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|dia10=Wangkatha
|dia10=Wangkatha
|dia11=Wangkatja (Nyanganyatjara)
|dia11=Wangkatja (Nyanganyatjara)
|dia12=Ngalia (Ooldean)<ref>{{AIATSIS|C2|Ngalia}}</ref>
|dia12=Ngalia (Ooldean)
|dia13=[[Pitjantjatjara language|Pitjantjatjara]]
|dia13=[[Pitjantjatjara language|Pitjantjatjara]]
|dia14=[[Yankunytjatjara language|Yankunytjatjara]]
|dia14=[[Yankunytjatjara language|Yankunytjatjara]]
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===Dialects===
===Dialects===
Following are some of the named varieties of the Western Desert Language, with their approximate locations. Starred names are listed as separate languages in Bowern (2011 [2012]).
Following are some of the named varieties of the Western Desert Language.
<!--
For information on how this table was constructed, see:
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:FropFrop/Draft_Western_Desert_languages_list#Confirmed_Dialects


For information on why some occasionally purported languages/dialects and people were not included, see:
*[[Antakarinya dialect|Antakarinya]] (Antakirinya)* – north-east of SA
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:FropFrop/Draft_Western_Desert_languages_list#Not_Supported
*[[Kartutjarra dialect|Kartutjarra]]* – [[Kartudjara]] people, near Jigalong, WA
-->
*Gugadja* (Ŋatatara) – [[Yumu people|Yumu]] and [[Kukatja (Western Australia)|Kukatja]] people, near [[Balgo, Western Australia|Balgo]], WA (see also below - 2 with same name)
*[[Kokatha language|Kokatha]]* – [[Kokatha Mula]] people, central SA
*[[Luritja dialect|Luritja]] – [[Loritja|Kukatja/Loritja]] people, central Australia
*[[Manyjilyjarra dialect|Manyjilyjarra]] (Manjiljarra)* – [[Mandjildjara]] (and [[Mandjindja]]?) people, near [[Jigalong Community, Western Australia|Jigalong]]
*[[Martu Wangka dialect|Martu Wangka]] – [[Jigalong Community, Western Australia|Jigalong Community]]
*[[Ngaanyatjarra dialect|Ngaanyatjarra]]* – near Warburton, WA
*[[Ngaatjatjarra dialect|Ngaatjatjarra]] – near Warburton, WA
*Ngalia/Ngaliya (Ooldean) – Salt Lake districts in Western (or Great Victoria) Desert northwest of Ooldea (spoken by the [[Ngalia (Western Desert)|Ngalia people]]<ref>{{AIATSIS|C2|Ngalia}}</ref>)
*[[Pintupi dialect|Pintupi]]* – Kintore (Northern Territory) and further west.
*[[Pitjantjatjara dialect|Pitjantjatjara]]* – North-west of SA
*[[Putijarra dialect|Putijarra]]* – [[Putijarra]] people, south of [[Jigalong Community|Jigalong, WA]]
*[[Titjikala Luritja]]* – [[Titjikala]], around Maryvale and Finke, NT
*[[Tjupany dialect|Tjupany]]* – [[Madoidja]] people/region?
*[[Wangkajunga dialect|Wangkatjunga]] (Wangkajunga)* – south of Christmas Creek, WA (part of Martu Wangka?)
*[[Watha dialect|Watha]] – east of [[Meekatharra]], WA
*[[Wawula dialect|Wawula]] – [[Wardal]] people? [[Madoidja]] people?, south-east of Meekatharra
*[[Wonggayi dialect|Wonggayi]] – [[Pindiini]]/[[Wangkatha]] people, Kalgoorlie to Cosmo Newberry and Wiluna region, W.A
*[[Yankunytjatjara dialect|Yankunytjatjara]]* – north-west of SA
*[[Yulparija]]* – north of Jigalong


