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|child2=Nyanza Rift (extinct){{what|date=May 2014}}
|child2=Nyanza Rift (extinct){{what|date=May 2014}}
|child3=West Rift
|child3=West Rift
|child4=?East Rift (extinct)
|child4=? East Rift (extinct)
|glotto=sout3054
|glotto=sout3054
}}
}}

The '''South Cushitic''' or '''Rift''' languages of [[Tanzania]] belong to the [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] family. The most numerous is [[Iraqw language|Iraqw]], with half a million speakers. These languages are believed to have been originally spoken by Southern Cushite agro-pastoralists from [[Ethiopia]], who in the third millenium BC began migrating southward into the [[Great Rift Valley]].<ref name="Nurse">{{cite book|last=Derek Nurse|first=Thomas T. Spear|title=The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800-1500|date=1985|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=081221207X|page=34|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=7uJmgsq37dMC&pg=PA34}}</ref>
The '''South Cushitic''' or '''Rift''' languages of [[Tanzania]] belong to the [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] family. The most numerous is [[Iraqw language|Iraqw]], with half a million speakers. These languages are believed to have been originally spoken by Southern Cushite agro-pastoralists from [[Ethiopia]], who in the third millenium BC began migrating southward into the [[Great Rift Valley]].<ref name="Nurse">{{cite book|last=Derek Nurse|first=Thomas T. Spear|title=The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800-1500|date=1985|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=081221207X|page=34|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=7uJmgsq37dMC&pg=PA34}}</ref>


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[[Robert Hetzron|Hetzron]] (1980:70ff) suggested that the Rift languages (South Cushitic) are a part of Lowland East Cushitic. Kießling & Mous (2003) have proposed more specifically that they be linked to a Southern Lowland branch, together with Oromo, Somali, and Yaaku–Dullay. It is possible that the great lexical divergence of Rift from East Cushitic is due to Rift being partially relexified through contact with [[Khoisan languages]], as perhaps evidenced by the unusually high frequency of the ejective affricates {{IPA|/tsʼ/}} and {{IPA|/tɬʼ/}}, which outnumber pulmonary consonants like {{IPA|/p, f, w, ɬ, x/}}. Kießling & Mous suggest that these ejectives may be remnants of [[click consonant|clicks]] from the source language.
[[Robert Hetzron|Hetzron]] (1980:70ff) suggested that the Rift languages (South Cushitic) are a part of Lowland East Cushitic. Kießling & Mous (2003) have proposed more specifically that they be linked to a Southern Lowland branch, together with Oromo, Somali, and Yaaku–Dullay. It is possible that the great lexical divergence of Rift from East Cushitic is due to Rift being partially relexified through contact with [[Khoisan languages]], as perhaps evidenced by the unusually high frequency of the ejective affricates {{IPA|/tsʼ/}} and {{IPA|/tɬʼ/}}, which outnumber pulmonary consonants like {{IPA|/p, f, w, ɬ, x/}}. Kießling & Mous suggest that these ejectives may be remnants of [[click consonant|clicks]] from the source language.


The terms "South Cushitic" and "Rift" are not quite synonymous: The [[Ma'a language|Ma'a]] and [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]] languages were once included in South Cushitic, but were not considered Rift. Kießling restricts South Cushitic to West Rift as its only indisputable branch. He states that Dahalo has too many East Cushitic features to belong to South Cushitic, as does Ma'a. Kw'adza and Aasax are, in turn, insufficiently described to classify as even Cushitic with any certainty.<ref>Roland Kießling, "South Cushitic links to East Cushitic", in Zaborski ed, 2001, ''New Data and New Methods in Afroasiatic Linguistics''</ref>
The terms "South Cushitic" and "Rift" are not quite synonymous: The [[Ma'a language|Ma'a]] and [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]] languages were once included in South Cushitic, but were not considered Rift. Kießling restricts South Cushitic to West Rift as its only indisputable branch. He states that Dahalo has too many East Cushitic features to belong to South Cushitic, as does Ma'a. Kw'adza and Aasax are in turn insufficiently described to classify as even Cushitic with any certainty.<ref>Roland Kießling, "South Cushitic links to East Cushitic", in Zaborski ed, 2001, ''New Data and New Methods in Afroasiatic Linguistics''</ref>


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Iraqw and Gorowa are close enough for basic [[mutual intelligibility]]. Alagwa has become similar to Burunge through intense contact, and so it had previously been classified as a Southern West Rift language. Aasax and Kw'adza are poorly attested and, like Dahalo, may be the result of language shift from non-Cushitic languages.
Iraqw and Gorowa are close enough for basic [[mutual intelligibility]]. Alagwa has become similar to Burunge through intense contact, and so had previously been classified as a Southern West Rift language. Aasax and Kw'adza are poorly attested and, like Dahalo, may be the result of language shift from non-Cushitic languages.


