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Coordinates: 40°10′23″N 44°30′10″E / 40.173056°N 44.502778°E / 40.173056; 44.502778
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|location = Left bank of [[Hrazdan River]] <small>([[Yerevan Ararat Wine Factory]] place)</small> <br /> [[Yerevan]], {{flag|Armenia}}
|location = Left bank of [[Hrazdan River]] <small>([[Yerevan Ararat Wine Factory]] place)</small> <br /> [[Yerevan]], {{flag|Armenia}}
|image = [[File:Erivan1796.jpg|300px]]
|image = [[File:Erivan1796.jpg|300px]]
|caption = ''View of Erivan in 1796 by G. Sergeevich.''
|caption = ''View of Erivan in 1796 by G. Sergeevich with Yerevan Fortress in the background.''
|map_type =
|map_type =
|latitude =
|latitude =
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|coordinates = {{Coord|40.173056|44.502778|type:city_region:AM|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates = {{Coord|40.173056|44.502778|type:city_region:AM|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|code =
|code =
|built = {{Start date|1582-1583}}<ref name="arlis.am">{{hy icon}} [http://www.arlis.am/DocumentView.aspx?docid=31421 ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՊԱՏՄՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԵՎ ՄՇԱԿՈՒՅԹԻ ԱՆՇԱՐԺ ՀՈՒՇԱՐՁԱՆՆԵՐԻ ՊԵՏԱԿԱՆ ՑՈՒՑԱԿ ''(State List of the Inmovable Historical and Cultural Monuments of the City of Yerevan)'']</ref>
|built = {{Start date|1582-1583}}<ref name="arlis.am">{{hy icon}} [http://www.arlis.am/DocumentView.aspx?docid=31421 ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՊԱՏՄՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԵՎ ՄՇԱԿՈՒՅԹԻ ԱՆՇԱՐԺ ՀՈՒՇԱՐՁԱՆՆԵՐԻ ՊԵՏԱԿԱՆ ՑՈՒՑԱԿ ''(State List of the Immovable Historical and Cultural Monuments of the City of Yerevan)'']</ref>
|builder =
|builder =
|materials =
|materials =
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== History ==
== History ==
[[File:Yerevan Fotress after earthquake 1860.png|200px|thumb|left|The Yerevan Fortress after earthquake in 1853.]]
[[File:Yerevan Fotress after earthquake 1860.png|200px|thumb|left|The Yerevan Fortress after earthquake in 1853.]]
The fortress was built during the time of [[History_of_Yerevan#Persian_and_Ottoman_rule|Persian rule]] in 1582-1583 by Ferhat Pasha (the Ottoman army commander)<ref>V. Arutyunyan, “Yerevan”, Moscow, 1968, p. 18</ref><ref name="noy1877.am">[http://www.noy1877.am/main.php?id=12 History / The Erivan Fortress]</ref><ref name="arlis.am"/>
The fortress was built during the time of [[Yerevan#Arab.2C_Persian_and_Ottoman_rule|Turkish rule]] in 1582-1583 by Ferhat Pasha (an Ottoman army commander)<ref>V. Arutyunyan, “Yerevan”, Moscow, 1968, p. 18</ref><ref name="noy1877.am">[http://www.noy1877.am/main.php?id=12 History / The Erivan Fortress]</ref><ref name="arlis.am"/>
The fortress was destroyed by an [[1679 Armenia earthquake|earthquake in 1679]]. After the earthquake Zal-khan asked the shah for help. In July 12, 1679 the vice-regent of Atropatene, Mirza Ibrahim, visited Yerevan. He was directed to recover the Yerevan Fortress, the seat of the Erivan’s khan. Many villagers from Gandzak (Ganja), Agulis and Dasht (Nakhichevan) were moved to Yerevan to rebuilt the fortress. The forced labor continued until winter comes. After, by the Shah’s order everyone returns to their houses.
The fortress was destroyed by an [[1679 Armenia earthquake|earthquake in 1679]]. After the earthquake Zal-khan asked the shah for help to rebuilt Yerevan, including the fortress and the Palace of the Sardars. In July 12, 1679 the vice-regent of Atropatene, Mirza Ibrahim, visited Yerevan. He was directed to recover the Yerevan Fortress, the seat of the Erivan’s khan. Many villagers from Gandzak (Ganja), Agulis and Dasht (Nakhichevan) were moved to Yerevan to rebuilt the fortress. The forced labor continued until winter. Later, the Shah allowed everyone returns to their houses.
The reconstruction of the Yerevan Fortress was not finished. The reconstruction of the Yerevan Fortress was continued and finished in following years.
The reconstruction of the Yerevan Fortress was not finished. It was continued and finished in following years.
In 1853 the fortress was ruined by an earthquake again. In 1864 it was totally demolished, and in 1865, it was purchased by merchant of the first guild Nerses Tairyants.<ref name="noy1877.am"/>
In 1853 the fortress was ruined by an earthquake again. In 1864 it was totally demolished, and in 1865, it was purchased by merchant of the first guild Nerses Tairyants.<ref name="noy1877.am"/>


