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Coordinates: 34°36′49″N 72°47′18″E / 34.613573°N 72.788200°E / 34.613573; 72.788200
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| population_as_of = 2017
| population_as_of = 2017
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2017census"/>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2017census"/>
| population_total = 171,349
| population_total = 171,395
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Time in Pakistan|PST]]
| timezone1 = [[Time in Pakistan|PST]]
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'''Torghar District''' ({{lang-ps|تور غر ولسوالۍ}}, {{lang-ur|{{nq|ضلع تورغر}}}}) formerly known as '''Kala Dhaka''' ({{lang-hnd|{{nq|کالا ڈهاکہ}}}}) is a [[Districts of Pakistan|district]] in the [[Hazara Division]] of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1080683|title =KP govt creates new Kohistan district|newspaper=Dawn newspaper|date =16 January 2014|access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref> It was officially separated from [[Mansehra District]] in 2011 under Article 246 of the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan]].<ref>[https://tribune.com.pk/story/110387/tor-ghar-kala-dhaka-becomes-25th-k-p-district/ Tor Ghar: Kala Dhaka becomes 25th K-P district] The Express Tribune newspaper, 28 January 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2024</ref>
'''Torghar District''' ({{lang-ps|تور غر ولسوالۍ}}, {{lang-ur|{{nq|ضلع تورغر}}}}) formerly known as '''Kala Dhaka''' ({{lang-hnd|{{nq|کالا ڈهاکہ}}}}) is a [[Districts of Pakistan|district]] in the [[Hazara Division]] of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1080683|title =KP govt creates new Kohistan district|newspaper=Dawn newspaper|date =16 January 2014|access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref> It was officially separated from [[Mansehra District]] in 2011 under Article 246 of the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan]].<ref>[https://tribune.com.pk/story/110387/tor-ghar-kala-dhaka-becomes-25th-k-p-district/ Tor Ghar: Kala Dhaka becomes 25th K-P district] The Express Tribune newspaper, 28 January 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2024</ref>


Primarily, Pashtuns dominate this area. The main Pashtun tribe of Torghar is [[Yusufzai]], which constitutes more than half of the district population.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
Primarily, Pashtuns dominate this area. The main Pashtun tribe of Torghar is [[Yusufzai]], which constitutes more than half of the district population.


== History ==
== History ==
By 1849, the British had successfully established their control over the entire region of Hazara. Despite this dominance, the local tribes exhibited occasional rebellious tendencies, with notable instances involving the [[Swati tribe|Swatis]] and the Tor Ghar tribes.<ref>{{cite DNB12|wstitle=McQueen, John Withers|volume=2}}</ref><ref>[http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Sussex/EastbourneSussexRegimentMemorial.html Roll of Honour - Sussex - Eastbourne - Royal Sussex Regiment Memorial]</ref> The British responded by launching numerous expeditions to quell these uprisings, a series of campaigns that stretched from 1852 through to the 1920s.<ref>{{cite DNB12|wstitle=McQueen, John Withers|volume=2}}</ref><ref name="raugh2">Raugh, Harold E. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC&pg=PA163 ''The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History'']. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2004, pp. 163-164, {{ISBN|978-1-57607-925-6}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=H. E. Weekes |title=History of the 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles1858 to 1928 |date=2011 |page=90}}</ref</ref>
By 1849, the British had successfully established their control over the entire region of Hazara. Despite this dominance, the local tribes exhibited occasional rebellious tendencies, with notable instances involving the [[Swati tribe|Swatis]] and the Tor Ghar tribes.<ref>{{cite DNB12|wstitle=McQueen, John Withers|volume=2}}</ref><ref>[http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Sussex/EastbourneSussexRegimentMemorial.html Roll of Honour - Sussex - Eastbourne - Royal Sussex Regiment Memorial]</ref> The British responded by launching numerous expeditions to quell these uprisings, a series of campaigns that stretched from 1852 through to the 1920s.<ref>{{cite DNB12|wstitle=McQueen, John Withers|volume=2}}</ref><ref name="raugh2">Raugh, Harold E. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC&pg=PA163 ''The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History'']. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2004, pp. 163-164, {{ISBN|978-1-57607-925-6}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=H. E. Weekes |title=History of the 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles1858 to 1928 |date=2011 |page=90}}</ref>


