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Revision as of 06:57, 3 August 2014
![]() | This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (March 2014) |
Constitution Party | |
---|---|
Chairman | Frank Fluckiger |
Gegründet | 1992 | as U.S. Taxpayers' Party, 1999 as Constitution Party
Hauptsitz | 23 North Lime St., Lancaster, PA 17602 |
Ideology | Christian nationalism Conservatism Paleoconservatism Christian right |
Political position | Right-wing |
Colors | Red, White, and Blue |
Seats in the Senate | 0 / 100
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Seats in the House | 0 / 435
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Governorships | 0 / 50
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State Upper House Seats | 0 / 1,972
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State Lower House Seats | 0 / 5,411
|
Other elected offices | 7 (2014)[citation needed] |
Website | |
http://constitutionparty.com/ | |
This article is part of a series on |
Conservatism in the United States |
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The Constitution Party is a right-wing political party in the United States.[1][2][3][4][5][6] The party asserts that the United States is a Christian nation founded on the Bible and that jurisprudence should be restored to what the party claims is its "Biblical foundations".[7] It has been described by its critics as a theocratic party, as was its predecessor.[8][9][10][11] The Constitution Party advocates a platform which reflects the Party's understanding of the principles set forth in the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, the Bible, and the Bill of Rights.
The party was founded as the "U.S. Taxpayers' Party" by Howard Philips in 1991.[12] Phillips was the party's candidate in the 1992, 1996 and 2000 presidential elections. The party's official name was changed to The Constitution Party in 1999; however, some state affiliate parties are known under different names. The party's platform is predicated on the party's understanding of the original intent of the nation's founding documents.[13] The party absorbed the American Independent Party, which was founded for George Wallace's 1968 presidential campaign. The Constitution Party receives substantial support from Christian Right organizations and claims to be the "philosophical home" of the Tea Party.[14] The Constitution Party candidate, former congressman Tom Tancredo, came in second place in the 2010 Colorado gubernatorial election with 36.43% of the vote, ahead of Republican Dan Maes with 11.13%. In 2006, Rick Jore, of the then recently disaffiliated Constitution Party of Montana, was elected to the Montana House of Representatives with 56.2% of the vote, defeating Democrat Jeanne Windham.
Historic "Constitution Parties" in the United States
A number of conservative parties calling themselves the "Constitution Party" have existed in the United States. In 1952-1953, Upton Close, Robert R. McCormick and other supporters of Joseph McCarthy discussed the formation of a party—sometimes referenced as the "Constitution Party"; sometimes the "American Party"—apparently in support of Senator McCarthy's ambitions to reach the White House.
White supremacist, Christian Identity theorist, and Posse Comitatus founder, William Potter Gale, was California's "state chairman of the Constitution Party" in 1957,[15] and their candidate for Governor of California in 1958.[16]
Another early iteration of the party, the Constitution Party of Wisconsin, was an affiliate of the "American Independent Party" (AIP), which ran candidates in the 1980, 1982, and 1984 elections. The Wisconsin party appointed James Wickstrom as a representative to the National Committee of the AIP. The current Wisconsin Constitution Party chapter does not comment on any connection (or lack thereof) between the two organizations.
Affiliated organizations
The following table displays select Constitution Party state affiliate parties, chapters, and organizations.
Table: Affiliates of the U.S. Constitution Party
All affiliates state in their platforms support for strict adherence to the Declaration of Independence, and the U.S. Constitution. Many also specifically add their home state constitutions to the mix.