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The palace was in the north-western part of the fortress. The palace hanged on the Hrazdan gorge. It was a square wide building with many sections. The harem was one of the biggest sections, it had length of 200 feet and 125 feet width. It was divided into many rooms and corridors.
The palace was in the north-western part of the fortress. The palace hanged on the Hrazdan gorge. It was a square wide building with many sections. The harem was one of the biggest sections, it had length of 200 feet and 125 feet width. It was divided into many rooms and corridors.
This palace was built in 1798 during the reign of Huseyn-Ali khan’s son Mahmud khan. <ref>Hovhannes Shahkhatunyants, Ստորագրութիւն Կաթուղիկէ Էջմիածնի և հինգ գաւառացն Արարատայ, volume 2, page 52</ref>
This palace was built in 1798 during the reign of Huseyn-Ali khan’s son Mahmud khan. <ref>Hovhannes Shahkhatunyants, Ստորագրութիւն Կաթուղիկէ Էջմիածնի և հինգ գաւառացն Արարատայ, volume 2, page 52</ref>
All palaces built before, were destroyed. Every time khans either rebuilt, or built a new one. This one was built in 1798. The place was a Persian architecture style building. It is known that the most interesting part of the palace was Shushaband-ayva (The Hall of Mirrors), the glassed covered rest room. Its cornice was covered by colorful glasses. The celling was decorated by the pictures of sparkling flowers. And in the walls of the hall were eight images drawn on the canvas: [[Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar|Fat′h-Ali Shah]], Huseyn-Ghuli khan, etc. <ref>T. Kh. Hakobyan, The History of Yerevan ''(Երևանի պատմությունը (1801 — 1879 թթ.))'', pp. 240-242</ref>
All palaces built before, were destroyed. Every time khans either rebuilt, or built a new one. This one was built in 1798. The place was a Persian architecture style building. It is known that the most interesting part of the palace was Shushaband-ayva (The Hall of Mirrors), the glassed covered rest room. Its cornice was covered by colorful glasses. The celling was decorated by the pictures of sparkling flowers. And in the walls of the hall were eight images drawn on the canvas: [[Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar|Fat′h-Ali Shah]], Huseyn-Ghuli khan, Hasan khan, [[Abbas Mirza]], Persian legendary hero [[Faramarz nama|Faramarz]], etc.<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://www.anl.az/down/medeniyyet2007/aprel/medeniyyet2007_aprel_495.htm Прикосновение к истории] </ref><ref>{{hy icon}} T. Kh. Hakobyan, The History of Yerevan ''(Երևանի պատմությունը (1801 — 1879 թթ.))'', pp. 240-242</ref>


After the capture of Yerevan by the Russians, in one of the halls of the palace, [[Aleksandr Griboyedov]]'s famous comedy called ''[[Woe from Wit]]'' was performed by the military garrison with stand by of the author. A marble memorial plaque which commemorates the performance is in the [[Yerevan Ararat Wine Factory]], which currently occupies the location where the fortress once existed.<ref>{{cite book
After the capture of Yerevan by the Russians, in one of the halls of the palace, [[Aleksandr Griboyedov]]'s famous comedy called ''[[Woe from Wit]]'' was performed by the military garrison with stand by of the author. A marble memorial plaque which commemorates the performance is in the [[Yerevan Ararat Wine Factory]], which currently occupies the location where the fortress once existed.<ref>{{cite book
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|language= Armenian
|language= Armenian
|isbn=
|isbn=
|pages= 283–284
|pages= 283-284
}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>
<gallery>
File:Yerevan Sardar Palace.png|The interior of the Saradar Palace.
File:Interior of the Kiosque of the Sirdars..png|Interior of the Kiosque of the Sirdars.
File:Wall decoration of Erivan Sardar Palace.png|A detail of wall decoration of the Sardar Palace, 1828, by a Russian artist V. Moshkov
</gallery >