{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
Other names associated with Western Desert though they may not be distinct varieties include [[Dargudi]] (Targudi), [[Djalgandi]] (Djalgadjara), [[Kiyajarra]] (Giyadjara, Keiadjara), [[Nakako]], Nana ([[Nganawongka]]), [[Waljen]], [[Wirdinya]], and perhaps [[Mudalga]].
! The Language/Dialect!! The People !! Notes !! AIATSIS Reference

|-
The [[Nyiyaparli language]] is no longer classified as Wati.
| [[Antakarinya dialect]] || [[Antakarinya people]] || || C5: Antikirinya<ref name = "AIATSIS C5">{{AIATSIS|C5|Antakarinya}}</ref>

|-
There is considerable variation across this region given the size of the area.
| [[Kartujarra dialect]] || [[Kartujarra people]] || || A51: Kartujarra<ref name = "AIATSIS A51">{{AIATSIS|A51|Kartujarra}}</ref>

|-
===Kukatja===
| [[Kokatha dialect]] || [[Kokatha people]] || || C3: Kokatha<ref name = "AIATSIS C3">{{AIATSIS|C3|Kokatha}}</ref>
{{hatnote|See [[Kukatja (disambiguation)]] for other languages sometimes assigned this name.}}
|-

{{as of|2024}}, AIATSIS distinguishes two Western Desert dialects with the same name: A68: Kukatja<ref name = "AIATSIS A68">{{AIATSIS|A68|Kukatja}}</ref> and C7: Kukatja.<ref name = "AIATSIS C7">{{AIATSIS|C7|Kukatja}}</ref> The former is located in the north of Western Australia<ref name = "AIATSIS A68"/> near [[Lake Gregory (Western Australia)|Lake Gregory]], and the latter is west of [[Haasts Bluff]] in [[Central Australia]].<ref name = "AIATSIS C7"/>
| Two dialects of the Western Desert language have been named 'Kukatja'; [[Kukatja dialect (Western Australia)|Kukatja (A68)]] and [[Luritja dialect|Kukatja (C7)]]|| [[Kukatja (Western Australia)|Kukatja (A68)]] and [[Luritja|Kukatja (C7)]] || A68 is in the north of Western Australia near [[Lake Gregory (Western Australia)|Lake Gregory]], and C7 is west of [[Haasts Bluff, Northern Territory|Haasts Bluff]] in central Australia.<ref name = "AIATSIS C7"/><ref name = "AIATSIS A68"/> <br/> A68 is one of the dialects that make up [[Martu Wangka]] at Jigalong.<ref name = "Burgman 2005"/>{{rp|iii}} <br/> C7 call themselves '[[Luritja]]' now.<ref name = "AIATSIS C7"/> || A68: Kukatja & C7: Kukatja<ref name = "AIATSIS C7">{{AIATSIS|C7|Kukatja}}</ref><ref name = "AIATSIS A68">{{AIATSIS|A68|Kukatja}}</ref>
|-

