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| accessdate = 29 May 2012
| accessdate = 29 May 2012
| quote = Arab Centre for Research and Policy Studies
| quote = Arab Centre for Research and Policy Studies
}}</ref> Some "shabiha" operating in [[Aleppo]] have been reported to be [[Sunni]].<ref>{{Cite news | title = Uprising finally hits Syria's "Silk Road" city | url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46252600/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/#.TywK9iMVm_s | publisher=MSNBC |agency=Reuters | date=3 February 2012 | accessdate = 29 May 2012}}</ref> According to the [[Arab Organization for Human Rights]], those identified as Shabiha include not only local criminal gangs, but "members of the security forces in civilian clothes, informants or simply unemployed and impoverished youths.”<ref name=Bloomberg/> The Shabiha have been active in efforts to repress the [[2011 Syrian uprising]] and compared to ‘''[[Baltagiya]]''‘ thugs in [[Egypt]], the ‘''Balatija''‘ thugs in [[Yemen]] and the ‘''[[Basiji]]''‘ in Iran—gangs to which regimes "outsourced" repression during the mass demonstrations of the [[Arab Spring]].<ref name=Bloomberg/>
}}</ref> Some "shabiha" operating in [[Aleppo]] have been reported to be [[Sunni]].<ref>{{Cite news | title = Uprising finally hits Syria's "Silk Road" city | url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46252600/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/#.TywK9iMVm_s | publisher=MSNBC |agency=Reuters | date=3 February 2012 | accessdate = 29 May 2012}}</ref> According to the [[Arab Organization for Human Rights]], those identified as Shabiha include not only local criminal gangs, but "members of the security forces in civilian clothes, informants or simply unemployed and impoverished youths.”<ref name=Bloomberg/> The Shabiha have been active in efforts to repress the [[2011 Syrian uprising]] and compared to ‘''[[Baltagiya]]''‘ thugs in [[Egypt]], the ‘''Balatija''‘ thugs in [[Yemen]] and the ‘''[[Basiji]]''‘ in Iran—gangs to which regimes "outsourced" repression during the mass demonstrations of the [[Arab Spring]].<ref name=Bloomberg/> Members are selected for their physical strength, lack of education and blind loyalty to the Alawite sect and the Assad family in particular.<ref>[http://mar15.info/2012/07/shabiha-militia-member-tells-it-like-it-is/#more-27902 Shabiha Militia Member Tells It Like It Is]</ref>


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 16:45, 9 August 2012

Shabiha (also spelled Shabeeha or Shabbiha) (Arabic: الشبيحة, from the root شبح "ghost", plural of "shabbih" شبيح), is an Arabic word used in Syria that roughly translates to "thugs".[1] The word has gained international notoriety since the beginning of the 2011 Syrian uprising, due to its use to describe armed men in civilian clothing who assault protesters against the regime of Bashar Al-Assad. Opposition and human rights groups have argued that the shabiha are a tool of the regime for crackdown on dissent.[1] Syria's National Organization for Human Rights has stated that some of the Shabiha are mercenaries.[1]

They have been described as "a sectarian civilian militia that supports the regime of Bashar al-Assad",[2] "a notorious Alawite paramilitary, who are accused of acting as unofficial enforcers for Assad's regime";[3] and "semi-criminal gangs comprised of thugs close to the regime."[4] Some "shabiha" operating in Aleppo have been reported to be Sunni.[5] According to the Arab Organization for Human Rights, those identified as Shabiha include not only local criminal gangs, but "members of the security forces in civilian clothes, informants or simply unemployed and impoverished youths.”[1] The Shabiha have been active in efforts to repress the 2011 Syrian uprising and compared to ‘Baltagiya‘ thugs in Egypt, the ‘Balatija‘ thugs in Yemen and the ‘Basiji‘ in Iran—gangs to which regimes "outsourced" repression during the mass demonstrations of the Arab Spring.[1] Members are selected for their physical strength, lack of education and blind loyalty to the Alawite sect and the Assad family in particular.[6]

