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{{Short description|Lords of small rural domains in medieval Japan}} |
{{Short description|Lords of small rural domains in medieval Japan}} |
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The {{Nihongo|'''''jizamurai'''''|地侍}} (''[[samurai]] of the land'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Japan: A Teacher's Resource {{!}} The Three Unifiers of Sengoku Era Japan {{!}} Japan Society |url=https://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/the-three-unifiers-of-sengoku-era-japan#sthash.qOJ0CKMT.dpbs |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=aboutjapan.japansociety.org}}</ref> were minor landholders that emerged in 15th-century Japan [[Muromachi period]]. The term was rather broad and ''jizamurai'' were considered to be lower-status provincial samurai,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanoshii Japanese |url=https://www.tanoshiijapanese.com/dictionary/entry_details.cfm?entry_id=135088&element_id=164734&conjugation_type_id=1 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Tanoshii Japanese}}</ref> petty [[nobility]], |
The {{Nihongo|'''''jizamurai'''''|地侍}} (''[[samurai]] of the land'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Japan: A Teacher's Resource {{!}} The Three Unifiers of Sengoku Era Japan {{!}} Japan Society |url=https://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/the-three-unifiers-of-sengoku-era-japan#sthash.qOJ0CKMT.dpbs |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=aboutjapan.japansociety.org}}</ref> were minor landholders that emerged in 15th-century Japan [[Muromachi period]]. The term was rather broad and ''jizamurai'' were considered to be lower-status provincial samurai,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanoshii Japanese |url=https://www.tanoshiijapanese.com/dictionary/entry_details.cfm?entry_id=135088&element_id=164734&conjugation_type_id=1 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Tanoshii Japanese}}</ref> petty [[nobility]], or even independent peasant farmers. They alternated between warfare and using their relatively small plots of land for intensive and diversified forms of agriculture.<ref>Harold Britho, 'The Han', in John Whitney Hall, ed., ''The Cambridge History of Japan, volume 4: Early Modern Period'' (Cambridge UP, 1988), 183–234, </ref> |
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One of the primary causes for the rise in the number of smaller landholders was a decline in the custom of [[primogeniture]]. Towards the end of the [[Kamakura period]], inheritance began to be split among a lord's sons, making each heir's holdings, and thus their power, smaller. |
One of the primary causes for the rise in the number of smaller landholders was a decline in the custom of [[primogeniture]]. Towards the end of the [[Kamakura period]], inheritance began to be split among a lord's sons, making each heir's holdings, and thus their power, smaller.{{cn}} |
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Over time, many of these smaller fiefs came to be dominated by the ''[[shugo]]'', constables who were administrators appointed by the shogunate to oversee the provinces. Resentful and mistrustful of the interference of government officials, people under their control banded together into leagues called ''[[Ikki (disambiguation)|ikki]]''. The uprisings that resulted, particularly when the ''shugo'' tried to seize control of entire provinces, were also called ''ikki''; some of the largest and most famous took place in [[Wakasa Province]] in the 1350s,<ref name=Sansom2>{{Cite book |last=Sansom |first=George |title=A History of Japan, 1334–1615 |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1961 |ISBN=0804705259 |page=200–202, 207}}</ref> [[Yamashiro Province]] in 1485, and [[Kaga Province]] in 1487–1488. In the later two, independent confederacies, the [[Yamashiro ikki|Yamashiro]] and [[Kaga ikki|Kaga ''ikki'']], respectively, were established. In the late 15th century, ''jizamurai'' also formed ''ikki'' in [[Iga ikki|Iga]] and [[Kōka ikki|Kōka]], the military forces of which became known as [[ninja]] and gave name to the [[ninjutsu]] styles of [[Iga-ryū]] and [[Kōga-ryū]]. |
Over time, many of these smaller fiefs came to be dominated by the ''[[shugo]]'', constables who were administrators appointed by the shogunate to oversee the provinces. Resentful and mistrustful of the interference of government officials, people under their control banded together into leagues called ''[[Ikki (disambiguation)|ikki]]''. The uprisings that resulted, particularly when the ''shugo'' tried to seize control of entire provinces, were also called ''ikki''; some of the largest and most famous took place in [[Wakasa Province]] in the 1350s,<ref name=Sansom2>{{Cite book |last=Sansom |first=George |title=A History of Japan, 1334–1615 |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1961 |ISBN=0804705259 |page=200–202, 207}}</ref> [[Yamashiro Province]] in 1485, and [[Kaga Province]] in 1487–1488. In the later two, independent confederacies, the [[Yamashiro ikki|Yamashiro]] and [[Kaga ikki|Kaga ''ikki'']], respectively, were established. In the late 15th century, ''jizamurai'' also formed ''ikki'' in [[Iga ikki|Iga]] and [[Kōka ikki|Kōka]], the military forces of which became known as [[ninja]] and gave name to the [[ninjutsu]] styles of [[Iga-ryū]] and [[Kōga-ryū]]. |
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Revision as of 16:27, 11 July 2024
The jizamurai (地侍) (samurai of the land)[1] were minor landholders that emerged in 15th-century Japan Muromachi period. The term was rather broad and jizamurai were considered to be lower-status provincial samurai,[2] petty nobility, or even independent peasant farmers. They alternated between warfare and using their relatively small plots of land for intensive and diversified forms of agriculture.[3]
One of the primary causes for the rise in the number of smaller landholders was a decline in the custom of primogeniture. Towards the end of the Kamakura period, inheritance began to be split among a lord's sons, making each heir's holdings, and thus their power, smaller.[citation needed]
Over time, many of these smaller fiefs came to be dominated by the shugo, constables who were administrators appointed by the shogunate to oversee the provinces. Resentful and mistrustful of the interference of government officials, people under their control banded together into leagues called ikki. The uprisings that resulted, particularly when the shugo tried to seize control of entire provinces, were also called ikki; some of the largest and most famous took place in Wakasa Province in the 1350s,[4] Yamashiro Province in 1485, and Kaga Province in 1487–1488. In the later two, independent confederacies, the Yamashiro and Kaga ikki, respectively, were established. In the late 15th century, jizamurai also formed ikki in Iga and Kōka, the military forces of which became known as ninja and gave name to the ninjutsu styles of Iga-ryū and Kōga-ryū.
See also
References
- ^ "About Japan: A Teacher's Resource | The Three Unifiers of Sengoku Era Japan | Japan Society". aboutjapan.japansociety.org. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
- ^ "Tanoshii Japanese". Tanoshii Japanese. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
- ^ Harold Britho, 'The Han', in John Whitney Hall, ed., The Cambridge History of Japan, volume 4: Early Modern Period (Cambridge UP, 1988), 183–234,
- ^ Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan, 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. p. 200–202, 207. ISBN 0804705259.