[[Christopher Ehret|Ehret]] and Nurse (1981) suggest that South Cushitic includes several additional and now extinct languages, whose speakers once likely formed the majority of the population in the [[Taita Hills]] prior to the arrival of [[Bantu peoples]].<ref name="Nurse88">{{cite book|last=Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst, Fritz Serzisko (ed.)|title=Cushitic-Omotic: Papers from the International Symposium on Cushitic and Omotic Languages, Cologne, January 6-9, 1986|date=1988|publisher=Buske Verlag|isbn=3871188905|pages=95 & 99|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=gTcMvCKcvhsC&pg=PA99#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> A pair of these languages, [[Taita Cushitic languages|Taita Cushitic]], were primarily deduced from South Cushitic [[loanword]]s that are found today in varieties of the [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] [[Taita language]].<ref name="Somner">{{cite book|last=Gabriele Sommer|first=Matthias Brenzinger (ed.)|title=Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference - "A survey of language death in Africa"|date=1992|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=3110870606|pages=392-394|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=ZeMhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA392#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Nurse (1988) proposes that Taita Cushitic is coordinate with Proto-Rift, which he places within a Greater Rift branch of South Cushitic.<ref name="Nurse88"/>
Several additional and now extinct South Cushitic languages are deduced from their influence on the Bantu languages that replaced them.<ref name="Somner">{{cite book|last=Gabriele Sommer|first=Matthias Brenzinger (ed.)|title=Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference - "A survey of language death in Africa"|date=1992|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=3110870606|pages=392-394|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=ZeMhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA392#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> A pair of these, [[Taita Cushitic languages|Taita Cushitic]], appear to have been more divergent than extant Rift languages, co-ordinate with Proto-Rift within a larger group Nurse (1988) calls "Greater Rift".<ref name="Nurse88">{{cite book|last=Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst, Fritz Serzisko (ed.)|title=Cushitic-Omotic: Papers from the International Symposium on Cushitic and Omotic Languages, Cologne, January 6-9, 1986|date=1988|publisher=Buske Verlag|isbn=3871188905|pages=95 & 99|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=gTcMvCKcvhsC&pg=PA99#v=onepage&q=taita&f=false}}</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
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*BLAŽEK, Václav. 2005. Current progress in South Cushitic Comparative Historical Linguistics. Folia Orientalia 42, no. 1, pp. 177–224. (Poland. ISSN 0015-5675)
*BLAŽEK, Václav. 2005. Current progress in South Cushitic Comparative Historical Linguistics. Folia Orientalia 42, no. 1, pp. 177–224. (Poland. ISSN 0015-5675)
*Ehret, Christopher. 1980. ''The Historical Reconstruction of Southern Cushitic Phonology and Vocabulary''. (Kolner Beitrage zur Afrikanistik). Reimer Verlag.
*Ehret, Christopher. 1980. ''The Historical Reconstruction of Southern Cushitic Phonology and Vocabulary''. (Kolner Beitrage zur Afrikanistik). Reimer Verlag.
*Ehret, Christopher and Nurse, Derek (1981). "The Taita Cushites". Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 3.
*Kiessling, Roland. 1995. Verbal Inflectional Suffixes in the West Rift Group of Southern Cushitic. In: Cushitic and Omotic Languages, ed. by C. Griefenow-Mewis und R. M. Voigt. Köln, 59-70.
*Kiessling, Roland. 1995. Verbal Inflectional Suffixes in the West Rift Group of Southern Cushitic. In: Cushitic and Omotic Languages, ed. by C. Griefenow-Mewis und R. M. Voigt. Köln, 59-70.
*Kiessling, Roland. 2000. Some salient features of Southern Cushitic (Common West Rift). Lingua Posnaniensis 42: 69-89
*Kiessling, Roland. 2000. Some salient features of Southern Cushitic (Common West Rift). Lingua Posnaniensis 42: 69-89
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==External links==
==External links==
*[https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/2734 ''Was there ever a Southern Cushitic Language (Pre-)Ma'a?'']
*''Was there ever a Southern Cushitic Language (Pre-)Ma'a?'', https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/2734


{{DEFAULTSORT:South Cushitic Languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:South Cushitic Languages}}

Revision as of 19:37, 17 May 2014

South Cushitic
Rift
Geographic
distribution		Tansania
Linguistic classificationAfro-Asiatic
Subdivisions
Glottologsout3054

The South Cushitic or Rift languages of Tanzania belong to the Afro-Asiatic family. The most numerous is Iraqw, with half a million speakers. These languages are believed to have been originally spoken by Southern Cushite agro-pastoralists from Ethiopia, who in the third millenium BC began migrating southward into the Great Rift Valley.[1]

Classification

The Rift languages are named after the Great Rift Valley of Tanzania, where they are found.

