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==Vaporizers for medical use==
==Vaporizers for medical use==
[[Image:Volcano Vaporizer.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A forced-air vaporizer. The detachable balloon (top) fills with vapors that are then inhaled.]]
[[Image:Volcano VaporizerVaporizer.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A forced-air vaporizer. The detachable balloon (top) fills with vapors that are then inhaled.]]
Studies have shown that vaporizing cannabis exposes the user to lower levels of harmful substances than smoking cannabis.<ref name="Gieringer 2004">{{cite journal |first1=Dale |last1= Gieringer |first2=Joseph |last2=St. Laurent |first3= Scott |last3=Goodrich |url=http://www.maps.org/mmj/Gieringer-vaporizer.pdf |title=Cannabis Vaporizer Combines Efficient Delivery of THC with Effective Suppression of Pyrolytic Compounds |journal=Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics |accessdate=June 20, 2010 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=7–27 |date=9 February 2004 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |doi=10.1300/J175v04n01_02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070515151145.htm |title=Marijuana Vaporizer Provides Same Level Of THC, Fewer Toxins, Study Shows", Official Journal of the American Academy of Neurology (summarized by Science Daily) (2007-05-16) |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2007-05-16 |accessdate=2011-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canorml.org/healthfacts/vaporizerstudy2.html |title=Cal NORML/MAPS Study Shows Vaporizer Can Drastically Reduce Toxins in Marijuana Smoke |publisher=Canorml.org |date= |accessdate=2011-02-23}}</ref><ref name="Hazekamp 2006">{{cite journal |author=Hazekamp A, Ruhaak R, Zuurman L, van Gerven J, Verpoorte R |title=Evaluation of a vaporizing device (Volcano) for the pulmonary administration of tetrahydrocannabinol |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=95 |issue=6 |pages=1308–17 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16637053 |doi=10.1002/jps.20574}}</ref> These findings are important for it is estimated that 10–20 percent of patients with [[chronic pain]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[epilepsy]], and [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] have admitted to smoking cannabis for therapeutic purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vapornation.com/vaporizer-science-study | title=Biomechanics Of Vaporizers | publisher=VN | date=4 February 2014 | accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> For patients, a study found that smoking cannabis sativa reduced daily pain by 34%, a statistically significant amount.<ref>{{cite book | title=Peripheral Neuropathies, An Issue of Neurologic Clinics | publisher=Elsevier | author=Barohn, Richard | year=2013 | isbn=978-1455771226}}</ref>
Studies have shown that vaporizing cannabis exposes the user to lower levels of harmful substances than smoking cannabis.<ref name="Gieringer 2004">{{cite journal |first1=Dale |last1= Gieringer |first2=Joseph |last2=St. Laurent |first3= Scott |last3=Goodrich |url=http://www.maps.org/mmj/Gieringer-vaporizer.pdf |title=Cannabis Vaporizer Combines Efficient Delivery of THC with Effective Suppression of Pyrolytic Compounds |journal=Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics |accessdate=June 20, 2010 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=7–27 |date=9 February 2004 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |doi=10.1300/J175v04n01_02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070515151145.htm |title=Marijuana Vaporizer Provides Same Level Of THC, Fewer Toxins, Study Shows", Official Journal of the American Academy of Neurology (summarized by Science Daily) (2007-05-16) |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2007-05-16 |accessdate=2011-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canorml.org/healthfacts/vaporizerstudy2.html |title=Cal NORML/MAPS Study Shows Vaporizer Can Drastically Reduce Toxins in Marijuana Smoke |publisher=Canorml.org |date= |accessdate=2011-02-23}}</ref><ref name="Hazekamp 2006">{{cite journal |author=Hazekamp A, Ruhaak R, Zuurman L, van Gerven J, Verpoorte R |title=Evaluation of a vaporizing device (Volcano) for the pulmonary administration of tetrahydrocannabinol |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=95 |issue=6 |pages=1308–17 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16637053 |doi=10.1002/jps.20574}}</ref> These findings are important for it is estimated that 10–20 percent of patients with [[chronic pain]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[epilepsy]], and [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] have admitted to smoking cannabis for therapeutic purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vapornation.com/vaporizer-science-study | title=Biomechanics Of Vaporizers | publisher=VN | date=4 February 2014 | accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> For patients, a study found that smoking cannabis sativa reduced daily pain by 34%, a statistically significant amount.<ref>{{cite book | title=Peripheral Neuropathies, An Issue of Neurologic Clinics | publisher=Elsevier | author=Barohn, Richard | year=2013 | isbn=978-1455771226}}</ref>


