Edited by Rob Thew, Thomas Jennewein and Masahide Sasaki, Quantum Science and Technology (2019)</ref> such as the UK National Quantum Technologies Programme,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Knight |first1=Peter |last2=Walmsley |first2=Ian|title= UK national quantum technology programme |journal=Quantum Science and Technology |volume =4 |issue= 4|pages =040502 | year=2019|doi=10.1088/2058-9565/ab4346 |bibcode=2019QS&T....4d0502K |doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/75584 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> which created four quantum 'hubs', the [[Centre for Quantum Technologies]] in Singapore, and QuTech, a Dutch center to develop a topological quantum computer.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21654566-after-decades-languishing-laboratory-quantum-computers-are-attracting 'A little bit, better' The Economist, 18th June 2015]</ref> In 2016, the [[European Union]] introduced the [[Quantum Technology Flagship]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Riedel |first1=Max F. |last2=Binosi |first2=Daniele |last3=Thew |first3=Rob |last4=Calarco |first4=Tommaso |title= The European quantum technologies flagship programme |journal=Quantum Science and Technology |volume =2 |issue= 3|pages =030501 | year=2017|doi=10.1088/2058-9565/aa6aca |bibcode=2017QS&T....2c0501R |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Riedel |first1=Max |last2=Kovacs |first2=Matyas |last3=Zoller |first3=Peter |last4=Mlynek |first4=Jürgen |last5=Calarco |first5=Tommaso |title= Europe's Quantum Flagship initiative |journal=Quantum Science and Technology |volume =4 |issue= 2|pages =020501 | year=2019|doi=10.1088/2058-9565/ab042d |bibcode=2019QS&T....4b0501R |doi-access=free }}</ref> a €1 Billion, 10-year-long [[megaproject]], similar in size to earlier European [[Future and Emerging Technologies]] Flagship projects.
<ref name="hellemans" >
Alexander Hellemans.
[https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/europe-will-spend-1-billion-to-turn-quantum-physics-into-quantum-technology Europe Bets €1 Billion on Quantum Tech]:
A 10-year-long megaproject will go beyond quantum computing and cryptography to advance other emerging technologies".
July 2016.
IEEE Spectrum.
</ref><ref>Elizabeth Gibney. [http://www.nature.com/news/europe-plans-giant-billion-euro-quantum-technologies-project-1.19796 "Europe plans giant billion-euro quantum technologies project]: Third European Union flagship will be similar in size and ambition to graphene and human brain initiatives." April 2016. Nature.</ref> In December 2018, the United States passed the [[National Quantum Initiative Act]], which provides a US$1 billion annual budget for quantum research.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raymer |first1=Michael G. |last2=Monroe |first2=Christopher|title= The US National Quantum Initiative |journal=Quantum Science and Technology |volume =4 |issue= 2|pages =020504 | year=2019|doi=10.1088/2058-9565/ab0441 |bibcode=2019QS&T....4b0504R |doi-access=free }}</ref> China is building the world's largest quantum research facility with a planned investment of 76 billion Yuan (approx. €10 Billion).<ref>{{cite web|title=China building world's biggest quantum research facility|date=September 11, 2017 |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2110563/china-building-worlds-biggest-quantum-research-facility|access-date=2018-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Qiang |last2=Xu |first2=Feihu|last3=Li |first3=Li|last4=Liu |first4=Nai-Le|last5=Pan |first5=Jian-Wei|title= Quantum information research in China |journal=Quantum Science and Technology |volume =4 |issue= 4|pages = 040503 | year=2019|doi=10.1088/2058-9565/ab4bea |bibcode=2019QS&T....4d0503Z |doi-access=free }}</ref> Indian government has also invested 8000 [[crore]] Rupees (approx. US$1.02 Billion) over 5-years to boost quantum technologies under its National Quantum Mission.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Padma |first=T. V. |date=2020-02-03 |title=India bets big on quantum technology |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00288-x |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00288-x|pmid=33526896 |s2cid=212809353 }}</ref>