State | Affiliate Name | Headquarter City | Chapter Chairperson | Year Chapter founded | Kommentare |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alabama | Constitution Party of Alabama (CPAL)[17] | Joshua Cassity | |||
Alaska | Alaska Constitution Party | J.R. Myers | The Alaskan Independence Party, an affiliate in the past, was no longer as of January 2013. | ||
Arizona | Constitution Party of Arizona[18] | Glendale | Bob Haran | 1992 | Strongly advocates for the Right to Life, the Second Amendment, immigration control and enforcement, lower taxes, and the repeal of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). |
Arkansas | Constitution Party of Arkansas (CPAR)[19] | Fayetteville | |||
California | American Independent Party | Marysville | Disputed | April 1967 | From 1992 until 2008, the party was the California Constitution Party affiliate; it is now split. |
Colorado | American Constitution Party[20] | Arvada | July 23, 2000 | The American Constitution Party's 10%-plus vote-share in the 2010 gubernatorial election elevated the party from "minor" to "major" status. (Any party that earns 10% or more of the votes cast for governor is a defined under statute as a "major party.")[21] | |
Connecticut | Constitution Party of Connecticut | Plantsville | Rick Moreau | 1976 | Predates the founding of Constitution Party (founded in the mid-1970s). Previously known as the Concerned Citizens Party, which disbanded in April 2013. |
Delaware | Constitution Party of Delaware (CPDE) | Bear | Pell Sherman | ||
Florida | Constitution Party of Florida | Hollywood | Bill Wayland | ||
Georgien | Constitution Party of Georgia[22] | Woodstock | Candice Wallace | ||
Idaho | Constitution Party of Idaho[23] | Coeur d'Alene | Ray Writz | 1999 | It is one of two minor political parties (along with the Libertarian Party of Idaho) which has ballot access in Idaho.[24] |
Illinois | Illinois Constitution Party (CPIL)[25] | Metropolis | Randy Stufflebeam[26] | The party's first popularly elected official is Phil Collins, elected Trustee of Libertyville Township in Lake County, Illinois on April 9, 2013.[27] | |
Indiana | Constitution Party of Indiana (CPIN)[28] | Evansville | Steven Walker | ||
Iowa | Constitution Party of Iowa[29] | Eldon | |||
Kansas | Constitution Party of Kansas | Wichita | |||
Kentucky | Constitution Party of Kentucky[30] | Lexington | Mike Ward | ||
Louisiana | Constitution Party of Louisiana | Lafayette | Ronnie Broughton | ||
Maryland | Marylanders for Constitutional Governance[31] | Rockville | before 1996 | In 2008, the party was recognized by the Maryland State Board of Elections as an official party.[32] Candidates had ballot access in every presidential election from 1996 to 2008. | |
Massachusetts | Constitution Party of Massachusetts[33] | Framingham | Scott Liftman | ||
Michigan | U.S. Taxpayers Party of Michigan[34] | 1992 | Kept the "Taxpayers' Party" name in order to retain ballot status in the state. The party is one of six 'ballot-qualified' parties in Michigan.[35] The ballot line on which the party ran in its initial election (1992) was that of the "Tisch Independent Citizens' Party."
In 2010 several officers, including board members and the Communications Officer, left the party over a gubernatorial candidate scandal. The party's candidate for governor did not deny visiting a nudist colony. Reports were that she took part in an attempt to set the world record for "Skinny Dip Across North America." | ||
Minnesota | The Constitution Party of Minnesota[36] | The national party's paleoconservative affiliate in Minnesota[37] | |||
Mississippi | Constitution Party of Mississippi[38] | Guntown, | Vince Thornton | ||
Missouri | Constitution Party of Missouri[39] | Buffalo | |||
Montana | Constitution Party of Montana[40] | Lisa Wamsley[41] | Founded as an arm of the American Heritage Party; changed its name in 2000.[42] Affiliated with national Constitution Party 1995–July 2006; and May 14, 2011–present.[43] Rick Jore became the first party member to get elected to the state legislature in 2006, and was later appointed chairman of the House Education Committee [2]. | ||
Nebraska | Nebraska Party[44] | Omaha | Had changed its name to "The Nebraska Independent Party," and then back to "Nebraska Party."[45] The party had candidates for state-wide offices placed on ballots from 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008. | ||
Nevada | Independent American Party of Nevada[46] | Elko | John Wagner[47] | 1967 | Is one of four Constitution state parties that has not changed its name to "Constitution Party" since the national party adopted that name. It is not to be confused with the national party of the same name.[48] The Nevada IAP's name predates the national Constitution Party by decades. |
South Carolina | Constitution Party of South Carolina | Ted Adams | Has achieved ballot access for its presidential candidate in every presidential election from 1992 to 2012. | ||
South Dakota | Constitution Party of South Dakota | Brandon | |||
Tennessee | Constitution Party of Tennessee[49] | Germantown | Zachary Poskevich | ||
Texas | Constitution Party of Texas[50] | Bob Eoff | 1996 | Started under the auspices of the U.S. Taxpayers' Party—the precursor to the Constitution Party— under which it achieved its only ballot line, in 1996 | |
Utah | Constitution Party of Utah[51] | Layton | Bryce Hamilton | One of only three political parties guaranteed ballot access in Utah for the 2008 elections[52] | |
Washington | Constitution Party of Washington | Spokane Valley | Robert W. Peck | before 1996 | The original name of this branch was the "Washington U.S. Taxpayers' Party;" with the name changed to the "American Heritage Party" in 1998; and to its current name in 2000.[53] |
West Virginia | Constitution Party of West Virginia[3] | Martinsburg | October 2000[54] | The party was organized on June 12, 2004, at its first formal meeting in Morgantown.[55] West Virginia election law requires that a candidate for governor win at least 1% of the entire gubernatorial vote to secure his or her nominating party's future ballot access.[56] Until such time, the affiliation of voters is not formally recognized as a political party. | |
Wisconsin | Constitution Party of Wisconsin | 1991 | Founded as a unit of the U.S. Taxpayers Party.[57] | ||
Wyoming | Constitution Party of Wyoming[58] | Hartville | Jennifer Young | 2010 |
Recent changes in affiliation
As of January 2013, Oregon has re-affiliated with the national party. The Constitution Party of Montana re-affiliated with the national party in 2011.[citation needed] According to the party website, as of November 2012, the Alaskan Independence Party is no longer an affiliate.
