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===In China===
===In China===
⚫
[[Image:kazakhs.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Forestry officers in Markakol reserve, Altay Mountains]]
{{see also|Kazakh exodus from Xinjiang}}
{{see also|Kazakh exodus from Xinjiang}}
Kazakhs, called Hāsàkè Zú in Chinese ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]][[wiktionary:萨|萨]][[wiktionary:克|克]][[wiktionary:族|族]]; literally "Kazakh people" or "Kazakh nationality") are among [[List of Chinese ethnic groups|56 minority groups]] officially recognized by the [[People's Republic of China]]. In China there is one Kazakh [[autonomous prefecture]], the [[Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture]] in the [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]], three Kazakh autonomous counties, [[Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County]] in [[Gansu]], [[Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County]] and [[Mori Kazakh Autonomous County]] in the [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]].
Kazakhs, called Hāsàkè Zú in Chinese ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]][[wiktionary:萨|萨]][[wiktionary:克|克]][[wiktionary:族|族]]; literally "Kazakh people" or "Kazakh nationality") are among [[List of Chinese ethnic groups|56 minority groups]] officially recognized by the [[People's Republic of China]]. In China there is one Kazakh [[autonomous prefecture]], the [[Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture]] in the [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]], three Kazakh autonomous counties, [[Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County]] in [[Gansu]], [[Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County]] and [[Mori Kazakh Autonomous County]] in the [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]].
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Since the early 21st century, Mamuer Rayeskan, a young Kazakh musician from [[Qitai]], Xinjiang now living in [[Beijing]], has achieved some renown for his reworking of Kazakh folk songs with his group IZ, with which he sings and plays acoustic guitar, dombra, and [[Jew's harp]].
Since the early 21st century, Mamuer Rayeskan, a young Kazakh musician from [[Qitai]], Xinjiang now living in [[Beijing]], has achieved some renown for his reworking of Kazakh folk songs with his group IZ, with which he sings and plays acoustic guitar, dombra, and [[Jew's harp]].

⚫
[[Image:kazakhs.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Forestry officers in Markakol reserve, Altay Mountains]]


===Other countries===
===Other countries===

Revision as of 13:07, 22 March 2009

Kazakhs
Қазақтар
A. Qunanbayuli • Ablai Khan • Mashhur Zhusup
Akhmet Baitursynov • T. Aubakirov • Roza Rymbaeva • Nursultan Nazarbayev
Total population
approx. 16,000,000
Regions with significant populations
 Kasachstan9,550,000
 Usbekistan2,500,000[1]
 China2,200,000[2]
 Russland1,310,000[3]
 Mongolei100,000
 Turkmenistan120,000
 Afghanistan45,000
 Kirgisistan45,000
 Türkei30,000
 Deutschland17,000
 Tadschikistan15,000
 Iran15,000
 Ukraine15,000
 Frankreich15,000
 Vereinigte Staaten10,000
 Weißrussland5,000
 Kanada5,000
 Aserbaidschan3,000
 Georgien3,000
 Moldawien3,000
 Pakistan3,000
 Vereinigtes Königreich2,000
 Litauen2,000
 Armenien1,000
 Estland1,000
 Schweden1,000
Languages
Kazakh, Russian
(and/or languages in country of residence)
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
other Turkic peoples

The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар IPA: [qɑzɑqtɑr]; Russian: Казахи; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kasachstan, but also found in parts of Usbekistan, China, Russland, and Mongolei).