In the private sector, large companies have made multiple investments in quantum technologies. Organizations such as [[Google]], [[D-wave systems]], and [[UCSB|University of California Santa Barbara]]<ref>[https://www.wired.com/2014/09/martinis/ The man who will build Google's elusive quantum computer; Wired, 09.05.14]</ref> have formed partnerships and investments to develop quantum technology.
{| class="wikitable"
!Country/Group
!Name of Center/ Project
!Government control (yes/no/partial)
!Type of Quantum Technology Research
!Established date
!Funding
|-
| rowspan="4" |Australia
|Australian Research Council Centres of Excellence
|Yes
|Computing
|2017
|US$94 million
|-
|Department of Defence's Next Generation Technologies Fund
|Yes
|Integrated intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance
Space capabilities

Enhanced human performance

Medical countermeasure products

Multi-disciplinary material sciences

Quantum technologies

Trusted autonomous systems

Cyber

Advanced sensors

Hypersonics

Directed energy capabilities<ref>{{Cite web |last=Group |first=Defence Science and Technology |date=2017-02-20 |title=Next Generation Technologies Fund |url=https://www.dst.defence.gov.au/nextgentechfund |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.dst.defence.gov.au}}</ref>
|2016<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-11 |title=Next Generation Technologies Fund |url=https://www.uq.edu.au/research/research-support/research-management/funding-schemes/industry-schemes/next-generation-technologies-fund |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.uq.edu.au |language=en}}</ref>
|US$4.5M
|-
|Sydney Quantum Academy
|Partial
|[[Quantum economics|Quantum economy]]
|December 7, 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Swayne |first=Matt |date=2020-12-07 |title=Sydney Quantum Academy Officially Launched |url=https://thequantuminsider.com/2020/12/07/harbor-town-and-quantum-hub-sydney-quantum-academy-officially-launched/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The Quantum Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>
|US$15.0M<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney Quantum Academy – ANFF |url=https://www.anff-nsw.org/anff-nswunsw/sydney-quantum-academy/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |language=en-AU}}</ref>
|-
|Silicon Quantum Computing
|Partial
|[[Quantum computing]]
|May 2017
|US$83M<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://sqc.com.au/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Silicon Quantum Computing |language=en-AU}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |Canada
|Canadian Space Agency Quantum Encryption and Science Satellite
|Partial
|[[Quantum key distribution]](<abbr>QKD</abbr>)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Canadian Space |date=2017-12-19 |title=Quantum Encryption and Science Satellite (QEYSSat) |url=https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/qeyssat.asp |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Canadian Space Agency}}</ref>
|December 2017
|
|-
|National Research Council of Canada's Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre: Quantum Sensors and Security program
|Partial
|Longer-range emerging and disruptive technologies
|2012
|US$23M
|-
|[[Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council|Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council/UK Research and Innovation]]
|Partial
|Quantum technology development
|
|US$3.4M
|-
|[https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/national-quantum-strategy/en Canada’s National Quantum Strategy]
|Partial
|The Strategy will guide investments along three pillars − quantum research, talent and commercialization − toward achieving three key missions, in quantum computers and software, communications and sensors.
|2023
|US$267M
|-
| rowspan="4" |China
|Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics
|Yes
|General
|May 2015
| rowspan="4" |US$10.0B
|-
|[[Quantum Experiments at Space Scale]] (QUESS) project (the [[Micius (satellite)|Micius satellite]])
|Yes
|[[Quantum key distribution]]
|May 2015
|-
|Beijing–Shanghai Quantum Secure Communication Backbone
|Yes
|[[Quantum communications|Quantum Communications]]
|May 2015
|-
|National Quantum Laboratory
|Yes
|[[Quantum metrology]] and building a quantum computer
|May 2015 (opened in 2020)
|-
| rowspan="5" |European Union
|Quantum Technologies Flagship program
|Yes
|[[Quantum computing]]
[[Quantum simulator|Quantum simulation]]

[[Quantum information science|Quantum communication]]