The Nebraska Party
The Nebraska state affiliate of the Constitution Party[59] is called the "Nebraska Party." The party has had candidates for state-wide offices placed on ballots from 2002 to 2008.
The stated mission of the Nebraska Party is: "...to restore economic prosperity to all Nebraskans, to restore the Christian Principles of our Forefathers, and to get the Government back in the hands of the people. The Nebraska Party is founded on the principles of the Democrat-Republican Party, which was established in the early 1800s by Thomas Jefferson. The Democrat-Republican Party, now the Nebraska Party, represents the people, the working people (labor), family farmers, small business and, of course, our senior citizens".
North Carolina
The Constitution Party branches in North Carolina and several other states adhere to what they proclaim as the "Seven Essential Core Values." These core values are defined as: the Sanctity of Life, Religious Freedom, Traditional Family, Private Property Rights, Pro-Second Amendment, National Sovereignty, and Anti-Socialism.[60] The Party claims to be the state's only truly 100% Pro-Life political party.[60]
West Virginia affiliate's fight
The party states that it has been mis-characterized by groups such as the SPLC,[61] ADL, and MIAC.[62]
Background
The origins of the current state party can be traced to October 2000, when founding member Brenda Donnellan and activists from Wood County served as plaintiffs in Phillips v Hechler, civ 6:00-894.[54] This litigation resulted in a November 3, 2000, ruling against then Secretary of State Ken Hechler, forcing him to allow Constitution Party presidential nominee, Howard Phillips, to run as a declared write-in (WI) candidate without paying a filing fee.[63]
The 1964 Constitution Party presidential nominee, Joseph B. Lightburn, was a neighbor of Donnellan's in Jane Lew, where he owned a local general store. Lightburn served as National Committeeman for the Constitution Party of West Virginia,[64] but the original party had long been defunct. There was no connection between the two.
- Voter registration issues
Because the party has not yet attained ballot qualification status, voters registering into it must check the "Other Party" box on the West Virginia voter registration form[65] and write the word "Constitution" on the line. Voter registration status can be checked on at the Secretary of State's website.[66]
![Typical CPWVa voter registration instructions](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/CPWVa_voter_registration_instruction.jpg/500px-CPWVa_voter_registration_instruction.jpg)
Because the Constitution Party is not a major party in the state, its voters are permitted to vote in the primary but must take the initiative to ask for either a Republican or Democrat party ballot in lieu of the standard non-partisan ballot.[67]
State disaffiliations
In early 2006, Christopher H. Hansen, the gubernatorial candidate of Independent American Party of Nevada (the former Constitution Party state affiliate in Nevada), and candidates in Colorado and Idaho, publicly expressed support for allowing abortions in the cases of rape, incest, and for those performed to save the life of the mother, a contrary view to the official Nevada platform.[citation needed] At the party's April 2008 national convention in Tampa, Florida, the assembly voted not to disaffiliate Nevada, citing that affiliate's official position on the issue and the national party's policy against dictating the internal affairs (such as electing leaders) of any affiliate. They also made it more difficult to introduce a disaffiliation resolution. The Oregon and Montana affiliates voluntarily disaffiliated from the party later that year. The Constitution Party of Nevada was created on October 15, 2013, in response to the controversies.[citation needed]
Mergers and re-alignments discussed
Reports that the Constitution Party discussed a realignment or merger with[68] several third parties, including the Reform Party, Independent American Party, American Independent Party, and the America First Party, have been refuted by some of the purported discussion participants.[69] Nevertheless, all of the aforementioned parties, except for the Reform Party, endorsed Michael Peroutka of the Constitution Party as their presidential candidate in 2004.
