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==Approaches==
==Approaches==
Professional development opportunities can range from a single workshop to a semester-long academic course, to services offered by a medley of different professional development providers and varying widely with respect to the philosophy, content, and format of the learning experiences. Some examples of approaches to professional development include:<ref name="community.fpg.unc.edu" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Method Teaching and Learning {{!}} Columbia CTL |url=https://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/resources/case-method/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=ctl.columbia.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gold Standard in Coaching {{!}} ICF - Core Competencies |url=https://coachingfederation.org/credentials-and-standards/core-competencies |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=International Coaching Federation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=McDonald |first=Jacquelin |title=What Is a Community of Practice? |date=2021 |work=Sustaining Communities of Practice with Early Career Teachers: Supporting Early Career Teachers in Australian and International Primary and Secondary Schools, and Educational Social Learning Spaces |pages=1–19 |editor-last=Mercieca |editor-first=Bernadette Mary |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-33-6354-0_1 |access-date=2024-08-20 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-33-6354-0_1 |isbn=978-981-336-354-0 |last2=Mercieca |first2=Bernadette Mary |editor2-last=McDonald |editor2-first=Jacquelin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Case Method |url=https://citl.illinois.edu/citl-101/teaching-learning/resources/teaching-strategies/the-case-method |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=citl.illinois.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Singh |first=Riann |title=Case Study Teaching and Learning |date=2020 |work=Leading Organizational Development and Change: Principles and Contextual Perspectives |pages=471–481 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Riann |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-39123-2_21 |access-date=2024-08-20 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=de |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-39123-2_21 |isbn=978-3-030-39123-2 |last2=Ramdeo |first2=Shalini |editor2-last=Ramdeo |editor2-first=Shalini}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Singh |first=Riann |title=Case Study Teaching and Learning |date=2020 |work=Leading Organizational Development and Change: Principles and Contextual Perspectives |pages=471–481 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Riann |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-39123-2_21 |access-date=2024-08-20 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=de |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-39123-2_21.pdf?pdf=inline%20link |isbn=978-3-030-39123-2 |last2=Ramdeo |first2=Shalini |editor2-last=Ramdeo |editor2-first=Shalini}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Croft |first=Daniel |date=2023-02-06 |title=The Art of Effective Problem Solving: A Step-by-Step Guide |url=https://www.learnleansigma.com/problem-solving/a-guide-to-problem-solving/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Learn Lean Sigma |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Meier |first=J. D. |date=2023-08-28 |title=What is Coaching? How To Be a More Effective Coach |url=https://jdmeier.com/what-is-coaching/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=JD Meier |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a community of practice? |url=https://www.communityofpractice.ca/background/what-is-a-community-of-practice/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Community of Practice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-23 |title=How Communities of Practice Drive Innovation and Growth {{!}} Creately |url=https://creately.com/guides/communities-of-practice/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=creately.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Community of Practice — Definition, Best practices, and Examples |url=https://bettermode.com/blog/community-of-practice |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=bettermode.com |language=en}}</ref>
Professional development opportunities can range from a single workshop to a semester-long academic course, to services offered by a medley of different professional development providers and varying widely with respect to the philosophy, content, and format of the learning experiences. Some examples of approaches to professional development include:<ref name="community.fpg.unc.edu" />
* '''Case Study Method''' – The case method is a teaching approach that consists in presenting the students with a case, putting them in the role of a decision maker facing a problem {{Harv|Hammond|1976}} – See [[Case method]].
* '''Case Study Method''' – The case method is a teaching approach that consists in presenting the students with a case, putting them in the role of a decision maker facing a problem {{Harv|Hammond|1976}} – See [[Case method]].
* '''Consultation''' – to assist an individual or group of individuals to clarify and address immediate concerns by following a systematic problem-solving process.
* '''Consultation''' – to assist an individual or group of individuals to clarify and address immediate concerns by following a systematic problem-solving process.
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* '''Mentoring''' – to promote an individual's awareness and refinement of his or her own professional development by providing and recommending structured opportunities for reflection and observation
* '''Mentoring''' – to promote an individual's awareness and refinement of his or her own professional development by providing and recommending structured opportunities for reflection and observation
* '''Reflective Supervision''' – to support, develop, and ultimately evaluate the performance of employees through a process of inquiry that encourages their understanding and articulation of the rationale for their own practices
* '''Reflective Supervision''' – to support, develop, and ultimately evaluate the performance of employees through a process of inquiry that encourages their understanding and articulation of the rationale for their own practices
* '''Technical Assistance''' – to assist individuals and their organization to improve by offering resources and information, supporting networking and change efforts.<ref name="community.fpg.unc.edu" />
* '''Technical Assistance''' – to assist individuals and their organization to improve by offering resources and information, supporting networking and change efforts.