[[Quantum metrology]] and sensing<ref name="digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Quantum Technologies Flagship {{!}} Shaping Europe's digital future |url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/quantum-technologies-flagship |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>
|2018
| rowspan="2" |Expected budget of €1 billion<ref name="digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu" />
|-
|Coordination and support action for Quantum Technology Education (QTEdu)
|Yes
|Education<ref>{{Cite web |title=QTEdu Open Master – An open initiative for fostering quantum technologies in Master's programmes all across Europe |url=https://qtom.qtedu.eu/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|2020
|-
|QuantERA
|Yes
|Quantum technologies
|2016<ref>{{Cite web |title=About QuantERA |url=https://quantera.eu/about/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=QuantERA |language=en}}</ref>
|€89 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=Funding |url=https://quantera.eu/funding/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=QuantERA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Open European Quantum Key Distribution (OpenQKD)
|Yes
|[[Quantum cryptography|Quantum-based cryptography]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rella |first=Matthias |title=OpenQKD in Action |url=https://openqkd.eu/openqkd-in-action/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=OpenQKD |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Sept. 2, 2019 (ended Sept. 1, 2022) <ref name="European Commission-2019">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |date=9 August 2019 |title=Open European Quantum Key Distribution Testbed |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/857156 |access-date=2022-11-30|website=cordis.europa.eu}}</ref>
|€17 974 246,25<ref name="European Commission-2019" />
|-
|European Quantum Communication Infrastructure (EuroQCI)
|Yes
|[[Quantum information science|Quantum communication]] infrastructure<ref name="digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu-2">{{Cite web |title=The European Quantum Communication Infrastructure (EuroQCI) Initiative {{!}} Shaping Europe's digital future |url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-quantum-communication-infrastructure-euroqci |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>
|June 2019<ref name="digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu-2" />
|€90,000,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=DevelopmentAid |url=https://www.developmentaid.org/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=DevelopmentAid |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|France
|National Strategy for Quantum Technologies
|Yes
|[[Quantum computing]], quantum communications and quantum sensors <ref name="Pelé-2021">{{Cite web |last=Pelé |first=Anne-Françoise |date=January 22, 2021 |title=French President Details €1.8b Quantum Plan |url=https://www.eetimes.eu/french-president-details-e1-8b-quantum-plan/ |access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref>
|January 21, 2021<ref name="Pelé-2021" />
|US$1.8B<ref name="Pelé-2021" />
|-
| rowspan="4" |Germany
|Quantum Technologies — From Basic Research to Market
|Yes
|Quantum technologies
|September 26, 2018
| rowspan="2" |€650M<ref>{{Cite web |title=StackPath |url=https://www.laserfocusworld.com/lasers-sources/article/16571451/650-million-for-quantum-research-in-germany |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.laserfocusworld.com|date=September 28, 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|Agenda Quantensysteme 2030
|Yes
|[[quantum computing]], quantum simulation, quantum communication, quantum sensors, supporting technologies, public outreach
|March 23, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-01 |title=Program Committee delivers "Agenda Quantum Systems 2030" |url=https://qarlab.de/en/program-committee-delivers-agenda-quantum-systems-2030-to-federal-research-minister-karliczek-in-berlin-professor-dr-claudia-linnhoff-popiens-participation-honore/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=QAR-Lab {{!}} Quantum Applications and Research Laboratory |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Fraunhofer Society|Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft]]-[[IBM]] collaboration
|Yes
|[[Quantum computing]]<ref name="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft">{{Cite web |title=IBM and Fraunhofer bring Quantum Computing to Germany |url=https://www.fraunhofer.de/en/press/research-news/2020/march/ibm-and-fraunhofer-bring-quantum-computin-to-germany.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft |language=en}}</ref>
|September, 2019<ref name="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" />
|€40M<ref name="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" />
|-
|QuNET
|Yes
|[[Quantum information science|Quantum communication]]<ref name="Inside Quantum Technology">{{Cite web |title=Inside Quantum Technology |url=https://www.insidequantumtechnology.com/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Inside Quantum Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