| [[Kuwarra dialect]] || [[Koara|Kuwarra people]] || There is little information regarding the language but the people are well attested.<ref name = "GALC Kuwarra">{{cite web |title=Kuwarra |url=https://wangka.com.au/kuwarra-4/ |website=Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre |access-date=2 July 2024 |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name = "Liberman 1980">{{cite journal |last1=Liberman |first1=Kenneth |title=The Decline of the Kuwarra People of Australia's Western Desert: A Case Study of Legally Secured Domination |journal=Ethnohistory |date=1980 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=119–133 |doi=10.2307/481223 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/481223 |access-date=2 July 2024 |issn=0014-1801}}</ref> ||A16: Kuwarra<ref name = "AIATSIS A16">{{AIATSIS|A16|Kuwarra}}</ref>
{{as of|2019}}, scientists from the [[University of Queensland]] have been undertaking a research project on the Kukatja language in Balgo, the local [[lingua franca]] which is fluently spoken "by residents of all ages and across at least seven tribal groups". Researchers are recording conversations and mapping the language, believing that Kukatja could provide clues to how languages are spread around the world. Dr Luis Miguel Rojas Berscia believes that the [[Christian mission|mission]], as in other places such as the [[Amazon basin|Amazon]] and [[West Africa]] could be the common thread, bringing different ethnic groups together in isolated spots. Berscia, along with Balgo woman Melissa Sunfly and other residents, is working on developing a dictionary of the language and a teacher's guide, before English is taken up more widely by the younger generation.<ref>{{cite web|website=ABC News (ABC Kimberley)|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-29/researchers-map-ancient-languages-in-west-australian-outback/11760406|title=Researchers map ancient language in West Australian outback|first=Matt|last=Bamford|date=28 December 2019|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Luritja dialect]] || [[Luritja|Luritja people]] || The Kukatja (C7) call themselves 'Luritja' now.<ref name = "AIATSIS C7"/> <br/> Pintupi and Luritja are two similar but overlapping dialects.<ref name = "AIATSIS C7.1"/><ref name = "AIATSIS C10"/> || A7.1: Luritja<ref name = "AIATSIS C7.1">{{AIATSIS|C7.1|Luritja}}</ref>
|-
| [[Manyjilyjarra dialect]] || [[Manyjilyjarra|Manyjilyjarra people]] || One of the dialects that make up [[Martu Wangka]] at Jigalong.<ref name="Burgman 2005" />{{rp|iii}} || A51.1: Manyjilyjarra<ref name = "AIATSIS A51.1">{{AIATSIS|A51.1|Manyjilyjarra}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mantjintjarra dialect]] || [[Mantjintjarra|Mantjintjarra people]] || || A33: Mantjintjarra<ref name = "AIATSIS A33">{{AIATSIS|A33|Mantjintjarra }}</ref>
|-
| [[Martu Wangka dialect]] || [[Martu people]] || Martu Wangka refers to either a dialect found at and around [[Jigalong Community, Western Australia|Jigalong, Western Australia]]<ref name="Burgman 2005" />{{rp|iii}}<ref name = "AIATSIS A86"/> or many different dialect groups in the [[Gibson Desert|Gibson]], [[Little Sandy Desert|Little Sandy]] and [[Great Sandy desert|Great Sandy]] deserts.<ref name = "AIATSIS A86"/> || A86: Martu Wangka<ref name = "AIATSIS A86">{{AIATSIS|A86|Martu Wangka}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nakako dialect]] || [[Nakako|Nakako people]] || Little is known of the people and their language<ref name = "MLT Nakako">{{cite web |title=Nakako |url=https://mobilelanguageteam.com.au/languages/nakako/ |website=Mobile Language Team |access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref> || A32: Nakako<ref name = "AIATSIS A32">{{AIATSIS|A32|Nakako}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ngaanyatjarra dialect]] || [[Ngaanyatjarra|Ngaanyatjarra people]] || || A38:Ngaanyatjarra<ref name = "AIATSIS A38">{{AIATSIS|A38|Ngaanyatjarra}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ngaatjatjarra dialect]] || [[Ngaatjatjarra|Ngaatjatjarra people]] || || A43: Ngaatjatjarra<ref name = "AIATSIS A43>{{AIATSIS|A43|Ngaatjatjarra}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ngalia dialect]] || [[Ngalia (Western Desert)| Ngalia people]] || || C2: Ngalia<ref name = "AIATSIS C2">{{AIATSIS|C2|Ngalia}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pindiini dialect|Pindiini]]/[[Wangkatha dialect|Wangkatha]]/[[Wangkatja dialect|Wangkatja]] dialect || [[Pindiini]]/[[Wangkatha]]/[[Wangkatja]] people|| These three dialects & people are hardly distinguishable.<ref name = "AIATSIS A102"/><ref name = "AIATSIS A12"/><ref name = "AIATSIS A103"/> || A102: Pindiini, A12: Wangkatha & A103: Wangkatja<ref name = "AIATSIS A102">{{AIATSIS|A102|Pindiini}}</ref><ref name = "AIATSIS A12">{{AIATSIS|A12|Wangkatha}}</ref><ref name = "AIATSIS A103">{{AIATSIS|A103|Wangkatja}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pintupi dialect]] || [[Pintupi|Pintupi people]] || Pintupi and Luritja are two similar but overlapping dialects.<ref name = "AIATSIS C7.1"/><ref name = "AIATSIS C10"/> || C10: Pintupi<ref name = "AIATSIS C10">{{AIATSIS|C10|Pintupi}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pitjantjatjara dialect]] || [[Pitjantjatjara|Pitjantjatjara people]] || || C6: Pitjantjatjara<ref name = "AIATSIS C6">{{AIATSIS|C6|Pitjantjatjara}}</ref>
|-
| [[Putijarra dialect]] || [[Putijarra|Putijarra people]] || One of the dialects which make up Martu Wangka at Jigalong<ref name="Burgman 2005" />{{rp|iii}} || A54: Putijarra<ref name = "AIATSIS A54">{{AIATSIS|A54|Putijarra}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tjupan dialect]] || [[Tjupan people]] || || A31: Tjupan<ref name = "AIATSIS Tjupan">{{AIATSIS|A31|Tjupan}}</ref>
|-
| [[Wangkajunga dialect]] || [[Wangkajunga people]] || || A87: Wangkajunga<ref name = "AIATSIS A87">{{AIATSIS|A87|Wangkajunga}}</ref>
|-
| [[Yankunytjatjara dialect]] || [[Yankunytjatjara|Yankunytjatjara people]] || || C4: Yankunytjatjara<ref name = "AIATSIS C4">{{AIATSIS|C4|Yankunytjatjara}}</ref>
|-
| [[Yulparija dialect]] || [[Yulparija people]] || || A67: Yulparija<ref name = "AIATSIS">{{AIATSIS|A67|Yulparija}}</ref>
|}