====Harem and the bath====
====Harem and the bath====
The bath of the khan’s harem was magnificent. The inner walls were covered by marble, with colorful patterns. Near the bath was built a swimming pool (with size of 15 sazhen (32 meters) in length, 4 sazhen (9 meters) in width and 3 arshin (2,1 meters) in depth) for swimming in summer.<ref>
The bath of the khan’s harem was magnificent. The inner walls were covered by marble, with colorful patterns. Near the bath was built a swimming pool (with size of 15 sazhen (32 meters) in length, 4 sazhen (9 meters) in width and 3 arshin (2,1 meters) in depth) for swimming during summers.<ref>
I. Chopin, Historical monuments of the Armenian Oblast ''(Исторический памятник Армянской области)'', p. 867</ref>
I. Chopin, Historical monuments of the Armenian Oblast ''(Исторический памятник Армянской области)'', p. 867</ref>


====The Mosques====
====The Mosques====
There were two mosques inside the Yerevan Fortress. One of them was Turkish, second one was Persian, called Abbas Mirza Jami. The ruins of both Turkish and Abbas Mirza mosques remained until the beginning of the works of reconstruction of Yerevan in 1930s.
There were two mosques inside the Yerevan Fortress. One of them was Turkish (Rajab-Pasha Mosque), second one was Persian ([[Abbas Mirza Mosque, Yerevan|Abbas Mirza Mosque]]). The ruins of Rajab-Pasha Mosque remained until the beginning of the works of reconstruction of Yerevan in 1930s. The only wall of Abbas Mirza Mosque is still standing.


;Rajab-Pasha Mosque
;Rajab-Pasha Mosque
This mosque was built in 1725 during the reign of Rajab-Pasha. It was Turkish mosque and had a 4-columned arched big building with beautiful exterior. During the Persian rule it was used as an arsenal, because it was a Sunni mosque, while Persians are Shia Muslims. In 1827, this mosque was converted to a Russian Orthodox church, named after the Holy Virgin.<ref name="hakobyan">{{hy icon}} Tadevos Hakobyan; [http://armenianhouse.org/hakobyan-t/yerevan/index.html ԵՐԵՎԱՆԻ ՊԱՏՄՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ (1500–1800 ԹԹ.) ''(History of Yerevan (1500-1800)''], 1979, [[Yerevan State University|Publishing of YSU]], p. 370</ref>
This mosque was built in 1725 during the reign of Turkish Rajab-Pasha khan. It was a 4-columned arched big building with beautiful exterior. During the Persian rule it was used as an arsenal, because it was a Sunni mosque, while Persians are Shia Muslims. In 1827, this mosque was converted to a Russian Orthodox church, named after the Holy Virgin.<ref name="hakobyan">{{hy icon}} Tadevos Hakobyan; [http://armenianhouse.org/hakobyan-t/yerevan/index.html ԵՐԵՎԱՆԻ ՊԱՏՄՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ (1500–1800 ԹԹ.) ''(History of Yerevan (1500-1800)''], 1979, [[Yerevan State University|Publishing of YSU]], p. 370</ref>