Platform
The preamble of the Constitution Party platform "gratefully acknowledges the blessing of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ as Creator, Preserver and Ruler of the Universe and of these United States,"[70] and supports the Constitutional provision in Article VI, Section 3 that "no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States" and calls on all those who love liberty and value their inherent rights to join with them in the pursuit of their goals.
Fiscal policy
The Constitution Party supports reducing the role of the United States federal government through cutting bureaucratic regulation, reducing spending, and replacing the income tax with a tariff-based revenue system supplemented by excise taxes. The party also takes the position that the "imposition … of Federal income, payroll, and estate taxes … is an unconstitutional Federal assumption of direct taxing authority." [71]
Social Security phase-out
The Constitution Party calls for the eventual end of social security.[72]
Foreign policy
The Constitution Party favors a non-interventionist foreign policy. It advocates reduction and eventual elimination of the role the United States plays in multinational and international organizations such as the United Nations, and favors withdrawal of the United States from most current treaties, such as North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the World Trade Organization. The party takes mercantilist positions in supporting protectionist policies on international trade.
The party also believes in exercising a tariff system to counteract the United States' increasingly negative balance of trade.[73] The tariff system would levy additional import costs, the amount of which would vary proportionally with how much lower the exporting country's production costs are compared to that of U.S. companies.
Immigration policy
The party opposes illegal immigration and seeks stricter controls on legal immigration. It demands that the federal government implement an immigration policy disqualifying potential immigrants on grounds of ill health, criminality, low morals, or financial dependence, believing that they would impose an improper burden on the United States. The party has stated a long term goal of a moratorium on future immigration, with exceptions only for extreme cases of necessity.[74]
The party opposes welfare subsidies and other taxpayer-supported benefits to illegal immigrants. It rejects the practice of bestowing U.S. citizenship on children born to illegal immigrant parents while in this country (jus soli), and rejects any extension of amnesty to illegal immigrants. The Constitution Party calls for the use of the United States military to enforce the strict immigration policy.
Social policy
The party opposes euthanasia and abortion, including in cases of rape and incest.[75]
The party supports the ability of states to administer a death penalty:[76]
Our support of a State's option to impose the death penalty is limited to those who have been convicted of capital crimes. This is consistent with protecting innocent life because the death penalty would only be applied to those who have proven to be a threat to innocent life.
The party opposes same-sex marriage, and believes state and local governments have the right to criminalize "offensive sexual behavior."[77] The party also opposes pornography, believing it to be "a destructive element of society resulting in significant and real emotional, physical, spiritual and financial costs to individuals, families and communities," and distinguishable from the US citizen's "cherished First Amendment right to free speech." While expressing its belief in the individual responsibility of citizens and corporations, the party maintains that government plays a "vital role" in establishing and maintaining the highest level of decency in America's community standards.[78] The party opposes all government sponsorship, involvement in, or promotion of gambling,[79] and in keeping with the spirit of Article 1 Section 8 and Amendment 10, opposes federal anti-drug laws, while conceding that the federal government may have a role in limiting the import of drugs.[80]
The party supports the right to bear arms in accordance with the Second Amendment. The party believes that any attempt to make laws barring the second amendment is unconstitutional. It has taken a stand against the Patriot Act.
The Constitution Party believes that charitable giving is most effective when conducted by private parties. Because the authority to administer charity has not been granted to the government in the Constitution, the party maintains that the government has no business being involved in such endeavors.[81] The party opposes federal restrictions on, or subsidization of, medical treatments.[82]
The party supports English as the official language for all governmental business, opposes bilingual ballots, and insists that those who wish to take part in the electoral process and governance of the U.S. be required to read and comprehend basic English as a precondition of citizenship.[74] The party also opposes the federal Voting Rights Act.
In 2009, the Southern Poverty Law Center described the party as a "'Patriot Group," a category of parties that "advocate or adhere to extreme anti-government doctrines."[83]
Environmental policy
The party believes that "it is our responsibility to be prudent, productive, and efficient stewards of God’s natural resources."[84] With respect to global warming, it says that "globalists are using the global warming threat to gain more control via worldwide sustainable development." According to the party, eminent domain is unlawful because "under no circumstances may the federal government take private property, by means of rules and regulations which preclude or substantially reduce the productive use of the property, even with just compensation."[84]
In regards to energy, the party calls attention to "the continuing need of the United States for a sufficient supply of energy for national security and for the immediate adoption of a policy of free market solutions to achieve energy independence for the United States," and calls for the abolition of the Department of Energy.[85]
Federalism
The party supports the repeal of the Sixteenth Amendment, which allows Congress to tax income, and the Seventeenth Amendment, which requires the direct (popular) election of Senators.[86] The party holds that each state's membership in the Union is voluntary,[87] a stance is known as the Compact theory.