==Language==
==Language==

Revision as of 02:46, 8 July 2024

Western Desert
Wati
Native toAustralien
RegionDesert areas of Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory
EthnicityWestern Desert cultural bloc
Native speakers
7,400 (2006 census)[1]
Pama–Nyungan
  • Desert Nyungic
Standard forms
Dialects
Western Desert Sign Language
Manjiljarra Sign Language
Ngada Sign Language
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
ktd – Kokata (Kukarta)
kux – Kukatja
mpj - Martu Wangka
ntj - Ngaanyatjarra
pti – Pintiini (Wangkatja)
piu - Pintupi-Luritja
pjt - Pitjantjatjara
tjp - Tjupany
kdd - Yankunytjatjara
Glottologwati1241  Wati
AIATSIS[1]A80
ELPKukatja
 Pintiini[3]
Wati languages (green) among Pama–Nyungan (tan)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Western Desert language, or Wati, is a dialect cluster of Australian Aboriginal languages in the Pama–Nyungan family.

The name Wati tends to be used when considering the various varieties to be distinct languages, Western Desert when considering them dialects of a single language, or Wati as Warnman plus the Western Desert cluster.

Location and list of communities

The speakers of the various dialects of the Western Desert Language traditionally lived across much of the desert areas of Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory. Most Western Desert people live in communities on or close to their traditional lands, although some now live in one of the towns fringing the desert area such as Kalgoorlie, Laverton, Alice Springs, Port Augusta, Meekatharra, Halls Creek and Fitzroy Crossing.

The following is a partial list of Western Desert communities:

Dialect continuum

See also: Dialect continuum

The Western Desert Language consists of a network of closely related dialects; the names of some of these have become quite well known (such as Pitjantjatjara) and they are often referred to as "languages".[4] As the whole group of dialects that constitutes the language does not have its own name it is usually referred to as the Western Desert Language. WDL speakers referring to the overall language use various terms including wangka ("language") or wangka yuti ("clear speech"). For native speakers, the language is mutually intelligible across its entire range.