Etymology of Qazaq

There are many theories on the origin of the word "Qazaq". "Qazaq" was included in a 13th century Turkic-Arabic dictionary, where its meaning was given as "independent" or "free".[citation needed]. Both Kazaks and later Cossacks adopted Turkic social term "qazaq" as their name. The Kazakhs began using this name during either the 15th or 16th century.[1]

In the 19th century, one etymological theory presented was that the name came from the Kazakh legend of the white goose (Qaz means goose, Aq means white).[2] In this creation myth, a white goose flying over the great steppes was impregnated by the rays of the Sun, giving birth to the first Kazak.[3] This version was rejected by linguists, because in Turkic languages, an adjective is put before a noun, therefore, "white goose" would be Aqqaz, not Qazaq. [citation needed]

Another of the theories on the origin of the word "Kazakh" (originally "Qazaq") is that it comes from the ancient Turkic word "qazğaq", first mentioned on the 8th century Turkic monument of Uyuk-Turan. According to the notable Turkic linguist Vasily Radlov and the orientalist Veniamin Yudin, the noun "qazğaq" derives from the same root as the verb "qazğan" ("to obtain", "to gain"). Therefore, "qazğaq" defines a type of person that seeks profit and gain.[4]

Culture

Kazakh stamps featuring a traditional bride's dress, groom's clothing and the interior of a kiyiz uy, a traditional Kazakh yurt.
Main article: Culture of Kazakhstan

Kazakhs are descendants of Turkic tribes (Kipchaks or Cumans, Nogais),[5] Mongol groups (Kereis, Naimans, etc.) and Indo-Iranian tribes (Wusun, Sarmatians, Scythians, etc.) which populated the territory between Siberia and the Black Sea and remained in Central Asia when the Turkic and Mongolic groups started to invade and conquer the area between the fifth and thirteenth centuries AD [4].

Due to their complex history, Kazakhs display phenotypical diversity, though they tend to exhibit predominantly Mongoloid features. Fair to light-brown skin tends to be the norm. Among physical traits are aquiline noses, epicanthic fold and high cheekbones. Hair colour among Kazakhs varies from prevalent jet black to red and sandy brown. Hazel, green and blue eyes are not uncommon.

Many are also skilled in the performance of Kazakh traditional songs. One of the most commonly used traditional musical instruments of the Kazakhs is the dombra, a plucked lute with two strings. It is often used to accompany solo or group singing. Another popular instrument is kobyz, a bow instrument played on the knees. Along with other instruments, these two instruments play a key role in the traditional Kazakh orchestra. A famous composer is Kurmangazy, who lived in the 19th century. A famous singer of the Soviet epoch is Roza Rymbaeva, she was a star of the trans-Soviet-Union scale. A famous Kazakh rock band is Urker, performing in the genre of ethno-rock, which synthesises rock music with the traditional Kazakh music.

Sprache

Main articles: Kazakh language and Kazakh alphabet

The Kazakh language is a member of the Turkic language family, as are Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Uyghur, Turkish, Azeri, Turkmen, and many other living and historical languages spoken in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Xinjiang, and Siberia.

Kazakh belongs to the Kipchak (Northwestern) group of the Turkic language family. Kazakh is characterized, in distinction to other Turkic languages, by the presence of /s/ in place of reconstructed proto-Turkic */ʃ/ and /ʃ/ in place of */tʃ/; furthermore, Kazakh has /dʒ/ (alveodental affricate) where other Turkic languages have /j/ (glide).

Kazakh, like most of the Turkic language family lacks phonemic vowel length, and as such there is no distinction between long and short vowels.

Kazakh was written with the Arabic script during the 19th century, when a number of poets, educated in Islamic schools, incited revolt against Russia. Russia's response was to set up secular schools and devise a way of writing Kazakh with the Cyrillic alphabet, which was not widely accepted. By 1917, the Arabic script was reintroduced, even in schools and local government.

In 1927, a Kazakh nationalist movement sprang up but was soon suppressed. At the same time the Arabic script was banned and the Latin alphabet was imposed for writing Kazakh. The Latin alphabet was in turn replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1940.

Kazakh is one of the principal languages spoken in Kazakhstan, along with Russian. It is also spoken in the Ili region of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China, where the Arabic script is used, and in parts of Mongolia.

Kazakh tribalism

Approximate areas occupied by the three Kazakh jüz in the early 20th century.
  Junior juz
  Middle juz
  Great juz

Due to their nomadic pastoral lifestyle, Kazakhs kept an epic tradition of oral history. They had to develop phenomenal memories in order to keep an account of their history. The nation, which amalgamated nomadic tribes of various Kazakh origins, managed to preserve the distant memory of the original founding clans. It was important for a Kazakh to know his or her genealogical tree for no less than seven generations back (known as şejire, from the Arabic word shajara - "tree").