History

The shabiha were reportedly established in the 1980s by Namir al-Assad, President Hafez al-Assad's cousin, and Rifaat al-Assad, the former president's brother.[7] They were originally concentrated in the Mediterranean region of Syria around Latakia, Banias and Tartous, where they benefited from smuggling through the ports in the area.[1] The shabiha, who were named for the Arabic word for ghost or for the old 1994 Mercedes S600 class model that was popular for its smuggling sized trunk and was called the Shabah,[7] were known in Syria as Alawi ganglords.[8] During the late 1980s and early 1990s, they smuggled food, cigarettes and commodities, subsidized by the government, from Syria into Lebanon and sold them for a massive profit, while luxury cars, guns and drugs were smuggled in reverse from Lebanon up the Bekaa Valley and into Syria's state controlled economy.[7]

The shabiha gangs, who each had loyalty to different members of the extended Assad family, were untouchable and operated with impunity from the local authorities.[7] They gained notoriety in the 1990s for the brutal way they enforced their protection rackets in Latakia and were noted for their cruelty and blind devotion to their leaders.[9] By the mid 1990s, they had gotten out of hand, and President Hafez Assad had his son Basil Assad clamp down on them, which he did successfully.[7] In 2000, when Bashar Assad came to power, they were apparently disbanded,[9] but following the popular uprising that began in March 2011, the shabiha gangs, which evolved into the shabiha militias, were again approved by Assad's government.[8]

2011 Syrian uprising

Main article: Syrian uprising (2011–present)

During the Syrian uprising, the shabiha have been accused of attacking and killing protesters. In March 2011, the shabiha reportedly drove through Latakia firing at protesters in cars armed with machine guns, and then later of taking up sniper position on rooftops and killing up to 21 people.[9] It was reported that on 18 and 19 April that the shabiha and security forces killed 21 protesters in Homs.[10]

In May, Foreign Affairs reported that the shabiba joined the Fourth Division and attacked civilians in the cities of Banias, Jableh, and Latakia."[11] A month later in June, witnesses and refugees from the northwestern region said that the shabiha have reemerged during the uprising and were being used by the Syrian government to carry out "a scorched earth campaign [...] burning crops, ransacking houses and shooting randomly."[12] The Washington Post reported a case in which four sisters were allegedly raped by shabiha members.[13]

In June 2012, it was reported that shabiha members received up to $130 a day for cracking down on protesters. Many shabiha were described as having shaved heads, thin beards and white trainers. It was also reported that some elements in the shabiha were contemplating plans to clear Sunni Muslim villages from the Alawi northwest in the hopes of creating an easily defendable rump state.[14] One Alawite militiaman said he was ready to kill women and children to defend his friends, family and president: "Sunni women are giving birth to babies who will fight us in years to come, so we have the right to fight anyone who can hurt us in the future".[15]

Alleged role in Houla massacre

Main article: Houla massacre

On May 25, 2012, 108 people, including 49 children, were killed in two opposition-controlled villages in the Houla Region of Syria, a cluster of villages north of Homs.[16] While a small proportion of the deaths appeared to have resulted from artillery and tank rounds used against the villages, the U.N. later announced that most of the massacre's victims had been "summarily executed in two separate incidents",[17] and that the Shabiha were the most likely perpetrators.[16] Townspeople described how Shabiha, from Shia/Alawite villages to the south and west of Houla (Kabu and Felleh were named repeatedly), entered the town after shelling of the ground for several hours. According to one eyewitness, the killers had written Shia slogans on their foreheads.[18] The U.N. reported that "entire families were shot in their houses",[19] and video emerged of children with their skulls split open.[20] Others had been shot or knifed to death, some with their throats cut.[21]

The fifteen nations of the U.N. Security Council unanimously condemned the massacre,[22][23] with Syrian allies Russia and China agreeing to a resolution on the Syrian conflict for the first time.[24] The U.S., U.K., and eleven other nations–the Netherlands, Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, Bulgaria, Canada and Turkey–jointly expelled Syrian ambassadors and diplomats.[25][26]

Alleged role in Al-Qubair massacre

Main article: Al-Qubair massacre

Another massacre was reported to have taken place in the Syrian settlement of Al-Qubair on June 6, 2012, only two weeks after the killings at Houla. According to BBC News, Al-Qubair is a farming settlement inside the village of Maarzaf.[27]

According to activists, 78 people were killed, many of them women and children. The day after the massacre, UNSMIS observers attempted to enter Al-Qubair to verify the reports, but were fired upon and forced to retreat.[28] Victims were reportedly stabbed and shot by shabiha forces loyal to the government of Bashar al-Assad.[29][30][31][32]