Dialects

Following are some of the named varieties of the Western Desert Language.

The Language/Dialect The People Notes AIATSIS Reference
Antakarinya dialect Antakarinya people C5: Antikirinya[5]
Kartujarra dialect Kartujarra people A51: Kartujarra[6]
Kokatha dialect Kokatha people C3: Kokatha[7]
Two dialects of the Western Desert language have been named 'Kukatja'; Kukatja (A68) and Kukatja (C7) Kukatja (A68) and Kukatja (C7) A68 is in the north of Western Australia near Lake Gregory, and C7 is west of Haasts Bluff in central Australia.[8][9]
A68 is one of the dialects that make up Martu Wangka at Jigalong.[10]: iii 
C7 call themselves 'Luritja' now.[8]		 A68: Kukatja & C7: Kukatja[8][9]
Kuwarra dialect Kuwarra people There is little information regarding the language but the people are well attested.[11][12] A16: Kuwarra[13]
Luritja dialect Luritja people The Kukatja (C7) call themselves 'Luritja' now.[8]
Pintupi and Luritja are two similar but overlapping dialects.[14][15]		 A7.1: Luritja[14]
Manyjilyjarra dialect Manyjilyjarra people One of the dialects that make up Martu Wangka at Jigalong.[10]: iii  A51.1: Manyjilyjarra[16]
Mantjintjarra dialect Mantjintjarra people A33: Mantjintjarra[17]
Martu Wangka dialect Martu people Martu Wangka refers to either a dialect found at and around Jigalong, Western Australia[10]: iii [18] or many different dialect groups in the Gibson, Little Sandy and Great Sandy deserts.[18] A86: Martu Wangka[18]
Nakako dialect Nakako people Little is known of the people and their language[19] A32: Nakako[20]
Ngaanyatjarra dialect Ngaanyatjarra people A38:Ngaanyatjarra[21]
Ngaatjatjarra dialect Ngaatjatjarra people A43: Ngaatjatjarra[22]
Ngalia dialect Ngalia people C2: Ngalia[23]
Pindiini/Wangkatha/Wangkatja dialect Pindiini/Wangkatha/Wangkatja people These three dialects & people are hardly distinguishable.[24][25][26] A102: Pindiini, A12: Wangkatha & A103: Wangkatja[24][25][26]
Pintupi dialect Pintupi people Pintupi and Luritja are two similar but overlapping dialects.[14][15] C10: Pintupi[15]
Pitjantjatjara dialect Pitjantjatjara people C6: Pitjantjatjara[27]
Putijarra dialect Putijarra people One of the dialects which make up Martu Wangka at Jigalong[10]: iii  A54: Putijarra[28]
Tjupan dialect Tjupan people A31: Tjupan[29]
Wangkajunga dialect Wangkajunga people A87: Wangkajunga[30]
Yankunytjatjara dialect Yankunytjatjara people C4: Yankunytjatjara[31]
Yulparija dialect Yulparija people A67: Yulparija[1]

Sprache

Status

The Western Desert Language has thousands of speakers, making it one of the strongest indigenous Australian languages. The language is still being transmitted to children and has substantial amounts of literature, particularly in the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara dialects in South Australia where there was formerly a long-running bilingual program.[citation needed]

Phonology

In the following tables of the WDL sound system, symbols in ⟨angle brackets⟩ give a typical practical orthography used by many WDL communities. Further details of orthographies in use in different areas are given below. Phonetic values in IPA are shown in [square brackets].[citation needed]

Vowels

Front Zurück
Schließen Sie i ⟨i⟩   iː ⟨ii⟩ u ⟨u⟩   uː ⟨uu⟩
Öffnen Sie a ⟨a⟩   aː ⟨aa⟩

The Western Desert Language has the common (for Australia) three-vowel system with a length distinction creating a total of six possible vowels.[citation needed]