In a study published in the [[Journal of Psychopharmacology]] in May 2008, it was stated that vaporizers were a "suitable method for the administration of THC."<ref name="Journal of Psychopharmacology">{{cite journal |author=Zuurman L |title=Effect of intrapulmonary tetrahydrocannabinol administration in humans |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=707–16 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18515447 |doi=10.1177/0269881108089581|author-separator= |author2= Roy C |author3= Schoemaker RC |author4=and others |displayauthors=3 }}</ref> A 2007 study by [[University of California, San Francisco]], published in the Journal of the American Academy of Neurology, founded that "there was virtually no exposure to harmful combustion products using the vaporizing device."<ref name="pmid17429350" /> A 2006 study performed by researchers at [[Leiden University]] found that vaporizers were "safe and effective [[cannabinoid]] delivery system(s)." The study stated that the amount of THC delivered by vaporizers were equivolent to the amount delivered by smoking.<ref name="Hazekamp 2006"/> Because of those studies and other studies, vaporizers are medically sound devices for delivering THC.<ref name="Gieringer 2001">{{cite journal |doi=10.1300/J175v01n03_10 |title=Cannabis 'Vaporization' |date=June 2001 |author=Gieringer DH |journal=Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics |volume=1 |issue=3 & 4 |pages=153–170}}</ref>
In a study published in the [[Journal of Psychopharmacology]] in May 2008, it was stated that vaporizers were a "suitable method for the administration of THC."<ref name="Journal of Psychopharmacology">{{cite journal |author=Zuurman L |title=Effect of intrapulmonary tetrahydrocannabinol administration in humans |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=707–16 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18515447 |doi=10.1177/0269881108089581|author-separator= |author2= Roy C |author3= Schoemaker RC |author4=and others |displayauthors=3 }}</ref> A 2007 study by [[University of California, San Francisco]], published in the Journal of the American Academy of Neurology, founded that "there was virtually no exposure to harmful combustion products using the vaporizing device."<ref name="pmid17429350" /> A 2006 study performed by researchers at [[Leiden University]] found that vaporizers were "safe and effective [[cannabinoid]] delivery system(s)." The study stated that the amount of THC delivered by vaporizers were equivalent to the amount delivered by smoking.<ref name="Hazekamp 2006"/> Because of those studies and other studies, vaporizers are medically sound devices for delivering THC.<ref name="Gieringer 2001">{{cite journal |doi=10.1300/J175v01n03_10 |title=Cannabis 'Vaporization' |date=June 2001 |author=Gieringer DH |journal=Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics |volume=1 |issue=3 & 4 |pages=153–170}}</ref>


===Efficiency===
===Efficiency===

Revision as of 04:03, 8 May 2014

A vaporization heat wand and vaporization chamber bowl used to deliver vapor through a water pipe

A vaporizer or vaporiser is a device used to vaporize the active ingredients of plant material, commonly cannabis, tobacco, or other herbs or blends for the purpose of inhalation. However, they can be used with pure chemicals when mixed with plant material (e.g. nicotine-free tobacco).