|2018<ref name="Inside Quantum Technology" />
|€165M<ref name="Inside Quantum Technology" />
|-
|India
|National Mission on Quantum Technologies & Applications
|Yes
|[[Quantum information science|Quantum communication]], quantum simulation, [[Quantum computing|quantum computation]], Quantum sensing, and quantum metrology<ref name="www.psa.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Quantum Technologies {{!}} Principal Scientific Adviser |url=https://www.psa.gov.in/technology-frontiers/quantum-technologies/346 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.psa.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
|2020<ref name="www.psa.gov.in" />
|Rs 8000 Crore <ref name="www.psa.gov.in" />
|-
|Israel
|National Program for Quantum Science and Technology
|Yes
|National quantum development<ref name="Globes-2019">{{Cite news |date=2019-02-12 |title=Israel joins the quantum club |language=en |work=Globes |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-israel-joins-the-quantum-club-1001309384 |access-date=2022-12-01}}</ref>
|2019<ref name="Globes-2019" />
|US$360<ref name="Globes-2019" />
|-
| rowspan="4" |Japan
|Quantum Technology Innovation Strategy
|Yes
|Quantum technology
|2020
|US$470
|-
|Quantum Strategic Industry Alliance for Revolution (Q-STAR)
|Yes
|An industry council to promote quantum technologies
|September 1, 2021
|
|-
|Quantum Leap Flagship Program
|Yes
|Superconducting quantum computer, quantum simulation, quantum computing, [[Quantum sensor|solid state quantum sensors]], lasers<ref name="Yamamoto-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Yamamoto |first1=Yoshihisa |last2=Sasaki |first2=Masahide |last3=Takesue |first3=Hiroki |date=2019-02-22 |title=Quantum information science and technology in Japan |journal=Quantum Science and Technology |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=020502 |doi=10.1088/2058-9565/ab0077 |bibcode=2019QS&T....4b0502Y |s2cid=117731628 |issn=2058-9565|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|2018 <ref name="Yamamoto-2019" />
|US$200M<ref name="Yamamoto-2019" />
|-
|The Moonshot Research and Development Program (Goal 6)
|Yes
|[[Quantum computing]]
|2019<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web |title=Japan BrandVoice: Japan's Moonshot Research Program Is Taking On The Biggest Challenges |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/japan/2020/11/20/japans-moonshot-research-program-is-taking-on-the-biggest-challenges/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>
|US$963M for total program not just quantum<ref name="Forbes" />
|-
|Netherlands
|National Agenda for Quantum Technology: Quantum Delta NL
|Yes
|[[Quantum computing]], quantum communication, and quantum sensing <ref>{{Cite web |last=Swayne |first=Matt |date=2021-05-10 |title=Quantum Delta NL Plans to Put 615 Million Euro Investment to Good Use |url=https://thequantuminsider.com/2021/05/10/tqd-exclusive-quantum-delta-nl-plans-to-put-615-million-euro-investment-in-quantum-to-good-use/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The Quantum Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>
|2020 <ref name="Quantum Delta NL Awarded 228 Million Euro For Second Phase Of Its Programme To Accelerate Quantum Technology | Quantum-2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-14 |title=Quantum Delta NL Awarded 228 Million Euro For Second Phase Of Its Programme To Accelerate Quantum Technology {{!}} Quantum.Amsterdam |url=https://www.quantum.amsterdam/quantum-delta-nl-awarded-228-million-euro-for-second-phase-of-its-programme-to-accelerate-quantum-technology/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|€615M<ref name="Quantum Delta NL Awarded 228 Million Euro For Second Phase Of Its Programme To Accelerate Quantum Technology | Quantum-2022" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |Russia
|[[Rosatom]]
|Yes
|Quantum technologies and research infrastructure <ref name="interfax.com">{{Cite web |title=Rosatom planning to build universal quantum computer with cloud access by end-2024 |url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/73493/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=interfax.com}}</ref>
|2021 <ref name="interfax.com" />
|23 billion rubles<ref name="interfax.com" />
|-
|[[Russian Railways|RZD]] (Russian Railways)
|Yes
|[[Quantum information science|Quantum Communications]]<ref name="TAdviser.ru">{{Cite web |title=Russian Railways begins to create a quantum communication system for 138 million rubles |url=https://tadviser.com/index.php/Project:Quantum_communication_system_on_continuous_variables_of_Russian_Railways |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=TAdviser.ru}}</ref>
|October 2021<ref name="TAdviser.ru" />
|138M Russian rubles<ref name="TAdviser.ru" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |Singapore
|Quantum Engineering Program
|Yes