Consonants

Peripheral Laminal Apical
Bilabial Velar Palatal Alveolar Retroflex
Plosive p ⟨p⟩ k ⟨k⟩ c ⟨tj⟩ t ⟨t⟩ ʈ ⟨rt⟩
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ ŋ ⟨ng⟩ ɲ ⟨ny⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɳ ⟨rn⟩
Trill r ⟨rr⟩
Lateral ʎ ⟨ly⟩ l ⟨l⟩ ɭ ⟨rl⟩
Approximant w ⟨w⟩ j ⟨y⟩ ɻ ⟨r⟩

As shown in the chart, the WDL distinguishes five positions of articulation, and has oral and nasal occlusives at each position. The stops have no phonemic voice distinction but display voiced and unvoiced allophones; stops are usually unvoiced at the beginning of a word, and voiced elsewhere. In both positions, they are usually unaspirated. There are no fricative consonants.[citation needed]

Orthography

While the dialects of the WDL have very similar phonologies there are several different orthographies in use, resulting from the preferences of the different early researchers as well as the fact that the WDL region extends into three states (Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory), with each having its own history of language research and educational policy.[citation needed]

Sign language

Main article: Australian Aboriginal sign languages

Most of the peoples of central Australia have (or at one point had) signed forms of their languages. Among the Western Desert peoples, sign language has been reported specifically for Kardutjara and Yurira Watjalku,[32] Ngaatjatjarra (Ngada),[33] and Manjiljarra. Signed Kardutjara and Yurira Watjalku are known to have been well-developed, though it is not clear from records that signed Ngada and Manjiljarra were.[34]

References

  1. ^ a b c A80 Western Desert at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Cite error: The named reference "AIATSIS" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxvii.
  3. ^ Endangered Languages Project data for Pintiini.
  4. ^ "Pitjantjatjara language, alphabet and pronunciation". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  5. ^ C5 Antakarinya at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  6. ^ A51 Kartujarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  7. ^ C3 Kokatha at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  8. ^ a b c d C7 Kukatja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  9. ^ a b A68 Kukatja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  10. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Burgman 2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ "Kuwarra". Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  12. ^ Liberman, Kenneth (1980). "The Decline of the Kuwarra People of Australia's Western Desert: A Case Study of Legally Secured Domination". Ethnohistory. 27 (2): 119–133. doi:10.2307/481223. ISSN 0014-1801. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  13. ^ A16 Kuwarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  14. ^ a b c C7.1 Luritja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  15. ^ a b c C10 Pintupi at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  16. ^ A51.1 Manyjilyjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  17. ^ A33 Mantjintjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  18. ^ a b c A86 Martu Wangka at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  19. ^ "Nakako". Mobile Language Team. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  20. ^ A32 Nakako at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  21. ^ A38 Ngaanyatjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  22. ^ A43 Ngaatjatjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  23. ^ C2 Ngalia at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  24. ^ a b A102 Pindiini at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  25. ^ a b A12 Wangkatha at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  26. ^ a b A103 Wangkatja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  27. ^ C6 Pitjantjatjara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  28. ^ A54 Putijarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  29. ^ A31 Tjupan at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  30. ^ A87 Wangkajunga at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  31. ^ C4 Yankunytjatjara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  32. ^ Miller, Wick R. (1978). A report on the sign language of the Western Desert (Australia). Reprinted in Aboriginal sign languages of the Americas and Australia. New York: Plenum Press, 1978, vol. 2, pp. 435–440.
  33. ^ C.P. Mountford (1938) "Gesture language of the Ngada tribe of the Warburton Ranges, Western Australia", Oceania 9: 152–155. Reprinted in Aboriginal sign languages of the Americas and Australia. New York: Plenum Press, 1978, vol. 2, pp. 393–396.
  34. ^ Kendon, A. (1988) Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Goddard, C. 1985. A Grammar of Yankunytjatjara. Alice Springs: IAD.
  • Rose, David (2001), The Western Desert Code: an Australian cryptogrammar, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 085883-437-5
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