Panyjima language: Difference between revisions
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==Grammar== |
==Grammar== |
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===Accusative alignment=== |
===Accusative alignment=== |
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[[Image: |
[[Image:Accusative alignment.svg|thumb|right|Accusative alignment. A = [[subject (grammar)|subject]] of a transitive verb; S = [[subject (grammar)|subject]] of an intransitive verb; O = [[object (grammar)|object]] of a transitive verb.]] |
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Unlike most Australian languages, which exhibit [[ergativity]], Panyjima and the other [[Ngayarta languages]] have an [[nominative–accusative language|accusative]] alignment. That is, the [[subject (grammar)|subjects]] of [[transitive verb]]s are treated the same as the subjects of [[intransitive verb]]s, while the [[object (grammar)|objects]] are treated differently. |
Unlike most Australian languages, which exhibit [[ergativity]], Panyjima and the other [[Ngayarta languages]] have an [[nominative–accusative language|accusative]] alignment. That is, the [[subject (grammar)|subjects]] of [[transitive verb]]s are treated the same as the subjects of [[intransitive verb]]s, while the [[object (grammar)|objects]] are treated differently. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Dench |first=Alan |year=1991 |chapter=Panyjima |editor=R.M.W. Dixon and Barry J. Blake |title=The Handbook of Australian Languages, Volume 4 |pages=125–244 |location=Melbourne |publisher=Oxford University Press Australia |isbn=0-19-553097-7}} |
*{{cite book |last=Dench |first=Alan |year=1991 |chapter=Panyjima |editor=R.M.W. Dixon and Barry J. Blake |title=The Handbook of Australian Languages, Volume 4 |pages=125–244 |location=Melbourne |publisher=Oxford University Press Australia |isbn=0-19-553097-7}} |
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Revision as of 16:05, 6 May 2012
| Banyjima | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Australien |
| Region | Pilbara region of Western Australia. |
Native speakers | (50 cited 1991) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pnw |
| ELP | Panyjima |
Panyjima is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken in the Hamersley Range, in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. It is the traditional language of the Panyjima people. The name has also been spelled Bandjima, Banjima, Banyjima, Paanjima, Pandjima, Panjima, Panjtjima, and Panytyima.
Like most indigenous languages, Panyjima is endangered. Younger generations have English as a first language and make little distinction between Panyjima and its closely related neighbouring languages.
Classification
Panyjima is classified as a member of the Ngayarta or Ngayarda subgroup of the Southwest Pama–Nyungan languages. Under Carl Georg von Brandenstein's 1967 classification, Martuthunira was classed as an Inland Ngayarda language, but the separation of the Ngayarda languages into Coastal and Inland groups is no longer considered valid.
Phonology
Consonants
| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Velar | Palatal | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
| Stop | p | k | c | t̪ | t | ʈ |
| Nasal | m | ŋ | ɲ | n̪ | n | ɳ |
| Lateral | ʎ | l̪ | l | ɭ | ||
| Rhotic | r | ɻ | ||||
| Semivowel | w | j | ||||
Vowels
| Front | Zurück | |
|---|---|---|
| Hoch | i iː | u uː |
| Niedrig | a aː | |
The long vowels are rare.
Grammar
Accusative alignment
Unlike most Australian languages, which exhibit ergativity, Panyjima and the other Ngayarta languages have an accusative alignment. That is, the subjects of transitive verbs are treated the same as the subjects of intransitive verbs, while the objects are treated differently.
References
- Dench, Alan (1991). "Panyjima". In R.M.W. Dixon and Barry J. Blake (ed.). The Handbook of Australian Languages, Volume 4. Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia. pp. 125–244. ISBN 0-19-553097-7.