Vaporization is an alternative to burning (smoking) that avoids the inhalation of many irritating toxic and carcinogenic by-products.[1]

Vaporizers contain various forms of extraction chambers including straight bore, venturi, or sequential venturi, and are made of materials such as metal or glass. The extracted vapor may be collected in a jar or inflatable bag, or inhaled directly through a hose or pipe. With little to no smoke produced and cooler temperatures,[2] less material is required to achieve a given level of effect.[3] Hence, the irritating and harmful effects of smoking are reduced,[4][5][6][7][8] as is secondhand smoke.

A conduction-style vaporizer
A passive-convection "vaporization pipe" with flame filter
A portable radiation vaporiser

E-cigarette vaporizers

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) is the term used to describe a subcategory of vaporizers designed to replace cigarettes. E-cigarettes make use of E-Liquid: flavoring and nicotine dissolved in a solution of vegetable glycerine and/or propylene glycol. Using E-cigarettes, as opposed to lit cigarettes, is considered to overall be a safer experience for both users and those nearby.[9][10]

Benefits of e-cigarettes

Research has shown that e-cigarettes produce 8 to 450 times less carcinogens than regular cigarettes.[11][12][13] In 2013, a paper about carcinogens in e-cigarettes from France stated that e-cigarettes were “potentially carcinogenic," which lead media outlets to spread misinformation on the dangers of e-cigarettes.[14] Later research showed that the original research was flawed and, in fact, e-cigarettes contain much lower amounts of carcinogens than lit cigarettes.[14][15][16][17]

Because of the benefits of vaporization over smoking, e-cigarettes are often regarded among the medical community as both a valuable harm reducing alternative to lit cigarettes and an effective smoking cessation aid.[18][19] E-cigarettes were found by a New Zealand study to be as effective as nicotine patches in smoking cessation.[20]

Marijuana vaporizers

Vaporizer with water cooling

Vaporizers are also used to inhale marijuana. Of the studies about vaporizing marijuana, few have addressed the quality of the vapor extracted and delivered; instead, studies usually focus on the mode of usage of the vaporizers. There are 483 identifiable chemical constituents known to exist in the cannabis plant,[21] and at least 85 different cannabinoids have been isolated from the plant.[22] The aromatic terpenoids begin to vaporize at 126.0 °C (258.8 °F),[23] but the more bio-active tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN) do not vaporize until near their respective boiling points: THC 157 °C (315 °F),[24] CBD 160–180°C (320°F-356°F),[24] and CBN 185 °C (365 °F)[24]

Vaporizers for medical use

File:Volcano VaporizerVaporizer.jpg
A forced-air vaporizer. The detachable balloon (top) fills with vapors that are then inhaled.

Studies have shown that vaporizing cannabis exposes the user to lower levels of harmful substances than smoking cannabis.[25][26][27][28] These findings are important for it is estimated that 10–20 percent of patients with chronic pain, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and HIV/AIDS have admitted to smoking cannabis for therapeutic purposes.[29] For patients, a study found that smoking cannabis sativa reduced daily pain by 34%, a statistically significant amount.[30]

In a study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology in May 2008, it was stated that vaporizers were a "suitable method for the administration of THC."[31] A 2007 study by University of California, San Francisco, published in the Journal of the American Academy of Neurology, founded that "there was virtually no exposure to harmful combustion products using the vaporizing device."[7] A 2006 study performed by researchers at Leiden University found that vaporizers were "safe and effective cannabinoid delivery system(s)." The study stated that the amount of THC delivered by vaporizers were equivalent to the amount delivered by smoking.[28] Because of those studies and other studies, vaporizers are medically sound devices for delivering THC.[32]

Efficiency

The proposed factors affecting output include:[25][28]

  • Temperature
  • Specimen density
  • Weight, content of water and essential oils
  • Consistency of material in the filling chamber
  • Storage time of the vapor
  • Inhalation method (breathing technique)