== Higher Education ==
== Higher Education ==


=== Professional school ===
=== Professional school ===
A professional school is a [[constituent college]], [[academic department]], or university program that prepares students, through [[Praxis (process)|praxis]], for careers in specific fields. Most professional schools are chiefly but not exclusively [[Postgraduate education|graduate school]] level institution, while in some cases universities at the [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] level, especially at [[Research university|research universities]] where research, graduate, and undergraduate faculty overlap and/or have close cooperation with each other as opposed to [[Liberal arts college|liberal arts colleges]], may have a professional development emphasis in their education programs. Most professional schools confer [[Professional degree|professional degrees]] although not all degree programs at professional schools are considered professional degrees because, professional degrees, in addition to standard first-level [[Higher education accreditation#Institutional accreditation|institutional accreditation]]<ref name="DOE">[[U.S. Department of Education]], [http://www.ed.gov/admins/finaid/accred/index.html Accreditation in the United States]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Institutions Are Accredited {{!}} Students-Communities |url=https://www.hlcommission.org/Students-Communities/how-institutions-are-accredited.html#:~:text=How%20Accreditation%20Works,mission,%20finances,%20and%20resources. |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www.hlcommission.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=Accreditation in the U.S. |url=https://www2.ed.gov/admins/finaid/accred/accredus.html |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www2.ed.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional vs. National Accreditation: Which is Better? |url=https://www.online.drexel.edu/news/national-vs-regional-accreditation.aspx#:~:text=How%20Are%20Colleges%20Accredited?,educational%20institutions%20and/or%20programs |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Drexel University Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is College Accreditation? How Does It Work? {{!}} BestColleges |url=https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/accreditation/#:~:text=What%20Types%20of%20Accreditation%20for%20Colleges%20Are,Regional%20vs.%20National%20Accreditation%20%C2%B7%20Programmatic%20Accreditation. |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www.bestcolleges.com |language=en-US}}</ref> requirements, have to go through secondary or tertiary [[Programmatic Accreditation|programmatic accreditation]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2003-03-31 |title=Association of Professional and Specialized Accreditors |url=https://www.aspa-usa.org/ |access-date=2010-06-01 |website=ASPA-USA.org}}</ref><ref name="DOE2">[[U.S. Department of Education]], [http://www.ed.gov/admins/finaid/accred/index.html Accreditation in the United States]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Institutions Are Accredited {{!}} Students-Communities |url=https://www.hlcommission.org/Students-Communities/how-institutions-are-accredited.html#:~:text=How%20Accreditation%20Works,mission,%20finances,%20and%20resources. |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www.hlcommission.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=Accreditation in the U.S. |url=https://www2.ed.gov/admins/finaid/accred/accredus.html |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www2.ed.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional vs. National Accreditation: Which is Better? |url=https://www.online.drexel.edu/news/national-vs-regional-accreditation.aspx#:~:text=How%20Are%20Colleges%20Accredited?,educational%20institutions%20and/or%20programs |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Drexel University Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is College Accreditation? How Does It Work? {{!}} BestColleges |url=https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/accreditation/#:~:text=What%20Types%20of%20Accreditation%20for%20Colleges%20Are,Regional%20vs.%20National%20Accreditation%20%C2%B7%20Programmatic%20Accreditation. |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www.bestcolleges.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2021 |title=Accreditation in the United States: Programmatic Accrediting Agencies |url=https://www2.ed.gov/admins/finaid/accred/accreditation_pg7.html |accessdate=July 3, 2021 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Education]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021 |title=Programmatic Accrediting Organizations |url=https://www.chea.org/programmatic-accrediting-organizations |accessdate=July 3, 2021 |publisher=[[Council for Higher Education Accreditation]]}}</ref> procedures specifically designated by with input from professional associations, trade associations, and non-academic [[Industry (economics)|industry]] experts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Professional Degree Programmes |url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/undergraduate/choosingyourdegree/professional/ |access-date=3 October 2016 |publisher=[[University of Glasgow]] |quote=These degrees follow a set curriculum to meet the requirements of the relevant professional organisation so that you’re fully prepared to enter your chosen profession after you graduate.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Glossary |url=https://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/Dictionary.aspx?FirstLetter=p |access-date=3 October 2016 |website=Study in Australia |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |quote=A Professional Degree is an academic degree that prepares the holder for a particular profession.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=John W. Collins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb9BhR2ulfEC&pg=PA132 |title=The Greenwood Dictionary of Education: Second Edition |author2=Nancy Patricia O'Brien |date=31 July 2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379307 |page=132 |quote=Degree, professional. A degree signifying the completion of an academic curriculum pertaining to a professional field; for example: JD, MD.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=2016 |title=OnTransfer - Glossary |url=https://www.ontransfer.ca/index_en.php?page=glossary#letter_p |access-date=3 October 2016 |website=ONTransfer |publisher=Ontario Council on Articulation and Transfer |quote=A Professional Degree meets the accreditation standards of a particular professional association or college<br/>Professional degrees may require some undergraduate study prior to admission to the program and generally include an internship or other work experience}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Canadian Degree Qualifications Framework |url=http://www.cmec.ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/95/QA-Statement-2007.en.pdf |access-date=3 October 2016 |work=Ministerial Statement on Quality Assurance of Degree Education in Canada |publisher=Council of Ministers of Education, Canada |quote=Though considered to be bachelor's programs in academic standing, some professional programs yield degrees with other nomenclature. Examples: D.D.S. (Dental Surgery), M.D. (Medicine), LL.B., or J.D. (Juris Doctor)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 2013 |title=AQF qualification titles |url=http://www.aqf.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/AQF-qualification-titles-PDF-2B3-1b.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213104206/http://www.aqf.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/aqf-qualification-titles-pdf-2b3-1b.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016 |publisher=Australian Qualifications Framework Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=November 2014 |title=The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies |url=http://www.qaa.ac.uk/publications/information-and-guidance/publication?PubID=2843 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013061809/http://www.qaa.ac.uk/publications/information-and-guidance/publication?PubID=2843#.V9wSNZMrIdV |archive-date=2016-10-13 |access-date=2016-10-04 |publisher=QAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Paul Cushman Jr. |date=July 1969 |title=The Kissam Family: Its Importance in New York Medicine |journal=[[Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine]] |volume=45 |issue=7 |page=691 |pmc=1750435 |pmid=4895796}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History of the College of Physicians and Surgeons |url=http://ps.columbia.edu/about-ps/history-college-physicians-and-surgeons |access-date=7 October 2016 |publisher=Columbia University |quote=King's College organized a medical faculty in 1767 and was the first institution in the North American Colonies to confer the degree of Doctor of Medicine. The first graduates in medicine from the College were Robert Tucker and Samuel Kissarn, who received the degree of Bachelor of Medicine in May 1769, and that of Doctor of Medicine in May 1770 and May 1771, respectively.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History &#124; Columbia University in the City of New York |url=http://www.columbia.edu/about_columbia/history.html |access-date=2013-07-02 |publisher=Columbia.edu}}</ref><ref name="Medline">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Doctor of medicine profession (MD) |encyclopedia=Medical Encyclopedia |publisher=MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001936.htm |access-date=7 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Robert McCaughey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdBXMiac6l0C&pg=PA304 |title=Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University |date=June 19, 2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231503556 |quote=In 1891 the program leading to an M.D. was three years in length and required no college preparation}}</ref><ref name="Medline2">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Doctor of medicine profession (MD) |encyclopedia=Medical Encyclopedia |publisher=MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001936.htm |access-date=7 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=David Perry |date=June 2012 |title=HOW DID LAWYERS BECOME "DOCTORS"? FROM THE LL.B. TO THE J.D. |url=http://www.mobar.org/uploadedFiles/Home/Publications/Precedent/2013/Winter/doctors.pdf |work=New York State Bar Association Journal |publisher=New York State Bar Association |volume=84 |issue=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Joanna Lombard |year=1997 |title=LL.B. to J.D. and the Professional Degree in Architecture |url=https://www.acsa-arch.org/proceedings/Annual%20Meeting%20Proceedings/ACSA.AM.85/ACSA.AM.85.137.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the 85th ACSA Annual Meeting, Architecture: Material and Imagined and Technology Conference |pages=585–591}}</ref><ref name="Canada Framework">{{cite web |title=Canadian Degree Qualifications Framework |url=http://www.cmec.ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/95/QA-Statement-2007.en.pdf |access-date=4 September 2016 |work=Ministerial Statement on Quality Assurance of Degree Education in Canada |publisher=[[Council of Ministers of Education, Canada]] |pages=2–7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UA Medical School |url=http://www.med.ualberta.ca/education/ume/admissions/dofm_require.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214065853/http://www.med.ualberta.ca/education/ume/admissions/dofm_require.cfm |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Med.ualberta.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UToronto Medical School |url=http://www.md.utoronto.ca/site5.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618225429/http://www.md.utoronto.ca/site5.aspx |archive-date=18 June 2010 |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Md.utoronto.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Osgoode Hall Law School |url=http://www.yorku.ca/web/futurestudents/programs/template.asp?id=467 |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Yorku.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=University of Windsor Law School |url=http://www.uwindsor.ca/jdllb/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612092701/http://www.uwindsor.ca/jdllb/ |archive-date=12 June 2011 |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Uwindsor.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Faculté de pharmacie de l'Université de Montréal |url=http://pharm.umontreal.ca/etudes/premier-cycle/doctorat-de-premier-cycle-en-pharmacie-pharm-d/ |access-date=7 October 2014 |publisher={{Lang|fr|[[Université de Montréal]]|italic=no}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Structure of U.S. Education |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-structure-us.html |access-date=4 September 2016 |publisher=[[US Department of Education]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 2015 |title=Technical Notes |url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2016/nsf16300/technotes.cfm |access-date=4 September 2016 |work=Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2014 |publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 2015 |title=Types of research doctoral degrees recognized by the Survey of Earned Doctorates: 2014 |url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2016/nsf16300/data/taba1.pdf |access-date=4 September 2016 |work=Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2014 |publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 2015 |title=Research degrees included in the Survey of Earned Doctorates: 2010–14 |url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2016/nsf16300/data/taba2.pdf |access-date=4 September 2016 |work=Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2014 |publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 2008 |title=Structure of the U.S. Education System: Associate Degrees |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/associate.doc |access-date=4 September 2016 |publisher=[[US Department of Education]]}}</ref><ref name="US Department of Education">{{cite web |date=February 2008 |title=Structure of the U.S. Education System: First-Professional Degrees |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/professional.doc |access-date=4 September 2016 |publisher=[[US Department of Education]]}}</ref><ref name="US Department of Education2">{{cite web |date=February 2008 |title=Structure of the U.S. Education System: First-Professional Degrees |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/professional.doc |access-date=4 September 2016 |publisher=[[US Department of Education]]}}</ref><ref>Association of American Universities Data Exchange. [http://www.pb.uillinois.edu/aaude/documents/graded_glossary.doc Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304031242/http://www.pb.uillinois.edu/aaude/documents/graded_glossary.doc|date=4 March 2009}}. Accessed 26 May 2008; National Science Foundation (2006). "[https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf06312/nsf06312.pdf Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308130032/http://spellmirelaw.com/|date=2016-03-08}}," ''InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics'' NSF 06-312, 2006, p. 7. (under "Data notes" mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); San Diego County Bar Association (1969). [https://archive.today/20070807073217/http://www.sdcba.org/ethics/ethicsopinion69-5.html ''Ethics Opinion 1969-5'']. Accessed 26 May 2008. (under "other references" discusses differences between academic and professional doctorate and statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); University of Utah (2006). [http://www.gradschool.utah.edu/catalog/degree.php University of Utah – The Graduate School – Graduate Handbook] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626081148/http://www.gradschool.utah.edu/catalog/degree.php|date=26 June 2008}}. Accessed 28 May 2008. (the J.D. degree is listed under doctorate degrees); German Federal Ministry of Education. [http://www.blk-bonn.de/papers/hochschulsystem_usa.pdf ''U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413192035/http://www.blk-bonn.de/papers/hochschulsystem_usa.pdf|date=13 April 2008}}. Accessed 26 May 2008. (report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analyzing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); Encyclopædia Britannica. (2002). ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 3:962:1a. (the J.D. is listed among other doctorate degrees).</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 2008 |title=Structure of the U.S. Education System: Master's Degrees |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/master.doc |access-date=4 September 2016 |publisher=[[US Department of Education]]}}</ref><ref name="Intermediate Graduate Qualifications">{{cite web |date=February 2008 |title=Structure of the U.S. Education System: Intermediate Graduate Qualifications |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/grad.doc |access-date=4 September 2016 |publisher=[[US Department of Education]]}}</ref><ref name="Intermediate Graduate Qualifications2">{{cite web |date=February 2008 |title=Structure of the U.S. Education System: Intermediate Graduate Qualifications |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/grad.doc |access-date=4 September 2016 |publisher=[[US Department of Education]]}}</ref>
A professional school is a [[constituent college]], [[academic department]], or university program that prepares students, through [[Praxis (process)|praxis]], for careers in specific fields. Most professional schools are chiefly but not exclusively [[Postgraduate education|graduate school]] level institution, while in some cases universities at the [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] level, especially at [[Research university|research universities]] where research, graduate, and undergraduate faculty overlap and/or have close cooperation with each other as opposed to [[Liberal arts college|liberal arts colleges]], may have a professional development emphasis in their education programs. Most professional schools confer [[Professional degree|professional degrees]] although not all degree programs at professional schools are considered professional degrees because, professional degrees, in addition to standard first-level [[Higher education accreditation#Institutional accreditation|institutional accreditation]]<ref name="DOE">[[U.S. Department of Education]], [http://www.ed.gov/admins/finaid/accred/index.html Accreditation in the United States]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Institutions Are Accredited {{!}} Students-Communities |url=https://www.hlcommission.org/Students-Communities/how-institutions-are-accredited.html#:~:text=How%20Accreditation%20Works,mission,%20finances,%20and%20resources. |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www.hlcommission.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=Accreditation in the U.S. |url=https://www2.ed.gov/admins/finaid/accred/accredus.html |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www2.ed.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional vs. National Accreditation: Which is Better? |url=https://www.online.drexel.edu/news/national-vs-regional-accreditation.aspx#:~:text=How%20Are%20Colleges%20Accredited?,educational%20institutions%20and/or%20programs |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Drexel University Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is College Accreditation? How Does It Work? {{!}} BestColleges |url=https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/accreditation/#:~:text=What%20Types%20of%20Accreditation%20for%20Colleges%20Are,Regional%20vs.%20National%20Accreditation%20%C2%B7%20Programmatic%20Accreditation. |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www.bestcolleges.com |language=en-US}}</ref> requirements, have to go through secondary or tertiary [[Programmatic Accreditation|programmatic accreditation]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2003-03-31 |title=Association of Professional and Specialized Accreditors |url=https://www.aspa-usa.org/ |access-date=2010-06-01 |website=ASPA-USA.org}}</ref><ref name="DOE2">[[U.S. Department of Education]], [http://www.ed.gov/admins/finaid/accred/index.html Accreditation in the United States]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Institutions Are Accredited {{!}} Students-Communities |url=https://www.hlcommission.org/Students-Communities/how-institutions-are-accredited.html#:~:text=How%20Accreditation%20Works,mission,%20finances,%20and%20resources. |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www.hlcommission.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=Accreditation in the U.S. |url=https://www2.ed.gov/admins/finaid/accred/accredus.html |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www2.ed.