|Quantum technology<ref name="qepsg.org">{{Cite web |title=Quantum Engineering Programme - FAQs |url=https://qepsg.org/faqs |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=qepsg.org |language=en}}</ref>
|2018<ref name="qepsg.org" />
|US$121.6M<ref name="qepsg.org" />
|-
|Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT)
|Yes
|Quantum Technologies<ref name="www.quantumlah.org">{{Cite web |url=https://www.quantumlah.org/about/highlight/2014-06-nrf-funding |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=www.quantumlah.org|title=Singapore's National Research Foundation awards CQT $36.9 million funding}}</ref>
|2007<ref name="www.quantumlah.org" />
|US$194.9M<ref name="www.quantumlah.org" />
|-
|[[SGInnovate]]- Quantum Technologies<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quantum Technologies |url=https://www.sginnovate.com/categories/quantum-technologies |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=SGInnovate}}</ref>
|Yes
|Digital financing
|2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-23 |title=Funding Societies |url=https://www.sginnovate.com/investments/funding-societies |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=SGInnovate}}</ref>
|
|-
|South Korea
|Quantum Computing Technology Development Project
|Yes
|Quantum technologies<ref name="Inside Quantum Technology-2">{{Cite web |title=Inside Quantum Technology |url=https://www.insidequantumtechnology.com/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=Inside Quantum Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
|2019<ref name="Inside Quantum Technology-2" />
|US$39.8M<ref name="Inside Quantum Technology-2" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |United Kingdom
|National Quantum Technologies Programme
|Yes
|Funding UK quantum technologies<ref name="uknqt.ukri.org">{{Cite web |title=UK National Quantum Technologies Programme |url=https://uknqt.ukri.org/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=uknqt.ukri.org |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|2013<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Knight |first1=Peter |last2=Walmsley |first2=Ian |date=2019-10-01 |title=UK national quantum technology programme |journal=Quantum Science and Technology |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=040502 |doi=10.1088/2058-9565/ab4346 |bibcode=2019QS&T....4d0502K |s2cid=208844772 |issn=2058-9565|doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/75584 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|US$1B<ref name="uknqt.ukri.org" />
|-
|[https://www.nqcc.ac.uk/ National Quantum Computing Centre]
|Yes
|[[Quantum computing]]<ref name="www.ukri.org">{{Cite web |title=National Quantum Computing Centre |url=https://www.ukri.org/what-we-offer/creating-world-class-research-and-innovation-infrastructure/national-quantum-computing-centre/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=www.ukri.org |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Set to open in 2023<ref name="www.ukri.org" />
|£93m<ref name="www.ukri.org" />
|-
|[[Rigetti Computing]]
|Partial
|[[Quantum computing]]<ref>{{Cite press release |last=LLC |first=Rigetti & Co |date=2022-06-21 |title=Rigetti Computing Expands Global Presence with UK Quantum Computer Launch |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2022/06/21/2466148/0/en/Rigetti-Computing-Expands-Global-Presence-with-UK-Quantum-Computer-Launch.html |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en}}</ref>
|2013<ref name="app.dealroom.co">{{Cite web |url=https://app.dealroom.co/companies/rigetti_quantum_computing |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=app.dealroom.co|title=Rigetti Computing}}</ref>
|US$268m<ref name="app.dealroom.co" />
|-
| rowspan="9" |United States
|Quantum Industry Consortium
|Yes
|General "quantum ecosystem" (quantum industry supply chain, federal R&D investment priorities, standards and regulation, industry interactions, etc.)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purposes |url=https://quantumconsortium.org/purpose/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=QED-C}}</ref>
|2018
|US$1.25B<ref>{{Cite web |last=quantumstrategyinstitute |date=2022-04-28 |title=Exploring Quantum Industry Consortiums Series: #1. Quantum Economic Development Consortium |url=https://quantumstrategyinstitute.com/2022/04/28/exploring-quantum-industry-consortiums/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Quantum Strategy Institute |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Quantum Coordination Office]]
|Yes
|Quantum technology research and development<ref name="Energy.gov">{{Cite web |title=OSTP Leads Implementation of the National Quantum Initiative Act |url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/ostp-leads-implementation-national-quantum-initiative-act |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref>
|2019<ref name="Energy.gov" />
|-
|The Department of Energy [[Office of Science]]<ref name=SCQIS>{{cite web |url=https://science.osti.gov/Initiatives/QIS| title = Quantum Information Science | publisher = U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science| access-date = 6 March 2023 }}</ref>