The [[Hazara Expedition of 1888]], also known as the [[Black Mountain Expedition]] or the First Hazara Expedition, was a military campaign by the [[British Raj|British]] against the tribes of Tor Ghar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EASTBOURNE MEMORIAL - ROYAL SUSSEX REGIMENT |url=http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Sussex/EastbourneSussexRegimentMemorial.html}}</ref>
The [[Hazara Expedition of 1888]], also known as the [[Black Mountain Expedition]] or the First Hazara Expedition, was a military campaign by the [[British Raj|British]] against the tribes of Tor Ghar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EASTBOURNE MEMORIAL - ROYAL SUSSEX REGIMENT |url=http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Sussex/EastbourneSussexRegimentMemorial.html}}</ref>


On 18 June 1888, two British officers and four [[Gurkha]] soldiers were killed in an altercation between the British reconnaissance patrols and the local tribes. As a response, the Hazara Field Force was assembled and began its march on 4 October 1888, after an ultimatum had not been satisfied by the tribes by October 2, 1888.<ref name="raugh2"/> The first phase of the campaign ended with the [[Hassanzai]] and [[Akazai]] tribes requesting an [[armistice]] on October 19, 1888. The second phase of the campaign targeted the [[Swati tribe]] that lived north of the Black Mountain such as the [[Allaiwal|Allaiwals]], the Parari Sayyids and the [[Tikriwal|Tikariwals]].<ref>{{cite book |author=H. E. Weekes |title=History of the 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles1858 to 1928 |date=2011 |page=90}}</ref</ref> The campaign ended when the Allaiwal village of Pokal was occupied and destroyed by the British on November 2 and 3, 1888.<ref name="raugh2" />
On 18 June 1888, two British officers and four [[Gurkha]] soldiers were killed in an altercation between the British reconnaissance patrols and the local tribes. As a response, the Hazara Field Force was assembled and began its march on 4 October 1888, after an ultimatum had not been satisfied by the tribes by October 2, 1888.<ref name="raugh2"/> The first phase of the campaign ended with the [[Hassanzai]] and [[Akazai]] tribes requesting an [[armistice]] on October 19, 1888. The second phase of the campaign targeted the [[Swati tribe]] that lived north of the Black Mountain such as the [[Allaiwal|Allaiwals]], the Parari Sayyids and the [[Tikriwal|Tikariwals]].<ref>{{cite book |author=H. E. Weekes |title=History of the 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles1858 to 1928 |date=2011 |page=90}}</ref> The campaign ended when the Allaiwal village of Pokal was occupied and destroyed by the British on November 2 and 3, 1888.<ref name="raugh2" />


The then Commander in Chief of India [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|General Sir Frederick Roberts]] viewed the Black Mountain Expedition as:<blockquote>a success from a military point of view, but … the determination of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Government]] to limit the sphere of action of the troops, and to hurry out of the country, prevented our reaping any political advantage. We lost a grand opportunity for gaining control over this lawless and troublesome district; no survey was made, no roads opened out, the tribesmen were not made to feel our power, and, consequently, very soon another costly expedition had to be undertaken.<ref>Field Marshal Lord Roberts, [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16528 ''Forty-one Years in India''] 1897, page 524.)</ref></blockquote>The failure of the tribes to honour the agreements that ended the 1888 campaign led to a further two-month expedition by a Hazara Field Force in 1891.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin. |title=British Battles and Medals. |page=124. Published Spink, London. 1988}}</ref> General Roberts observed that<blockquote>the Black Mountain tribes, [having been] quite unsubdued by the fruitless expedition of 1888, had given trouble almost immediately afterwards. [The second expedition] was completely successful in political results as in its military conduct. The columns were not withdrawn until the tribesmen had become convinced that they were powerless to sustain a hostile attitude towards us, and that it was in their interest, as it was our wish, that they should henceforth be on amicable terms with us.<ref>Field Marshal Lord Roberts, [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16528 ''Forty-one Years in India''] 1897, page 531.)</ref></blockquote>British and Indian Army forces who took part in these expeditions received the [[India General Service Medal (1854)|India General Service Medal]] with the clasps Hazara 1888 and Hazara 1891 respectively.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin. |title=British Battles and Medals. |page=123. Published Spink, London. 1988}}</ref>
The then Commander in Chief of India [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|General Sir Frederick Roberts]] viewed the Black Mountain Expedition as:<blockquote>a success from a military point of view, but … the determination of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Government]] to limit the sphere of action of the troops, and to hurry out of the country, prevented our reaping any political advantage. We lost a grand opportunity for gaining control over this lawless and troublesome district; no survey was made, no roads opened out, the tribesmen were not made to feel our power, and, consequently, very soon another costly expedition had to be undertaken.<ref>Field Marshal Lord Roberts, [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16528 ''Forty-one Years in India''] 1897, page 524.)</ref></blockquote>The failure of the tribes to honour the agreements that ended the 1888 campaign led to a further two-month expedition by a Hazara Field Force in 1891.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin. |title=British Battles and Medals. |page=124. Published Spink, London. 1988}}</ref> General Roberts observed that<blockquote>the Black Mountain tribes, [having been] quite unsubdued by the fruitless expedition of 1888, had given trouble almost immediately afterwards. [The second expedition] was completely successful in political results as in its military conduct. The columns were not withdrawn until the tribesmen had become convinced that they were powerless to sustain a hostile attitude towards us, and that it was in their interest, as it was our wish, that they should henceforth be on amicable terms with us.<ref>Field Marshal Lord Roberts, [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16528 ''Forty-one Years in India''] 1897, page 531.)</ref></blockquote>British and Indian Army forces who took part in these expeditions received the [[India General Service Medal (1854)|India General Service Medal]] with the clasps Hazara 1888 and Hazara 1891 respectively.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin. |title=British Battles and Medals. |page=123. Published Spink, London. 1988}}</ref>


