Battle of Vaslui

The Battle of Vaslui (January 10, 1475) was fought between Moldavian Prince, Ştefan cel Mare, and Ottoman General Suleyman Pasha. The location of the battle took place at Podul Înalt, near the town of Vaslui, in Moldavia. The Ottoman troops numbered anywhere between 50-120,000, facing about 40,000 Moldavian troops, plus smaller allied- and mercenary troops. Ştefan inflicted a decisive defeat on the Ottomans, with casualties, according to Venetian and Polish records, reaching beyond 40,000 for the Ottoman side. The invasion was the worst-ever defeat for the Ottomans, to that day, and Ştefan was later awarded Athleta Christi by Pope Sixtus IV.

Reasons for the war

The Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed II, demanded tribute from the Romanian principalties of Wallachia and Moldavia, and their recognition of Ottoman sovereignty. Ştefan, and his cousin, Vlad Ţepes, of the Draculea order, together with the Hungarian King, Hunyady, successfully fought off the Ottoman invasions, until Vlad was imprisoned by Hunyady. The Sultan then subdued Wallachia and put Vlad's brother, Radu cel Frumos on the throne. From 1473, onward, Ştefan started to annoy the Sultan by getting involved in Wallachian policy; first when he announced to the Sultan that he would stop paying tribute, and secondly when he joined other European powers in their struggle agains The Porté. In 1474, Ştefan managed to replace Radu cel Frumos with the seemingly loyal Prince, Basarab Laiota. The Sultan then gave Ştefan an ultimatum to pay the 5-year-old delayed tribute, and, to cede Chilia and Akerman to the Ottoman Empire - or face invasion.

The region of Basarabia, with, its capital Chilia, was Moldavia's sole access to the Black Sea coast. The port of Chilia was essential for Moldavian commerce, hosting Armenian merchants who made trade a very profitable business. To the Ottomans, having Chilia would give them a better grip over Moldavia, and, also a valueble strategic point where naval attacks could be launched against the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania; they also pursued on making the Black Sea an Ottoman Sea. This objective would later be achieved, even if only briefly.

Preparations for the war

The Ottomans

Mehmed ordered his great general, Suleyman Pasha, to end his preperation for the siege of Venice, and assemble his troops in Sofia, and from there, advance with additional troops, towards Moldavia. The Ottoman army consisted of Janissaries and heavy infantry, which were supported by so-called sipahis cavalry; light cavalry, known as Akinci, which would scout ahead; Tatar cavalry, and other troops from vasall states. In September 1474, the Ottoman army gathered in Sofia and was joined by a Wallachian contingent under Basarab Laiota, who had changed sides in favour of the Ottomans. From there, Mehmed ordered Slueyman Pasha and Beylerbey of Rumelia, to advance towards Moldavia.

Venetian documents put the number of Ottoman troops as high as 120,000, but more realistically, the number should have been between 60-80,000. Out of this number, about forty thousand was standing army, while the rest was to be paid in boundary. The Ottomans, when launching attacks on Wallachia and Moldavia, usually attacked with an army of no more than 60,000.

The Moldavians

Ştefan was hoping to gain support from the West, and more specifically, from the Pope. The help that he received was very modest, in numbers. The Hungarian Kingdom sent 1,800 Hungarians and 2,000 Szekely - which were mostly infantry - and Poland sent 2,000 men.

The Moldavians possessed twenty cannons, light cavalry (Calarasi), elite cavalry - named Viteji, Curteni, and Boyars - ;and professional foot soldiers. The rest, mainly peasants, were recruited under 'Oastea Mare' (the Great Army), which all bodily free males over 14 was to join. They were lightly armed and most of them used the bow. The army reached up to 40,000, out of which 10-15,000 was standing army.

The battle

The invaded army entered Moldavia in December 1474. Ştefan had scorched the land to inflict fatigue on the Ottomans, while harassing their advancement with troops specialized in setting ambushes. Ottoman scouts reported to Suleyman of untouched villagers near Vaslui, and the Ottomans headed for that region. The winter was unfit for camping, which forced the Ottomans to move quickly and reach for the Moldavian capital, Vaslui (later moved to Suceava). In order to reach for the capital, they needed to cross Podul înalt (High Bridge) over the River Bârlad. The area was very suitable for denfensive combat. The bridge was not too broad and the valley was shaped as a half oval, surrounded by hills covered by forrest on all three sides. Inside the valley, the terrain was marshy, which restricted troop movement.

On January 10, the battle began. The climate was frigid with a dense fog limiting the vision. Ştefan fortifed the bridge while setting his cannons to aim for the structure. Peasants and archers were hid in the forrest, together with their Prince and his boyar cavalry. The Moldavians made the first move by sending musicians to the middle of the valley. At the sound of drums and buglers, Suleyman was lured to think that all Moldavian army awaited him there. In the centre of the valley, awaited, instead, the Moldavian profesional army, which was ordered to make a slow retreat when confronting the enemy. Suleyman ordered his troops to go forward, and, when they made enough advancement, Moldavian artillery started to fire, latter followed by archers firing from three different directions. Moldavian light cavalry then helped to lure Ottoman troops into the valley by making hit-and-run attacks.

The Ottoman soldiers that did manage to survive the attacks from the artilery and the archers, and did not get caught in the marshes, had to confront the Moldavian standing army, with the Szekely soldiers, which were placed uphill in the valley. The Ottoman cavalry reached the Moldavian stand and attacked their center, while remaining Ottoman infantry attacked the Moldavian flanks. Suleyman tried to reinforce his offensive, but then Ştefan ordered for a major attack, and all troops, with peasants and heavy cavalry, attacked from all sides.

Simultaneously, Moldavian buglers concealed behind Ottoman lines and started to make sound. In the greatest of confusion, some Ottoman units changed their direction to face the sound of the bugler. When the Moldavian army hit, Suleyman lost control of his army and hailed for retreat. The fleeing Ottoman army was pursued by Moldavian light cavalry for days until they reached Oblucita, in Dobrudja.

According to Venetian chronicles, the Ottomans lost 45,000 men, which included 4 pashas, 100 standards plus all their artillery. The Ottoman chronicler Sa's ed-Din wrote that the majority of the Turkish army was killed, while another contemporary admitted that 'never had a Turkish army suffered such a defeat'

Aftermath

The following year, the Sultan sent an even greater army which was victorious at the battle of Valea Alba, Războieni. However, failing to take besiege the castle at Piatra Neamt, and having his troops suffering from a plague, the Ottomans retreated. Ştefan assembled his army and invaded Wallachia, setting Brǎila and Bucharest on fire, and freeing the principality from Ottoman domination. After Ştefan's death, the Ottomans would eventually conquer Basarabia and incorporate it into their empire, leaving Moldavia a landlocked vasall of The Porté, until the rise of the Russian Empire in the 18th-century.

External links

• Detailed article describing the strategy and the units used in the battle
• Brief history of Moldavia covering the Vaslui battle
• Short essay about Stephen the Great with a description of the Vaslui battle
• Short article describing the battle

See also

• Vaslui
• Rumänien
• Türkei