|Yes
|[[Quantum computing]], [[quantum algorithm]]s, quantum sensors, quantum processors, [[quantum network]]s and quantum simulation<ref name=SCQIS /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://science.osti.gov/Initiatives/QIS/Program-Offices-QIS-Pages| title=Program Offices QIS Pages | date=February 22, 2021 | publisher = U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science|access-date = 6 March 2023}}</ref>
| 2019
|US$900M (US$300M in FY 2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-5-science-v2.pdf | title = DOE FY2023 Budget Volume 5 "Science" | publisher = U.S. Department of Energy | access-date = 6 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nextplatform.com/2021/07/29/u-s-doe-pumps-another-73m-into-quantum-future/ | title=U.S. DOE Pumps Another $73M Into Quantum Future | website = The Next Platform | last = Hemsoth | first = Nicole | date = July 29, 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|The National Science Foundation (Five Quantum Leap Challenges Institutes)
|Yes
|[[Quantum computing]], quantum sensors, quantum processors, quantum biological sensing, and quantum simulation<ref name="www.nsf.gov">{{Cite web |title=NSF Announces Quantum Leap Challenge Institutes for biological sensing and quantum simulation |url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/announcements/090221.jsp |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=www.nsf.gov |language=English}}</ref><ref name="www.nsf.gov-2">{{Cite web |title=NSF establishes 3 new institutes to address critical challenges in quantum information science |url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/announcements/072120.jsp |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=www.nsf.gov |language=English}}</ref>
|2020<ref name="www.nsf.gov-2" />
|US$125M<ref name="www.nsf.gov" /><ref name="www.nsf.gov-2" />
|-
|[[National Quantum Initiative Act]]
|Yes
|Quantum information science and Quantum technology development<ref name="www.aip.org-2018">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-24 |title=National Quantum Initiative Act - H.R.6227 / S.3143 |url=https://www.aip.org/fyi/federal-science-bill-tracker/115th/national-quantum-initiative-act |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=www.aip.org |language=en}}</ref>
|Dec. 21, 2018<ref name="www.aip.org-2018" />
|US$1.275B<ref name="www.aip.org-2018" />
|-
|MonArk Quantum Foundry
|Partial
|Development of quantum materials and devices<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSU awarded $20M grant for quantum technology development |url=http://www.montana.edu/news/21419/msu-awarded-20m-grant-for-quantum-technology-development |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=Montana State University |language=en-US}}</ref>
|August 17, 2021<ref name="www.nsf.gov-3">{{Cite web |title=NSF Award Search: Award # 1906383 - Enabling Quantum Leap: Q-AMASE-i: MonArk Quantum Foundry: Rapidly Incubating Translational Advances in QISE with a 2D-Quantum Materials Pipeline (2D-QMaP) |url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1906383&HistoricalAwards=false |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=www.nsf.gov |language=en}}</ref>
|US$19,990,000<ref name="www.nsf.gov-3" />
|-
|Center for Quantum Networks
|Partial
|[[Quantum computing]]<ref name="Jess">{{Cite web |last=Jess |first=Steve |title=UA to lead Center for Quantum Networks |url=https://news.azpm.org/p/news-splash/2020/8/26/179214-ua-to-lead-center-for-quantum-networks/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=news.azpm.org |language=en}}</ref>
|2020<ref name="Jess" />
|US$26 m<ref name="Jess" />
|-
|National Q-12 Education Partnership
|Yes
|Education<ref name="HPCwire">{{Cite web |title=Trump Administration Launches National Q-12 Education Partnership with Industry, Academic Leaders |url=https://www.hpcwire.com/off-the-wire/trump-administration-launches-national-q-12-education-partnership-with-industry-academic-leaders/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=HPCwire |language=en-US}}</ref>
|2020<ref name="HPCwire" />
|US$1M<ref name="HPCwire" />
|-
|Quantum Wellness Technologies
|No
|Quantum information science and Quantum technology development<ref name="ProviderMagazine">{{Cite web |title=Filling in the Landscape of the Future |url=https://www.providermagazine.com/Issues/2023/Summer/Pages/Filling-in-the-Landscape-of-the-Future.aspx |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=www.providermagazine.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|2023<ref name="ProviderMagazine" />
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[Quantum nanoscience]]
* [[QFET]] (quantum field-effect transistor)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{emerging technologies|quantum=yes|other=yes}}
{{Quantum mechanics topics|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Quantum information science]]
[[Category:Technology by type]]

Revision as of 20:10, 6 July 2024

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