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional vs. National Accreditation: Which is Better? |url=https://www.online.drexel.edu/news/national-vs-regional-accreditation.aspx#:~:text=How%20Are%20Colleges%20Accredited?,educational%20institutions%20and/or%20programs |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Drexel University Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is College Accreditation? How Does It Work? {{!}} BestColleges |url=https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/accreditation/#:~:text=What%20Types%20of%20Accreditation%20for%20Colleges%20Are,Regional%20vs.%20National%20Accreditation%20%C2%B7%20Programmatic%20Accreditation. |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www.bestcolleges.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2021 |title=Accreditation in the United States: Programmatic Accrediting Agencies |url=https://www2.ed.gov/admins/finaid/accred/accreditation_pg7.html |accessdate=July 3, 2021 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Education]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021 |title=Programmatic Accrediting Organizations |url=https://www.chea.org/programmatic-accrediting-organizations |accessdate=July 3, 2021 |publisher=[[Council for Higher Education Accreditation]]}}</ref> procedures specifically designated by with input from professional associations, trade associations, and non-academic [[Industry (economics)|industry]] experts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Professional Degree Programmes |url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/undergraduate/choosingyourdegree/professional/ |access-date=3 October 2016 |publisher=[[University of Glasgow]] |quote=These degrees follow a set curriculum to meet the requirements of the relevant professional organisation so that you’re fully prepared to enter your chosen profession after you graduate.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Glossary |url=https://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/Dictionary.aspx?FirstLetter=p |access-date=3 October 2016 |website=Study in Australia |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |quote=A Professional Degree is an academic degree that prepares the holder for a particular profession.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=John W. Collins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb9BhR2ulfEC&pg=PA132 |title=The Greenwood Dictionary of Education: Second Edition |author2=Nancy Patricia O'Brien |date=31 July 2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313379307 |page=132 |quote=Degree, professional. A degree signifying the completion of an academic curriculum pertaining to a professional field; for example: JD, MD.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=2016 |title=OnTransfer - Glossary |url=https://www.ontransfer.ca/index_en.php?page=glossary#letter_p |access-date=3 October 2016 |website=ONTransfer |publisher=Ontario Council on Articulation and Transfer |quote=A Professional Degree meets the accreditation standards of a particular professional association or college<br/>Professional degrees may require some undergraduate study prior to admission to the program and generally include an internship or other work experience}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Canadian Degree Qualifications Framework |url=http://www.cmec.ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/95/QA-Statement-2007.en.pdf |access-date=3 October 2016 |work=Ministerial Statement on Quality Assurance of Degree Education in Canada |publisher=Council of Ministers of Education, Canada |quote=Though considered to be bachelor's programs in academic standing, some professional programs yield degrees with other nomenclature. Examples: D.D.S. (Dental Surgery), M.D. (Medicine), LL.B., or J.D. (Juris Doctor)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 2013 |title=AQF qualification titles |url=http://www.aqf.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/AQF-qualification-titles-PDF-2B3-1b.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213104206/http://www.aqf.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/aqf-qualification-titles-pdf-2b3-1b.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016 |publisher=Australian Qualifications Framework Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=November 2014 |title=The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies |url=http://www.qaa.ac.uk/publications/information-and-guidance/publication?PubID=2843 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013061809/http://www.qaa.ac.uk/publications/information-and-guidance/publication?PubID=2843#.V9wSNZMrIdV |archive-date=2016-10-13 |access-date=2016-10-04 |publisher=QAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Paul Cushman Jr. |date=July 1969 |title=The Kissam Family: Its Importance in New York Medicine |journal=[[Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine]] |volume=45 |issue=7 |page=691 |pmc=1750435 |pmid=4895796}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History of the College of Physicians and Surgeons |url=http://ps.columbia.edu/about-ps/history-college-physicians-and-surgeons |access-date=7 October 2016 |publisher=Columbia University |quote=King's College organized a medical faculty in 1767 and was the first institution in the North American Colonies to confer the degree of Doctor of Medicine. The first graduates in medicine from the College were Robert Tucker and Samuel Kissarn, who received the degree of Bachelor of Medicine in May 1769, and that of Doctor of Medicine in May 1770 and May 1771, respectively.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History &#124; Columbia University in the City of New York |url=http://www.columbia.edu/about_columbia/history.html |access-date=2013-07-02 |publisher=Columbia.edu}}</ref><ref name="Medline">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Doctor of medicine profession (MD) |encyclopedia=Medical Encyclopedia |publisher=MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001936.htm |access-date=7 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Robert McCaughey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdBXMiac6l0C&pg=PA304 |title=Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University |date=June 19, 2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231503556 |quote=In 1891 the program leading to an M.D. was three years in length and required no college preparation}}</ref><ref name="Medline2">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Doctor of medicine profession (MD) |encyclopedia=Medical Encyclopedia |publisher=MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001936.htm |access-date=7 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=David Perry |date=June 2012 |title=HOW DID LAWYERS BECOME "DOCTORS"? FROM THE LL.B. TO THE J.D. |url=http://www.mobar.org/uploadedFiles/Home/Publications/Precedent/2013/Winter/doctors.pdf |work=New York State Bar Association Journal |publisher=New York State Bar Association |volume=84 |issue=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Joanna Lombard |year=1997 |title=LL.B. to J.D. and the Professional Degree in Architecture |url=https://www.acsa-arch.org/proceedings/Annual%20Meeting%20Proceedings/ACSA.AM.85/ACSA.AM.85.137.