Not all those have been scientifically tested. Research using vaporizers found the delivery efficiency highest at around 226 °C (439 °F), falling to about half efficiency at 150 °C (302 °F) to 180 °C (356 °F) degrees depending on material.[28] The purest preparations produced the highest efficiencies, about 56% for pure THC versus 29% for plant material (female flower tops) with 12% THCA content. Besides THC, several other cannabinoids as well as a range of other plant components including terpenoids were detected in the plant material. Using pure THC in the vaporizer, no degradation products (delta-8-THC (D8-THC), cannabinol (CBN), or unknown compounds) were detected by HPLC analysis.[28] The longer vapor is stored, the more THC is lost as it condenses on the surface of the vaporizer or the balloon. This loss may be negligible over a few minutes but may exceed 50% after 90 minutes.[28] The Leiden University study found that as much as 30%–40% of inhaled THC was not absorbed by the lungs but simply exhaled. However, they did not find large individual differences in the amounts exhaled.[28]

Culinary application

Vaporizers are sometimes used by chefs as a method of applying controlled heat to herbs and spices to release flavors that are otherwise difficult to titrate or apply, or that might be spoiled by overheating during cooking.[33][34][35] Grant Achatz, chef-proprietor of Alinea in Chicago, "uses the aroma-filled bags as place-mats, punctured when plates are placed in front of the customer."[33]