[[File:Abas Mirza Mosque Yerevan.jpg|200px|thumb|Abas Mirza Mosque ruins near the Glendale Hills headquarters.]]
[[File:Abas Mirza Mosque Yerevan.jpg|200px|thumb|Abas Mirza Mosque ruins near the Glendale Hills headquarters.]]
;Abbas Mirza Mosque (Sardar's Mosque)
;Abbas Mirza Mosque (Sardar's Mosque)
{{main|Abbas Mirza Mosque, Yerevan}}
{{main|Abbas Mirza Mosque, Yerevan}}
This mosque was a Persian and was built in the beginning of the 19th century, during the reign of the last khan of Erivan Khanate Huseyn-khan. It was a Shia mosque and was called “Abbas Mirza Jami” after the son of Huseyn-khan. The façade of mosque was covered by green and blue glasses, which is usually founded in Persian n Arabic architectures. After the capture of Yerevan by the Russians, the mosque was used as an arsenal.<ref>Chopin, Historical monuments of the Armenian oblast ''(Исторический памятник Армянской области)'', p. 867</ref><ref>Gevont Alishan, Ayrarat ''(Այրարատ)'', p. 311</ref><ref>Harry F.B. Lynch, Armenia, travels and studies, Volume 1, Longman, green and co., 1901, Harvard University, p. 283</ref><ref>Yervand Shahaziz, The Old Yerevan ''(Հին Երևանը)'', pp. 34-35, 182, էջ 34—35, 182</ref><ref>Adam Adamyants,  Topography of Yerevan ''(Տեղագրութիւն Երեւանի)'', Yerevan, 1889, pp. 38-39</ref>
This mosque was Persian and was built in the beginning of the 19th century, during the reign of the last khan of Erivan Khanate Huseyn-khan. It was Shia mosque and was called “Abbas Mirza Jami” after the son of Huseyn-khan. The façade of mosque was covered by green and blue glasses, which is usually founded in Persian n Arabic architectures. After the capture of Yerevan by the Russians, the mosque was used as an arsenal.<ref>Chopin, Historical monuments of the Armenian oblast ''(Исторический памятник Армянской области)'', p. 867</ref><ref>Gevont Alishan, Ayrarat ''(Այրարատ)'', p. 311</ref><ref>Harry F.B. Lynch, Armenia, travels and studies, Volume 1, Longman, green and co., 1901, Harvard University, p. 283</ref><ref>Yervand Shahaziz, The Old Yerevan ''(Հին Երևանը)'', pp. 34-35, 182, էջ 34—35, 182</ref><ref>Adam Adamyants, Topography of Yerevan ''(Տեղագրութիւն Երեւանի)'', Yerevan, 1889, pp. 38-39</ref>
The mosque was turned into barracks after it was conquered by Russian troops. Only the frame of the building has been preserved.<ref>http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/report/PeriodicalReports/ArmeniaPR2_en.pdf European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) report for Armenia</ref><ref>[http://www.gov.am/u_files/file/kron/8b%20%20Report%20Final.pdf All historical and architectural, cultural and religious buildings in the territory of the Republic of Armenia] in the official Website of the Government of the Republic of Armenia</ref>
During Soviet times the mosque, along with other religious structures - Armenian churches, temples and monasteries was derelict and currently only the frame of the mosque has been preserved. <ref>[http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/report/PeriodicalReports/ArmeniaPR2_en.pdf European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) report for Armenia]</ref><ref>[http://www.gov.am/u_files/file/kron/8b%20%20Report%20Final.pdf All historical and architectural, cultural and religious buildings in the territory of the Republic of Armenia] in the official Website of the Government of the Republic of Armenia</ref>.


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 106: Line 112:
*{{hy icon}} Tadevos Hakobyan; [http://armenianhouse.org/hakobyan-t/yerevan/index.html ԵՐԵՎԱՆԻ ՊԱՏՄՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ (1500–1800 ԹԹ.) ''(The History of Yerevan (1500-1800)''], 1979, [[Yerevan State University|Publishing of YSU]]
*{{hy icon}} Tadevos Hakobyan; [http://armenianhouse.org/hakobyan-t/yerevan/index.html ԵՐԵՎԱՆԻ ՊԱՏՄՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ (1500–1800 ԹԹ.) ''(The History of Yerevan (1500-1800)''], 1979, [[Yerevan State University|Publishing of YSU]]


{{commons cat|Yerevan Fortress}}
{{Armenian Fortresses}}


[[Category:History of Armenia]]
[[Category:History of Armenia]]