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the 85th ACSA Annual Meeting, Architecture: Material and Imagined and Technology Conference |pages=585–591}}</ref><ref name="Canada Framework">{{cite web |title=Canadian Degree Qualifications Framework |url=http://www.cmec.ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/95/QA-Statement-2007.en.pdf |access-date=4 September 2016 |work=Ministerial Statement on Quality Assurance of Degree Education in Canada |publisher=[[Council of Ministers of Education, Canada]] |pages=2–7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UA Medical School |url=http://www.med.ualberta.ca/education/ume/admissions/dofm_require.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214065853/http://www.med.ualberta.ca/education/ume/admissions/dofm_require.cfm |archive-date=14 December 2010 |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Med.ualberta.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UToronto Medical School |url=http://www.md.utoronto.ca/site5.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618225429/http://www.md.utoronto.ca/site5.aspx |archive-date=18 June 2010 |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Md.utoronto.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Osgoode Hall Law School |url=http://www.yorku.ca/web/futurestudents/programs/template.asp?id=467 |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Yorku.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=University of Windsor Law School |url=http://www.uwindsor.ca/jdllb/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612092701/http://www.uwindsor.ca/jdllb/ |archive-date=12 June 2011 |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Uwindsor.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Faculté de pharmacie de l'Université de Montréal |url=http://pharm.umontreal.ca/etudes/premier-cycle/doctorat-de-premier-cycle-en-pharmacie-pharm-d/ |access-date=7 October 2014 |publisher={{Lang|fr|[[Université de Montréal]]|italic=no}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Structure of U.S. Education |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-structure-us.html |access-date=4 September 2016 |publisher=[[US Department of Education]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 2015 |title=Technical Notes |url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2016/nsf16300/technotes.cfm |access-date=4 September 2016 |work=Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2014 |publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 2015 |title=Types of research doctoral degrees recognized by the Survey of Earned Doctorates: 2014 |url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2016/nsf16300/data/taba1.pdf |access-date=4 September 2016 |work=Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2014 |publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 2015 |title=Research degrees included in the Survey of Earned Doctorates: 2010–14 |url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2016/nsf16300/data/taba2.pdf |access-date=4 September 2016 |work=Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2014 |publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 2008 |title=Structure of the U.S. Education System: Associate Degrees |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/associate.doc |access-date=4 September 2016 |publisher=[[US Department of Education]]}}</ref><ref name="US Department of Education">{{cite web |date=February 2008 |title=Structure of the U.S. Education System: First-Professional Degrees |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/professional.doc |access-date=4 September 2016 |publisher=[[US Department of Education]]}}</ref><ref name="US Department of Education2">{{cite web |date=February 2008 |title=Structure of the U.S. Education System: First-Professional Degrees |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/professional.doc |access-date=4 September 2016 |publisher=[[US Department of Education]]}}</ref><ref>Association of American Universities Data Exchange. [http://www.pb.uillinois.edu/aaude/documents/graded_glossary.doc Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304031242/http://www.pb.uillinois.edu/aaude/documents/graded_glossary.doc|date=4 March 2009}}. Accessed 26 May 2008; National Science Foundation (2006). "[https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf06312/nsf06312.pdf Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308130032/http://spellmirelaw.com/|date=2016-03-08}}," ''InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics'' NSF 06-312, 2006, p. 7. (under "Data notes" mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); San Diego County Bar Association (1969). [https://archive.today/20070807073217/http://www.sdcba.org/ethics/ethicsopinion69-5.html ''Ethics Opinion 1969-5'']. Accessed 26 May 2008. (under "other references" discusses differences between academic and professional doctorate and statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); University of Utah (2006). [http://www.gradschool.utah.edu/catalog/degree.php University of Utah – The Graduate School – Graduate Handbook] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626081148/http://www.gradschool.utah.edu/catalog/degree.php|date=26 June 2008}}. Accessed 28 May 2008. (the J.D. degree is listed under doctorate degrees); German Federal Ministry of Education. [http://www.blk-bonn.de/papers/hochschulsystem_usa.pdf ''U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413192035/http://www.blk-bonn.de/papers/hochschulsystem_usa.pdf|date=13 April 2008}}. Accessed 26 May 2008. (report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analyzing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); Encyclopædia Britannica. (2002). ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 3:962:1a. (the J.D. is listed among other doctorate degrees).</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 2008 |title=Structure of the U.S. Education System: Master's Degrees |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/master.doc |access-date=4 September 2016 |publisher=[[US Department of Education]]}}</ref><ref name="Intermediate Graduate Qualifications">{{cite web |date=February 2008 |title=Structure of the U.S. Education System: Intermediate Graduate Qualifications |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/grad.doc |access-date=4 September 2016 |publisher=[[US Department of Education]]}}</ref><ref name="Intermediate Graduate Qualifications2">{{cite web |date=February 2008 |title=Structure of the U.S. Education System: Intermediate Graduate Qualifications |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/grad.doc |access-date=4 September 2016 |publisher=[[US Department of Education]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition) - Purdue OWL® - Purdue University |url=https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/index.html |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=owl.purdue.edu}}</ref>