See also

References

  1. ^ Hugh C. Hemmings, Philip M. Hopkins (2006). Foundations of Anesthesia: Basic Sciences for Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 325. ISBN 0323037070.
  2. ^ Stephen A. Greene (2002). Veterinary Anesthesia and Pain Management Secrets. 74: Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 1560534427.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  3. ^ "Get Educated Before You Buy Vaporizers". Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  4. ^ Earleywine M, Barnwell SS (2007). "Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize". Harm Reduction Journal. 4: 11. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-4-11. PMC 1853086. PMID 17437626.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ "Vaporizers for Medical Marijuana". www.aids.org. Archived from the original on 2010-07-18. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
  6. ^ Grotenhermen F (June 2001). "Harm Reduction Associated with Inhalation and Oral Administration of Cannabis and THC". Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. 1 (3 & 4): 133–152. doi:10.1300/J175v01n03_09.
  7. ^ a b Abrams DI, Vizoso HP, Shade SB, Jay C, Kelly ME, Benowitz NL (November 2007). "Vaporization as a smokeless cannabis delivery system: a pilot study" (PDF). Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 82 (5): 572–578. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100200. PMID 17429350.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ "The Centennial Celebration – Washington, D.C. September 13–17, 1948". Science. 108 (2800): 205–206. August 1948. doi:10.1126/science.108.2800.205. PMID 17821306.
  9. ^ Flouris, Andreas D.; Chorti, Maria S.; Poulianiti, Konstantina P.; Jamurtas, Athanasios Z.; Kostikas, Konstantinos; Tzatzarakis, Manolis N.; Wallace Hayes, A.; Tsatsakis, Aristidis M.; Koutedakis, Yiannis (2013). "Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function". Inhalation Toxicology. 25 (2): 91–101. doi:10.3109/08958378.2012.758197. ISSN 0895-8378. PMID 23363041. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |display-authors=9 (help)
  10. ^ McAuley, T. R.; Hopke, P. K.; Zhao, J.; Babaian, S. (2012). "Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality". Inhalation Toxicology. 24 (12): 850–857. doi:10.3109/08958378.2012.724728. ISSN 0895-8378. PMID 23033998.
  11. ^ "Cigarette électronique précisions sur notre étude" (in French). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Goniewicz, Maciej; Knysak, J.; Gawron, M.; Kosmider, L.; Sobczak, A.; Kurek, J.; Prokopowicz, A.; Jablonska-Czapla, M.; Rosik-Dulewska, C.; Havel, C.; Jacob, P.; Benowitz, N. (6 March 2013). "Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes". Bmj. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  13. ^ "Assessment of e-cigarette safety by comparing the chemical composition of e-cigarette aerosol and cigarette smoke from reference traditional cigarette". Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  14. ^ a b Noll-Marsh, Kristin. "French e-cigarette study, media misrepresent facts". CASAA.org. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  15. ^ Lobello, Carmel. "Do e-cigarettes cause cancer?". The Week. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  16. ^ McPartland, Ben. "Report: e-cigarettes are 'potentially carcinogenic'". Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  17. ^ Siegel, Michael. "New Study of Electronic Cigarette Vapor Confirms that E-Cigs are Much Safer than Regular Cigarettes". Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  18. ^ Cahn, Zachary; Siegel, Michael (2010). "Electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy for tobacco control: A step forward or a repeat of past mistakes?". Journal of Public Health Policy. 32 (1): 16–31. doi:10.1057/jphp.2010.41. ISSN 0197-5897. PMID 21150942.
  19. ^ Siegel, Michael B.; Tanwar, Kerry L.; Wood, Kathleen S. (2011). "Electronic Cigarettes As a Smoking-Cessation Tool". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 40 (4): 472–475. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.12.006. ISSN 0749-3797. PMID 21406283.
  20. ^ Bullen, Christopher; Howe, Colin; Laugesen, Murray; McRobbie, Hayden; Parag, Varsha; Williman, Jonathan; Walker, Natalie (16 November 2013). "Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial". The Lancet. 382 (9905): 1629–1637. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61842-5. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  21. ^ "What chemicals are in marijuana and its byproducts?". ProCon.org. 2009. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  22. ^ El-Alfy; Abir T; et al. (Jun 2010). "Antidepressant-like effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 95 (4): 434–42. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2010.03.004. PMC 2866040. PMID 20332000. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-separator= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author3= (help); Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "Methods of Medicating with Marijuana". evaluationtoday.com. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  24. ^ a b c http://www.cannabis-med.org/data/pdf/2001-03-04-7.pdf
  25. ^ a b Gieringer, Dale; St. Laurent, Joseph; Goodrich, Scott (9 February 2004). "Cannabis Vaporizer Combines Efficient Delivery of THC with Effective Suppression of Pyrolytic Compounds" (PDF). Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. 4 (1). Haworth Press: 7–27. doi:10.1300/J175v04n01_02. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
  26. ^ "Marijuana Vaporizer Provides Same Level Of THC, Fewer Toxins, Study Shows", Official Journal of the American Academy of Neurology (summarized by Science Daily) (2007-05-16)". Sciencedaily.com. 2007-05-16. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  27. ^ "Cal NORML/MAPS Study Shows Vaporizer Can Drastically Reduce Toxins in Marijuana Smoke". Canorml.org. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g Hazekamp A, Ruhaak R, Zuurman L, van Gerven J, Verpoorte R (June 2006). "Evaluation of a vaporizing device (Volcano) for the pulmonary administration of tetrahydrocannabinol". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 95 (6): 1308–17. doi:10.1002/jps.20574. PMID 16637053.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ "Biomechanics Of Vaporizers". VN. 4 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  30. ^ Barohn, Richard (2013). Peripheral Neuropathies, An Issue of Neurologic Clinics. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1455771226.
  31. ^ Zuurman L; Roy C; Schoemaker RC; et al. (September 2008). "Effect of intrapulmonary tetrahydrocannabinol administration in humans". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 22 (7): 707–16. doi:10.1177/0269881108089581. PMID 18515447. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-separator= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author4= (help); Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ Gieringer DH (June 2001). "Cannabis 'Vaporization'". Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. 1 (3 & 4): 153–170. doi:10.1300/J175v01n03_10.
  33. ^ a b Bob Gledhill. "Alinea restaurant uses Volcano as flavorizer". Caterersearch.com. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  34. ^ "Tools for creating aromatic flavors". Chow.com. 2007-01-18. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  35. ^ "Volcano used to release nutmeg aroma". Rimag.com. Archived from the original on 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
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