Hetzron (1980:70ff) suggested that the Rift languages (South Cushitic) are a part of Lowland East Cushitic. Kießling & Mous (2003) have proposed more specifically that they be linked to a Southern Lowland branch, together with Oromo, Somali, and Yaaku–Dullay. It is possible that the great lexical divergence of Rift from East Cushitic is due to Rift being partially relexified through contact with Khoisan languages, as perhaps evidenced by the unusually high frequency of the ejective affricates /tsʼ/ and /tɬʼ/, which outnumber pulmonary consonants like /p, f, w, ɬ, x/. Kießling & Mous suggest that these ejectives may be remnants of clicks from the source language.

The terms "South Cushitic" and "Rift" are not quite synonymous: The Ma'a and Dahalo languages were once included in South Cushitic, but were not considered Rift. Kießling restricts South Cushitic to West Rift as its only indisputable branch. He states that Dahalo has too many East Cushitic features to belong to South Cushitic, as does Ma'a. Kw'adza and Aasax are in turn insufficiently described to classify as even Cushitic with any certainty.[2]

 Rift 
 West Rift 
 North 
 Iraqwoid 

Alagwa

 South 

Burunge

 ? East Rift 

Aasáx (extinct)

Kw'adza (extinct)

Iraqw and Gorowa are close enough for basic mutual intelligibility. Alagwa has become similar to Burunge through intense contact, and so had previously been classified as a Southern West Rift language. Aasax and Kw'adza are poorly attested and, like Dahalo, may be the result of language shift from non-Cushitic languages.

Several additional and now extinct South Cushitic languages are deduced from their influence on the Bantu languages that replaced them.[3] A pair of these, Taita Cushitic, appear to have been more divergent than extant Rift languages, co-ordinate with Proto-Rift within a larger group Nurse (1988) calls "Greater Rift".[4]

Notes

  1. ^ Derek Nurse, Thomas T. Spear (1985). The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800-1500. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 34. ISBN 081221207X.
  2. ^ Roland Kießling, "South Cushitic links to East Cushitic", in Zaborski ed, 2001, New Data and New Methods in Afroasiatic Linguistics
  3. ^ Gabriele Sommer, Matthias Brenzinger (ed.) (1992). Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference - "A survey of language death in Africa". Walter de Gruyter. pp. 392–394. ISBN 3110870606. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  4. ^ Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst, Fritz Serzisko (ed.) (1988). Cushitic-Omotic: Papers from the International Symposium on Cushitic and Omotic Languages, Cologne, January 6-9, 1986. Buske Verlag. pp. 95 & 99. ISBN 3871188905. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)

References

  • BLAŽEK, Václav. 2005. Current progress in South Cushitic Comparative Historical Linguistics. Folia Orientalia 42, no. 1, pp. 177–224. (Poland. ISSN 0015-5675)
  • Ehret, Christopher. 1980. The Historical Reconstruction of Southern Cushitic Phonology and Vocabulary. (Kolner Beitrage zur Afrikanistik). Reimer Verlag.
  • Kiessling, Roland. 1995. Verbal Inflectional Suffixes in the West Rift Group of Southern Cushitic. In: Cushitic and Omotic Languages, ed. by C. Griefenow-Mewis und R. M. Voigt. Köln, 59-70.
  • Kiessling, Roland. 2000. Some salient features of Southern Cushitic (Common West Rift). Lingua Posnaniensis 42: 69-89
  • Kiessling, Roland. 2001. South Cushitic links to East Cushitic. In: New Data and New Methods in Afroasiatic Linguistics - Robert Hetzron in memoriam; ed. by Andrzej Zaborski. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 95-102.
  • Kiessling, Roland. 2002. Wille, Initiierung und Kontrolle: zur Morphosemantik von Experiensverben im Südkuschitischen. In: Aktuelle Forschungen zu afrikanischen Sprachen (Tagungsband des 14. Afrikanistentags), ed by Theda Schumann, Mechthild Reh, Roland Kießling & Ludwig Gerhardt. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe, 171-192.
  • Kiessling, Roland. 2003. Infix genesis in Southern Cushitic. In: Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in memory of Igor M. Diakonoff; hrsg. v. Lionel M. Bender, Gabor Takacs & David Appleyard. München: Lincom, 109-122.
  • Kiessling, Roland. 2004. Tonogenesis in Southern Cushitic (Common West Rift). In: Stress and Tone – the African Experience, edited by Rose-Juliet Anyanwu. Frankfurter Afrikanistische Blätter 15: 141-163.
  • Nurse, Derek. 1988. "Extinct Southern Cushitic Communities in East Africa". In: Bechhaus-Gerst, M. & F. Serzisko (eds), Cushitic-Omotic: Papers from the International Symposium on Cushitic and Omotic Languages. St. Augustin, Jan. 6-9 1986. Hamburg. Helmut Buske. 93-104.
  • Roland Kießling and Maarten Mous. 2003. The Lexical Reconstruction of West-Rift (Southern Cushitic)
  • Mous, Maarten (2003). The Making of a Mixed Language: The Case of Ma'a/Mbugu.
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