Revision as of 23:11, 1 May 2010

Yerevan Fortress
Left bank of Hrazdan River (Yerevan Ararat Wine Factory place)
Yerevan,  Armenien
View of Erivan in 1796 by G. Sergeevich with Yerevan Fortress in the background.
Coordinates40°10′23″N 44°30′10″E / 40.173056°N 44.502778°E / 40.173056; 44.502778
TypFortress
Site information
ConditionRuined
Site history
Built1582-1583 (1582-1583)[1]
In useErivan’s Sardars seat
Demolished1864
Battles/warsOttoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)
Ottoman–Persian War (1722–1727)
Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1736)
Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)

Yerevan Fortress (Armenian: Երևանի բերդ, Russian: Эриванская крепость, Persian: قلعه ایروان, qlʿh ạy̰rwạn), was a medieval fortress located in the city of Erivan.

History

The Yerevan Fortress after earthquake in 1853.

The fortress was built during the time of Turkish rule in 1582-1583 by Ferhat Pasha (an Ottoman army commander)[2][3][1] The fortress was destroyed by an earthquake in 1679. After the earthquake Zal-khan asked the shah for help to rebuilt Yerevan, including the fortress and the Palace of the Sardars. In July 12, 1679 the vice-regent of Atropatene, Mirza Ibrahim, visited Yerevan. He was directed to recover the Yerevan Fortress, the seat of the Erivan’s khan. Many villagers from Gandzak (Ganja), Agulis and Dasht (Nakhichevan) were moved to Yerevan to rebuilt the fortress. The forced labor continued until winter. Later, the Shah allowed everyone returns to their houses. The reconstruction of the Yerevan Fortress was not finished. It was continued and finished in following years. In 1853 the fortress was ruined by an earthquake again. In 1864 it was totally demolished, and in 1865, it was purchased by merchant of the first guild Nerses Tairyants.[3]

Description

The main plan of the Yerevan Fortress in 1827.
File:Yerevan Fortress map 1827.png
Map of the Yerevan Fortress in 1827.

The Yerevan Fortress was considered as a separate small town. The fortress was separated from the city with large and unwrought space. The fortress was egg-shaped. The perimeter of the fortress was about 4,000 feet. On three sides it was fenced, and on the fourth (western) side was Zangu River gorge. In north-western part of the fortress had depth of 300 sazhen (640 meters). That side being inaccessible was not walled. The earth mound was considered as a wall. The Yerevan Fortress had three gateways on its double line battlements: Tabriz, Shirvan and Korpu. The walls had towers as old eastern castles. Each wall had an iron gate. And each one had its each guard. The garrison had about 2,000 soldiers. There were 800 houses inside the fortress. The permanent residents of the fortress were only local Muslim Persians. Armenians had only markets. During the day they work and at night they locked the markets and went to their houses.

Khachatur Abovian described the fortress in his novel "Wounds of Armenia" as a "cannibal devil", annihilating Armenians.[4]



Interior

Tha Sardar’s Palace

File:Erivan khan.jpg
The Hall of Mirrors (Shushaband-ayva) in the Palace of the Sardar of Yerevan.

The palace was in the north-western part of the fortress. The palace hanged on the Hrazdan gorge. It was a square wide building with many sections. The harem was one of the biggest sections, it had length of 200 feet and 125 feet width. It was divided into many rooms and corridors. This palace was built in 1798 during the reign of Huseyn-Ali khan’s son Mahmud khan. [5] All palaces built before, were destroyed. Every time khans either rebuilt, or built a new one. This one was built in 1798. The place was a Persian architecture style building. It is known that the most interesting part of the palace was Shushaband-ayva (The Hall of Mirrors), the glassed covered rest room. Its cornice was covered by colorful glasses. The celling was decorated by the pictures of sparkling flowers. And in the walls of the hall were eight images drawn on the canvas: Fat′h-Ali Shah, Huseyn-Ghuli khan, Hasan khan, Abbas Mirza, Persian legendary hero Faramarz, etc.[6][7]

After the capture of Yerevan by the Russians, in one of the halls of the palace, Aleksandr Griboyedov's famous comedy called Woe from Wit was performed by the military garrison with stand by of the author. A marble memorial plaque which commemorates the performance is in the Yerevan Ararat Wine Factory, which currently occupies the location where the fortress once existed.[8]