=== 2005 earthquake ===
=== 2005 earthquake ===
Torghar was severely affected by the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake|Kashmir earthquake]] in 2005. According to a report in the Time magazine: "Entire villages were devastated; in an instant, stone houses turned into burial mounds. The Indus river, flowing at the bottom of the valleys, recalls one tribal elder, Mohammed Said, "looked like water boiling inside a tea kettle"."<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501051107-1124362,00.html|journal=Time magazine|archive-date=24 October 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=10 July 2024
Torghar was severely affected by the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake|Kashmir earthquake]] in 2005. According to a report in the [[Time (magazine)|Time]] magazine: "Entire villages were devastated; in an instant, stone houses turned into burial mounds. The Indus river, flowing at the bottom of the valleys, recalls one tribal elder, Mohammed Said, "looked like water boiling inside a tea kettle".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501051107-1124362,00.html|journal=Time magazine|archive-date=24 October 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=10 July 2024
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024135238/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501051107-1124362,00.html|title= After the Earthquake (2005 earthquake)|author=Tim Mcgirk}}</ref>
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024135238/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501051107-1124362,00.html|title= After the Earthquake (2005 earthquake)|author=Tim Mcgirk}}</ref>

== Geography ==
== Geography ==
It lies between 34°32' and 34°50' N, and 72°48' and 72°58' E. It is bounded on the east by [[Agror]] and on the south by [[Tanawal]]; to the west it is bounded by [[Buner]], to the northeast it borders with [[Battagram District|Battagram]]. The range has a length of {{convert|25|mi|order=flip}} to {{convert|30|mi|order=flip}} from north to south and an elevation of {{convert|8,000|ft|order=flip}} above sea level. This area has also been called Chagharzai, because of adjoining Chagharzai areas of Buner District. Opposite Kala Dhaka (officially 'Kala Dhaka' has been renamed 'Tor Ghar'), across the [[Indus River]] is [[Shangla District]], mainly the area belonging to Tehsil [[Martung]].
It lies between 34°32' and 34°50' N, and 72°48' and 72°58' E. It is bounded on the east by [[Agror]] and on the south by [[Tanawal]]; to the west it is bounded by [[Buner]], to the northeast it borders with [[Battagram District|Battagram]]. The range has a length of {{convert|25|mi|order=flip}} to {{convert|30|mi|order=flip}} from north to south and an elevation of {{convert|8,000|ft|order=flip}} above sea level. This area has also been called Chagharzai, because of adjoining Chagharzai areas of Buner District. Opposite Kala Dhaka (officially 'Kala Dhaka' has been renamed 'Tor Ghar'), across the [[Indus River]] is [[Shangla District]], mainly the area belonging to Tehsil [[Martung]].
Line 89: Line 90:
|1981 |83,927
|1981 |83,927
|1998 |174,682
|1998 |174,682
|2017 |171,349
|2017 |171,395
|footnote= Sources:}}
|footnote= Sources:<ref>{{cite web |title=Population by administrative units 1951-1998 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/1998/administrative_units.pdf |publisher = [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>}}


At the time of the 2017 census the district had 26,281 households and a population of 171,349. Torghar had a sex ratio of 991 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 23.86% - 39.02% for males and 9.06% for females. The population was entirely rural. 34.89% of the population was under 10 years of age. 22 people in the district were from religious minorities.<ref name="2017census">{{cite web|title=District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2017)|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/district-wise-results-tables-census-2017|website=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>
At the time of the 2017 census the district had 26,281 households and a population of 171,395.<ref name="2017census">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/kp/TORGHAR_BLOCKWISE.pdf|title=Population And Household Detail Blockwise (Census - 2017) - Torghar District|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127061559/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/kp/TORGHAR_BLOCKWISE.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018|access-date=10 July 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> Torghar had a sex ratio of 991 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 23.86% - 39.02% for males and 9.06% for females. The population was entirely rural. 34.89% of the population was under 10 years of age. 22 people in the district were from religious minorities.