Examples of professional schools include:
Examples of professional schools include:

Revision as of 01:22, 20 August 2024

"Professional education" redirects here. Not to be confused with Vocational education.

Professional development, also known as professional education, is learning that leads to or emphasizes education in a specific professional career field or builds practical job applicable skills emphasizing praxis in addition to the transferable skills and theoretical academic knowledge found in traditional liberal arts and pure sciences education. It is used to earn or maintain professional credentials such as professional certifications, chartered status, occupational licensure, or academic degrees through formal coursework at higher education institutions known as professional schools, taking course as part of a training program, or attending conferences and informal learning opportunities to strengthen or gain new skills. Professional education within the higher education system is generally taught in a constituent college or academic department known known as a professional school.[1][2]

Professional education has been described as intensive and collaborative, ideally incorporating an evaluative stage.[1] There is a variety of approaches to professional development or professional education, including consultation, coaching, communities of practice, lesson study, case study, capstone project, mentoring, reflective supervision and technical assistance.[3]

Approaches

Professional development opportunities can range from a single workshop to a semester-long academic course, to services offered by a medley of different professional development providers and varying widely with respect to the philosophy, content, and format of the learning experiences. Some examples of approaches to professional development include:[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

  • Case Study Method – The case method is a teaching approach that consists in presenting the students with a case, putting them in the role of a decision maker facing a problem (Hammond 1976) – See Case method.
  • Consultation – to assist an individual or group of individuals to clarify and address immediate concerns by following a systematic problem-solving process.
  • Coaching – to enhance a person's competencies in a specific skill area by providing a process of observation, reflection, and action.
  • Communities of Practice – to improve professional practice by engaging in shared inquiry and learning with people who have a common goal
  • Lesson Study – to solve practical dilemmas related to intervention or instruction through participation with other professionals in systematically examining practice
  • Mentoring – to promote an individual's awareness and refinement of his or her own professional development by providing and recommending structured opportunities for reflection and observation
  • Reflective Supervision – to support, develop, and ultimately evaluate the performance of employees through a process of inquiry that encourages their understanding and articulation of the rationale for their own practices
  • Technical Assistance – to assist individuals and their organization to improve by offering resources and information, supporting networking and change efforts.

Höhere Bildung

Professional school

A professional school is a constituent college, academic department, or university program that prepares students, through praxis, for careers in specific fields. Most professional schools are chiefly but not exclusively graduate school level institution, while in some cases universities at the undergraduate level, especially at research universities where research, graduate, and undergraduate faculty overlap and/or have close cooperation with each other as opposed to liberal arts colleges, may have a professional development emphasis in their education programs. Most professional schools confer professional degrees although not all degree programs at professional schools are considered professional degrees because, professional degrees, in addition to standard first-level institutional accreditation[15][16][17][18][19] requirements, have to go through secondary or tertiary programmatic accreditation[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] procedures specifically designated by with input from professional associations, trade associations, and non-academic industry experts.[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]

Examples of professional schools include:

Professional Certification and/or Licensure

Initial professional development (IPD)

Initial professional development (IPD) is defined as "a period of development during which an individual acquires a level of competence necessary in order to operate as an autonomous professional".[61] Professional associations may recognise the successful completion of IPD by the award of chartered status or by the conferral of a professional certification or licensure. Examples of professional bodies that require IPD prior to the award of professional status are the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications,[62] the Institution of Structural Engineers,[63] and the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health.[64]

Continuing professional development (CPD)

Continuing professional development (CPD) or continuing professional education (CPE) is continuing education to maintain knowledge, skills, licensure, chartered status, or a professional certification. Most professions have CPD obligations. Examples are the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors,[65] American Academy of Financial Management,[66] safety professionals with the International Institute of Risk & Safety Management (IIRSM)[67] or the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH),[68] and medical and legal professionals, who are subject to continuing medical education or continuing legal education requirements, which vary by jurisdiction.