Harem and the bath

The bath of the khan’s harem was magnificent. The inner walls were covered by marble, with colorful patterns. Near the bath was built a swimming pool (with size of 15 sazhen (32 meters) in length, 4 sazhen (9 meters) in width and 3 arshin (2,1 meters) in depth) for swimming during summers.[9]

The Mosques

There were two mosques inside the Yerevan Fortress. One of them was Turkish (Rajab-Pasha Mosque), second one was Persian (Abbas Mirza Mosque). The ruins of Rajab-Pasha Mosque remained until the beginning of the works of reconstruction of Yerevan in 1930s. The only wall of Abbas Mirza Mosque is still standing.

Rajab-Pasha Mosque

This mosque was built in 1725 during the reign of Turkish Rajab-Pasha khan. It was a 4-columned arched big building with beautiful exterior. During the Persian rule it was used as an arsenal, because it was a Sunni mosque, while Persians are Shia Muslims. In 1827, this mosque was converted to a Russian Orthodox church, named after the Holy Virgin.[10]

File:Abas Mirza Mosque Yerevan.jpg
Abas Mirza Mosque ruins near the Glendale Hills headquarters.
Abbas Mirza Mosque (Sardar's Mosque)

This mosque was Persian and was built in the beginning of the 19th century, during the reign of the last khan of Erivan Khanate Huseyn-khan. It was Shia mosque and was called “Abbas Mirza Jami” after the son of Huseyn-khan. The façade of mosque was covered by green and blue glasses, which is usually founded in Persian n Arabic architectures. After the capture of Yerevan by the Russians, the mosque was used as an arsenal.[11][12][13][14][15] During Soviet times the mosque, along with other religious structures - Armenian churches, temples and monasteries was derelict and currently only the frame of the mosque has been preserved. [16][17].

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Template:Hy icon ԵՐԵՎԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՊԱՏՄՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԵՎ ՄՇԱԿՈՒՅԹԻ ԱՆՇԱՐԺ ՀՈՒՇԱՐՁԱՆՆԵՐԻ ՊԵՏԱԿԱՆ ՑՈՒՑԱԿ (State List of the Immovable Historical and Cultural Monuments of the City of Yerevan)
  2. ^ V. Arutyunyan, “Yerevan”, Moscow, 1968, p. 18
  3. ^ a b History / The Erivan Fortress
  4. ^ Template:Hy icon Երևանը և Չերևանը in Armenian Times monitor
  5. ^ Hovhannes Shahkhatunyants, Ստորագրութիւն Կաթուղիկէ Էջմիածնի և հինգ գաւառացն Արարատայ, volume 2, page 52
  6. ^ Template:Ru icon Прикосновение к истории
  7. ^ Template:Hy icon T. Kh. Hakobyan, The History of Yerevan (Երևանի պատմությունը (1801 — 1879 թթ.)), pp. 240-242
  8. ^ Հայրենագիտական Էտյուդներ (in Armenian). Yerevan: «Սովետական գրող». 1979. pp. 283–284. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ I. Chopin, Historical monuments of the Armenian Oblast (Исторический памятник Армянской области), p. 867
  10. ^ Template:Hy icon Tadevos Hakobyan; ԵՐԵՎԱՆԻ ՊԱՏՄՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ (1500–1800 ԹԹ.) (History of Yerevan (1500-1800), 1979, Publishing of YSU, p. 370
  11. ^ Chopin, Historical monuments of the Armenian oblast (Исторический памятник Армянской области), p. 867
  12. ^ Gevont Alishan, Ayrarat (Այրարատ), p. 311
  13. ^ Harry F.B. Lynch, Armenia, travels and studies, Volume 1, Longman, green and co., 1901, Harvard University, p. 283
  14. ^ Yervand Shahaziz, The Old Yerevan (Հին Երևանը), pp. 34-35, 182, էջ 34—35, 182
  15. ^ Adam Adamyants, Topography of Yerevan (Տեղագրութիւն Երեւանի), Yerevan, 1889, pp. 38-39
  16. ^ European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) report for Armenia
  17. ^ All historical and architectural, cultural and religious buildings in the territory of the Republic of Armenia in the official Website of the Government of the Republic of Armenia