{{Pie chart
{{Pie chart
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At the time of the 2017 census, 96.34% of the population spoke [[Pashto]] and 1.54% [[Hindko]] as their first language. 1.71% of the population spoke languages classified as 'Others' on the census, mainly Kohistani dialects.<ref name="2017census"/>
At the time of the 2017 census, 96.34% of the population spoke [[Pashto]] and 1.54% [[Hindko]] as their first language. 1.71% of the population spoke languages classified as 'Others' on the census, mainly Kohistani dialects.


==Provincial assembly==
==Provincial assembly==

Revision as of 21:53, 10 July 2024

Torghar District (formerly known as Kala Dhaka)
ضلع تورغر
تور غر ولسوالۍ‎
Kala Dhaka District
ضلع کالا ڈهاکہ
کالا ډاکه ولسوالۍ‎
District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Confluence of the Indus and Barndo Rivers
Confluence of the Indus and Barndo Rivers
Torghar District (red) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Torghar District (red) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Coordinates: 34°36′49″N 72°47′18″E / 34.613573°N 72.788200°E / 34.613573; 72.788200
Land Pakistan
Province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
DivisionHazara
Established2011
HauptsitzJudba
Regierung
 • TypeDistrict Administration
 • Deputy CommissionerZia-ur-Rehman Marwat[1]
 • District Police OfficerK.A.
 • District Health OfficerK.A.
Area
 • Total497 km2 (192 sq mi)
Population
 (2017)[2]
 • Total171,395
 • Density340/km2 (890/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+5 (PST)
Number of Tehsils3
Websitetorghar.kp.gov.pk

Torghar District (Pashto: تور غر ولسوالۍ, Urdu: ضلع تورغر) formerly known as Kala Dhaka (Hindko: کالا ڈهاکہ) is a district in the Hazara Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.[3] It was officially separated from Mansehra District in 2011 under Article 246 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.[4]

Primarily, Pashtuns dominate this area. The main Pashtun tribe of Torghar is Yusufzai, which constitutes more than half of the district population.

History

By 1849, the British had successfully established their control over the entire region of Hazara. Despite this dominance, the local tribes exhibited occasional rebellious tendencies, with notable instances involving the Swatis and the Tor Ghar tribes.[5][6] The British responded by launching numerous expeditions to quell these uprisings, a series of campaigns that stretched from 1852 through to the 1920s.[7][8][9]

The Hazara Expedition of 1888, also known as the Black Mountain Expedition or the First Hazara Expedition, was a military campaign by the British against the tribes of Tor Ghar.[10]

On 18 June 1888, two British officers and four Gurkha soldiers were killed in an altercation between the British reconnaissance patrols and the local tribes. As a response, the Hazara Field Force was assembled and began its march on 4 October 1888, after an ultimatum had not been satisfied by the tribes by October 2, 1888.[8] The first phase of the campaign ended with the Hassanzai and Akazai tribes requesting an armistice on October 19, 1888. The second phase of the campaign targeted the Swati tribe that lived north of the Black Mountain such as the Allaiwals, the Parari Sayyids and the Tikariwals.[11] The campaign ended when the Allaiwal village of Pokal was occupied and destroyed by the British on November 2 and 3, 1888.[8]

The then Commander in Chief of India General Sir Frederick Roberts viewed the Black Mountain Expedition as:

a success from a military point of view, but … the determination of the Punjab Government to limit the sphere of action of the troops, and to hurry out of the country, prevented our reaping any political advantage. We lost a grand opportunity for gaining control over this lawless and troublesome district; no survey was made, no roads opened out, the tribesmen were not made to feel our power, and, consequently, very soon another costly expedition had to be undertaken.[12]