The Kazakh marriage system was exogamous, with marriage between individuals with a common ancestor within seven generations considered taboo. In intertribal marriage, paternal descent is decisive.

In modern Kazakhstan, tribalism is fading away in business and government life. Still it is common for Kazakhs to ask which tribe they belong to when they meet each other. Nowadays, it is more of a tradition than necessity. There is no hostility between tribes. Kazakhs, regardless of their tribal origin, consider themselves one nation.

The majority of Kazakhs belongs to one of the three juzes (juz, roughly translatable as "horde"): the "Great juz" (Ulı juz), "Middle juz" (Orta juz), and "Junior juz" (Kişi juz). Every juz consists of tribes (taypa) and clans (ruw). Also Kazakhs, but outside of the juz system are: tore (direct descendants of Genghis Khan), qoja/Khoja (descendants of Arabian missionaries and colonists), tolengit (descendants of Oirat captives), "sunak" (like "qoja" Khoja - descendants of Arabian missionaries and colonists) and "kolegen" (descendants of Ancient Sairam inhabitants).

Religion

File:Minaret of Central Almaty Mosque.jpg
Minarets of Central Almaty Mosque

Islam was brought to the Kazakhs during the 8th century when the Arabs arrived into Central Asia. Islam initially took hold in the southern portions of Turkestan and thereafter gradually spread northward.[6] Islam also took root due to the zealous missionary work of Samanid rulers, notably in areas surrounding Taraz[7] where a significant number of Kazakhs accepted Islam. Additionally, in the late 1300s, the Golden Horde propagated Islam amongst the Kazakhs and other Central Asian tribes. During the 1700s, Russian influence toward the region rapidly increased throughout Central Asia. Led by Catherine, the Russians initially demonstrated a willingness in allowing Islam to flourish as Muslim clerics were invited into the region to preach to the Kazakhs whom the Russians viewed as "savages" and "ignorant" of morals and ethics.[8][9] However, Russian policy gradually changed toward weakening Islam by introducing pre-Islamic elements of collective consciousness.[10] Such attempts included methods of eulogizing pre-Islamic historical figures and imposing a sense of inferiority by sending Kazakhs to highly elite Russian military institutions.[10] In response, Kazakh religious leaders attempted to bring religious fervor by espousing pan-Turkism, though many were persecuted as a result.[11] During the Soviet era, Muslim institutions survived only in areas where Kazakhs significantly outnumbered non-Muslims due to everyday Muslim practices.[12] In an attempt to conform Kazakhs into Communist ideologies, gender relations and other aspects of the Kazakh culture were key targets of social change.[9]

In more recent times however, Kazakhs have gradually employed determined effort in revitalizing Islamic religious institutions after the fall of the Soviet Union. While not strongly fundamentalist, Kazakhs continue to identify with their Islamic faith,[13] and even more devotedly in the countryside. Those who claim descent from the original Muslim soldiers and missionaries of the 8th century, command substantial respect in their communities.[14] Kazakh political figures have also stressed the need to sponsor Islamic awareness. For example, the Kazakh Foreign Affairs Minister, Marat Tazhin, recently emphasized that Kazakhstan attaches importance to the use of "positive potential Islam, learning of its history, culture and heritage."[15]

Kazakh population in Kazakhstan

1897 % 1911 % 1926 % 1939 % 1959 % 1970 % 1979 % 1989 % 1999 % 2006 %
73.9 60.8 59.5 38.0 30.0 32.6 36.0 39.7 53.4 59.2

Kazakh minorities

In Russia

Talgat Musabayev (kazakhi cosmonaut), hero of Russia

In Russia, the Kazakh population lives in the regions bordering Kazakhstan. The 2002 Russian census recorded 655,000 (1 310 000 Ministy of Culture and Information of The Rebublic of Kazakhstan datas)Kazakhs living in the Astrakhan, Volgograd, Samara, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk and Altai Krai regions. Since they, their ancestors, and other Turkic peoples populated these areas long before Russian colonisation, Russian Kazakhs are irredenta. During the 1920s, however, significant numbers of Kazakh families were left outside the designated Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic; after the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, they acquired Russian citizenship.