CPD authorities in the United Kingdom include the CPD Standards Office[69] who work in partnership with the CPD Institute,[70] and also the CPD Certification Service.[71] For example, CPD by the Institute of Highway Engineers is approved by the CPD Standards Office,[72] and CPD by the Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation is approved by the CPD Certification Service.[73]

A systematic review published in 2019 by the Campbell Collaboration found little evidence of the effectiveness of continuing professional development (CPD).[74]

Participants

A wide variety of people, such as teachers, military officers and non-commissioned officers, health care professionals, architects, lawyers, accountants and engineers engage in professional development. Individuals may participate in professional development because of an interest in lifelong learning, a sense of moral obligation, to maintain and improve professional competence, to enhance career progression, to keep abreast of new technology and practices, or to comply with professional regulatory requirements.[75][76] In the training of school staff in the United States, "[t]he need for professional development ... came to the forefront in the 1960s".[77] Many American states have professional development requirements for school teachers. For example, Arkansas teachers must complete 60 hours of documented professional development activities annually.[78] Professional development credits are named differently from state to state. For example, teachers in Indiana are required to earn 90 Continuing Renewal Units (CRUs) per year;[79] in Massachusetts, teachers need 150 Professional Development Points (PDPs);[80] and in Georgia, teachers must earn 10 Professional Learning Units (PLUs).[81] American and Canadian nurses, as well as those in the United Kingdom, have to participate in formal and informal professional development (earning credit based on attendance of education that has been accredited by a regulatory agency) in order to maintain professional registration.[82][83][84]

The World Bank's 2019 World Development Report on the future of work [85] argues that professional development opportunities for those both in and out of work, such as flexible learning opportunities at universities and adult learning programs, enable labor markets to adjust to the future of work.

See also

  • Apprenticeship – System for training new crafts-people
  • Career – Individual's journey through learning, work, and other aspects of life
  • Core competency – Management concept of identifying the basis of competitiveness in an industry
  • Induction training – A form of introduction to an organisation for new employees
  • Licensure – Form of government regulation on professions or vocations for compensation
  • Mentor – Guidance relationship
  • Organizational dissent – expression of disagreement or contradictory opinions about organizational practices and policies
  • Reflective practice – Ability to reflect on one's actions so as to engage in a process of continuous learning
  • Training and development – Improving the effectiveness of organizations and the individuals and teams within them
  • Vocational education – Studies that prepare a person for a specific occupation
  • Arete (moral virtue) – Greek philosophical concept
  • SWOT analysis – Business planning and analysis technique

References

  1. ^ a b Speck, M. & Knipe, C. (2005) Why can't we get it right? Designing high-quality professional development for standards-based schools(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press[need quotation to verify]
  2. ^ Summer, Gail (2006-01-01). "Professional Education/Liberal Arts Education: Not a Case of Either-Or but Both-And". Intersections. 2006 (24). Available at: http://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/intersections/vol2006/iss24/6
  3. ^ a b National Professional Development Center on Inclusion. (2008). "What do we mean by professional development in the early childhood field?" Archived 2018-07-24 at the Wayback Machine. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina, FPG Child Development Institute.
  4. ^ "Case Method Teaching and Learning | Columbia CTL". ctl.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-20.
  5. ^ "The Gold Standard in Coaching | ICF - Core Competencies". International Coaching Federation. Retrieved 2024-08-20.
  6. ^ McDonald, Jacquelin; Mercieca, Bernadette Mary (2021), Mercieca, Bernadette Mary; McDonald, Jacquelin (eds.), "What Is a Community of Practice?", Sustaining Communities of Practice with Early Career Teachers: Supporting Early Career Teachers in Australian and International Primary and Secondary Schools, and Educational Social Learning Spaces, Singapore: Springer, pp. 1–19, doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6354-0_1, ISBN 978-981-336-354-0, retrieved 2024-08-20
  7. ^ "The Case Method". citl.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-20.
  8. ^ Singh, Riann; Ramdeo, Shalini (2020), Singh, Riann; Ramdeo, Shalini (eds.), "Case Study Teaching and Learning", Leading Organizational Development and Change: Principles and Contextual Perspectives (in German), Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 471–481, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39123-2_21, ISBN 978-3-030-39123-2, retrieved 2024-08-20
  9. ^ Singh, Riann; Ramdeo, Shalini (2020), Singh, Riann; Ramdeo, Shalini (eds.), "Case Study Teaching and Learning", Leading Organizational Development and Change: Principles and Contextual Perspectives (in German), Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 471–481, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39123-2_21.pdf?pdf=inline%20link, ISBN 978-3-030-39123-2, retrieved 2024-08-20
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  13. ^ "How Communities of Practice Drive Innovation and Growth | Creately". creately.com. 2024-01-23. Retrieved 2024-08-20.
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  15. ^ U.S. Department of Education, Accreditation in the United States
  16. ^ "How Institutions Are Accredited | Students-Communities". www.hlcommission.org. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
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  21. ^ U.S. Department of Education, Accreditation in the United States
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