The failure of the tribes to honour the agreements that ended the 1888 campaign led to a further two-month expedition by a Hazara Field Force in 1891.[13] General Roberts observed that

the Black Mountain tribes, [having been] quite unsubdued by the fruitless expedition of 1888, had given trouble almost immediately afterwards. [The second expedition] was completely successful in political results as in its military conduct. The columns were not withdrawn until the tribesmen had become convinced that they were powerless to sustain a hostile attitude towards us, and that it was in their interest, as it was our wish, that they should henceforth be on amicable terms with us.[14]

British and Indian Army forces who took part in these expeditions received the India General Service Medal with the clasps Hazara 1888 and Hazara 1891 respectively.[15]

2005 earthquake

Torghar was severely affected by the Kashmir earthquake in 2005. According to a report in the Time magazine: "Entire villages were devastated; in an instant, stone houses turned into burial mounds. The Indus river, flowing at the bottom of the valleys, recalls one tribal elder, Mohammed Said, "looked like water boiling inside a tea kettle".[16]

Geography

It lies between 34°32' and 34°50' N, and 72°48' and 72°58' E. It is bounded on the east by Agror and on the south by Tanawal; to the west it is bounded by Buner, to the northeast it borders with Battagram. The range has a length of 40 kilometres (25 mi) to 48 kilometres (30 mi) from north to south and an elevation of 2,400 metres (8,000 ft) above sea level. This area has also been called Chagharzai, because of adjoining Chagharzai areas of Buner District. Opposite Kala Dhaka (officially 'Kala Dhaka' has been renamed 'Tor Ghar'), across the Indus River is Shangla District, mainly the area belonging to Tehsil Martung.

Administration

Torghar district covers an area of 497 km2 (25,8125 acres) and is divided into 16 Union Councils, grouped in two Tehsils.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1951 142,599—    
1961 151,718+0.62%
1972 195,580+2.34%
1981 83,927−8.97%
1998 174,682+4.41%
2017 171,395−0.10%
Sources:

At the time of the 2017 census the district had 26,281 households and a population of 171,395.[2] Torghar had a sex ratio of 991 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 23.86% - 39.02% for males and 9.06% for females. The population was entirely rural. 34.89% of the population was under 10 years of age. 22 people in the district were from religious minorities.

Languages of Torghar District (2017)

  Pashto (96.34%)
  'Others' (mainly Kohistani) (1.71%)
  Hindko (1.54%)
  Others (0.41%)

At the time of the 2017 census, 96.34% of the population spoke Pashto and 1.54% Hindko as their first language. 1.71% of the population spoke languages classified as 'Others' on the census, mainly Kohistani dialects.

Provincial assembly

The district is represented by one elected MPA in the provincial assembly who represent the following constituency:

The MPA between 2013 and 2018 was Zareen Gul.[17] He is a famous political and influential leader of district Torghar active in politics since 1985. He is elected 6 times as MPA and senior most politician in KPK Assembly.

Member of Provincial Assembly Party Affiliation Constituency Year
Laiq Muhammad Khan Awami National Party PK-35 Tor Ghar 2018

References

  1. ^ Yousaf, Iqra (3 January 2024). "Deputy Commissioner Torghar takes proactive measures to address health department issues". Associated Press of Pakistan. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Population And Household Detail Blockwise (Census - 2017) - Torghar District" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan website. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  3. ^ "KP govt creates new Kohistan district". Dawn newspaper. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  4. ^ Tor Ghar: Kala Dhaka becomes 25th K-P district The Express Tribune newspaper, 28 January 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2024
  5. ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1912). "McQueen, John Withers" . Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  6. ^ Roll of Honour - Sussex - Eastbourne - Royal Sussex Regiment Memorial
  7. ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1912). "McQueen, John Withers" . Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  8. ^ a b c Raugh, Harold E. The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2004, pp. 163-164, ISBN 978-1-57607-925-6.
  9. ^ H. E. Weekes (2011). History of the 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles1858 to 1928. p. 90.
  10. ^ "EASTBOURNE MEMORIAL - ROYAL SUSSEX REGIMENT".
  11. ^ H. E. Weekes (2011). History of the 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles1858 to 1928. p. 90.
  12. ^ Field Marshal Lord Roberts, Forty-one Years in India 1897, page 524.)
  13. ^ Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin. British Battles and Medals. p. 124. Published Spink, London. 1988.
  14. ^ Field Marshal Lord Roberts, Forty-one Years in India 1897, page 531.)
  15. ^ Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin. British Battles and Medals. p. 123. Published Spink, London. 1988.
  16. ^ Tim Mcgirk. "After the Earthquake (2005 earthquake)". Time magazine. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  17. ^ "Zareen Gul | Member (2013 - 2018), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly, Pakistan". Provincial Assembly Of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan website. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
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