In China

See also: Kazakh exodus from Xinjiang

Kazakhs, called Hāsàkè Zú in Chinese (哈萨克族; literally "Kazakh people" or "Kazakh nationality") are among 56 minority groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. In China there is one Kazakh autonomous prefecture, the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, three Kazakh autonomous counties, Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County in Gansu, Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County and Mori Kazakh Autonomous County in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.

Many Kazakhs in China are not fluent in Standard Mandarin, instead speaking the Kazakh language.

Since the early 21st century, Mamuer Rayeskan, a young Kazakh musician from Qitai, Xinjiang now living in Beijing, has achieved some renown for his reworking of Kazakh folk songs with his group IZ, with which he sings and plays acoustic guitar, dombra, and Jew's harp.

Forestry officers in Markakol reserve, Altay Mountains

Other countries

  • Mongolia: Majority of Kazakhs live in Bayan-Ölgiy Province. The Kazakh folk music is well known and loved in Mongolia. Most of Mongolian Kazakhs belong to "Middle juz" (Orta juz), the largest among three juzes.
  • Uzbekistan: Significant Kazakh population lives in Karakalpakstan and Tashkent oblast. Since the fall of Soviet Union, vast majority of Kazakh people are returning to Kazakhstan, mainly to Manghistau Oblast'. Most Kazakhs in Karakalpakstan are descendants of one of the branches of "Junior juz" (Kişi juz)-Adai tribe.
  • Iran: Iranian Kazakhs live mainly in the Golestan province in northern Iran. [16] According to ethnologue.org, in 1982 there were 3000 Kazakhs living in the city of Gorgan.[17][18] Since fall of Soviet Union number of Kazakhs in Iran decreased due to emigration to their historical Motherland."[19]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Barthol'd, Vasiliĭ Vladimirovich. Four Studies on the History of Central Asia, vol. 3, trans. V. and T. Minorsky. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1962, p. 129
  2. ^ Grodekov, Nikolaĭ Ivanovich. Kirgizy i Karakirgizy Syr'-darinskoi oblasti, vol. 1, Iuridicheskii byt' Tashkent, 1889, p. 1
  3. ^ Humphreys, An. Central Asia (Lonely Planet Guide) Sydney:Lonely Planet Publications, 2004, ISBN 978-0864426734
  4. ^ Yudin, Veniamin P. Tsentralnaya Aziya v 14-18 vekah glazami vostokoveda. Almaty: Dajk-Press, 2001, ISBN 9965-441-39-1
  5. ^ Z. V. Togan: The Origins of the Kazaks and the Ozbeks, Central Asian Survey Vol. 11, No. 3. 1992
  6. ^ Atabaki, Touraj. Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora, pg. 24
  7. ^ Ibn Athir, volume 8, pg. 396
  8. ^ Khodarkovsky, Michael. Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500-1800, pg. 39.
  9. ^ a b Ember, Carol R. and Melvin Ember. Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures, pg. 572
  10. ^ a b Hunter, Shireen. "Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security", pg. 14
  11. ^ Farah, Caesar E. Islam: Beliefs and Observances, pg. 304
  12. ^ Farah, Caesar E. Islam: Beliefs and Observances, pg. 340
  13. ^ Page, Kogan. Asia and Pacific Review 2003/04, pg. 99
  14. ^ Atabaki, Touraj. Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora.
  15. ^ inform.kz | 154837
  16. ^ گلستان
  17. ^ Ethnologue report for Iran
  18. ^ http://www.golestanstate.ir/layers.aspx?quiz=page&PageID=23
  19. ^ قزاق
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