Leadership

In the coastal region, the group is reportedly led by Fawaz al-Assad and Munzer al-Assad, first cousins of President Assad.[11] Another source, Mahmoud Merhi, head of the Arab Organization for Human Rights, has been quoted as saying that "most Syrians view" the Shabiha as "operating without any known organization or leadership."[1] Sunni and Alawite businessmen who are protecting their own interests in the country are alleged to be paying the groups.[33]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Razzouk, Nayla; Alexander, Caroline (1 June 2011). "Syrian Thugs Are Assad's Tool in Protest Crackdown, Groups Say". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  2. ^ "Houla eyewitness: 'They had no mercy'". BBC News. 28 May 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  3. ^ Holmes, Oliver (2011-08-15). "Assad's Devious, Cruel Plan to Stay in Power By Dividing Syria—And Why It's Working". The New Republic. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
  4. ^ Oweis, Khaled Yacoub (4 May 2011). "Analysis: Assad retrenches into Alawite power base". Reuters. Retrieved 29 May 2012. Arab Centre for Research and Policy Studies
  5. ^ "Uprising finally hits Syria's "Silk Road" city". MSNBC. Reuters. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  6. ^ Shabiha Militia Member Tells It Like It Is
  7. ^ a b c d e http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/1212059--inside-syria-s-shabiha-death-squads?bn=1
  8. ^ a b Michael Peel and Abigail Fielding-Smith (2 June 2012). "Shoes Give Clue to Houla Assailants". The Financial Times. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
  9. ^ a b c Adrian Blomfield (27 March 2011). "Syria: feared militia kills up to 21 people as protests continue". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  10. ^ "Syria's President ends state of emergency". Buenos Aires Herald. Reuters. 21 April 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  11. ^ a b Ahed Al Hendi (3 May 2011). "The Structure of Syria's Repression". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  12. ^ "Syria forces storm border town – witnesses". Euronews. 19 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  13. ^ Gul Tuysuz (21 June 2011). "Syrian men promise to marry women who were raped". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  14. ^ http://www.economist.com/node/21556952
  15. ^ Macleod, Hugh; Flamand, Annasofie (15 June 2012). "Syria: Shabiha Militia Member Tells It Like It Is". NewsHour. PBS. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  16. ^ a b Nebehay, Stephanie (May 29, 2012). "Most Houla victims killed in summary executions: U.N." Reuters. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "Syria crisis: Most Houla victims 'were executed'". BBC News. May 29, 2012. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Thomson, Alex (May 30, 2012). "The searing grief of Houla's Survivors". Channel 4 News. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Stephanie Nebehay (May 29, 2012). "Most Houla victims killed in summary executions: U.N." Reuters. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  20. ^ "U.N. observers in Syria visit scene of Houla 'massacre:' state media". Al Arabiya. May 26, 2012. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Cockburn, Patrick (May 27, 2012). "Exclusive dispatch: Assad blamed for massacre of the innocents". The Independent. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved May 27, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "UN condemns Syria over Houla massacre". Al Jazeera. May 27, 2012. Archived from the original on May 28, 2012. Retrieved May 27, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ MacFarquhar, Neil (May 27, 2012). "U.N. Security Council Issues Condemnation of Syria Attack". The New York Times. (part 1 of article). Archived from the original on May 28, 2012. Retrieved May 27, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "US hopes Syria massacre sparks change in Russia". Google News. Agence France-Presse. May 29, 2012. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "Several countries expel Syrian diplomats as EU mulls joint expulsion". Al Arabiya. May 29, 2012. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ agencies. "Executions reported in Syria". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "Syria UN team 'shot at' near Qubair 'massacre site'". BBC News. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012. Qubair is a small farming settlement inside the Sunni Muslim village of Maarzaf, which lies close to Alawite villages.
  28. ^ "Syria UN team 'shot at' near Qubair 'massacre site'". BBC News.
  29. ^ "New 'massacre' reported in Syria's Hama province". BBC News. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  30. ^ "Syria accused of another civilian massacre after government forces kill 80 villagers in Hama province". Daily Mail. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  31. ^ "New Syria 'Massacre' Claims Emerge From Hama". Sky News. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  32. ^ "Opposition claim Syrian government 'massacre'". Deutsche Welle. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  33. ^ Peter Kellier (pn) (1 June 2012). "Ghosts of Syria:diehard militias who kill in the name of Assad". Guardian.
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