Notable members and allies
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CPWVa_Party_Symbol.jpg/100px-CPWVa_Party_Symbol.jpg)
Pat Buchanan threatened in 1996 to run as the U.S. Taxpayers' Party candidate if Bob Dole chose a pro-choice running mate. Dole ultimately chose pro-life Jack Kemp and received Buchanan's endorsement. Buchanan's 2000 Reform Party running mate Ezola B. Foster switched her membership to the Constitution Party in 2002. Buchanan stated on the September 7, 2004 edition of Hardball with Chris Matthews, "There is a chance I would vote for [Michael] Peroutka."[88] However, he later penned an endorsement of President George W. Bush in the pages of The American Conservative.[89]
U.S. senator Bob Smith announced his switch from Republican to the U.S. Taxpayers Party in 1999 to seek its 2000 presidential nomination. Smith later charged that anti-New World Order ideologues within the party resisted his candidacy due to his Roman Catholicism. He left the party after one month and continued his campaign as a non-partisan independent but ceased the campaign soon thereafter and returned to the Republican party to assume a Senate committee chairmanship. In 2008, he began writing editorials on the Constitution Party's web page, fueling speculation that he would seek its presidential nomination again, despite endorsing Rep. Duncan Hunter for the Republican nomination. He requested that his name be withheld from consideration in a March 2008 letter to Constitution Party supporters.
Minuteman Project co-founder Jim Gilchrist ran for Congress with the American Independent Party in 2005, but has since rejoined the Republican Party.[90]
Author and WorldNetDaily columnist Jerome Corsi launched a brief campaign for the 2008 nomination, but in July 2007 decided to return to writing.[91] Former Reagan Administration official and devout Catholic activist Alan Keyes had actively sought the Constitution candidacy after ending a bid for the GOP nomination.[92]
The party has attracted notables in the anti-abortion movement such as Dr. Gregory Thompson,[93] Lon Mabon,[94] Paul deParrie, and Missionaries to the Preborn leader Pastor Matthew Trewhella.[95] However, many such notables were involved in the below-mentioned disaffiliation efforts over abortion, and it remains unclear what effect the movement has upon the current reorganized rump affiliates.
A 2008 candidate for the Republican nomination, Representative Ron Paul (R-Texas), endorsed several third party candidates shortly after he bowed out of the race. Ultimately, he endorsed 2008 Constitution Party candidate Chuck Baldwin.[96] The unaffiliated Constitution Party of Montana replaced Baldwin with Paul for president and Michael Peroutka for vice president. Paul requested that Montana remove his name from the ballot, but the Secretary of State of Montana denied his request, stating that the request was sent too late.[97]
In 2010, former Republican Congressman Tom Tancredo ran for governor of Colorado as a Constitutionalist. He received 36.8% of the vote, finishing in second place. Despite losing the election, Tancredo managed to secure major party status for the Constitution Party in Colorado by surpassing the 10% of the gubernatorial election vote needed to qualify as a major party.[98]
In 2006, Rick Jore of Montana became the first Constitution Party candidate elected to a state-level office.[99][100]
2012 candidates
Former Republican Representative Virgil Goode (VA-5) was nominated at the convention in Nashville, Tennessee on April 22, 2012.[101] Goode received 203 votes; 202 were required for a majority. Darrell Castle of Tennessee, national vice chairman of the Constitution Party, came in second with 120 votes. Other candidates who received votes were Robby Wells from North Carolina, former football coach at Savannah State University; Dr. Laurie Roth of Washington state, a radio talk-show host; and Susan Ducey of Kansas, a Registered Nurse.[102]
Past presidential tickets
- 1992 –Howard Phillips and Albion Knight –43,369 votes
- 1996 –Howard Phillips and Herb Titus –182,820 votes
- 2000 –Howard Phillips and Curtis Frazier –98,020 votes
- 2004 –Michael Peroutka and Chuck Baldwin –143,630 votes
- 2008 –Chuck Baldwin and Darrell Castle –199,750 votes
- 2012 –Virgil Goode and Jim Clymer –122,388 votes
Electoral results
President
Election year | Candidate | Ballot access | # of overall votes | % of overall vote | # of electoral votes | +/- |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1992 | Howard Phillips | 21 | 43,369 | 0.04% | 0 / 538
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1996 | Howard Phillips | 38 | 182,820 | 0.19% | 0 / 538
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2000 | Howard Phillips | 41 | 98,020 | 0.09% | 0 / 538
|
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2004 | Michael Peroutka | 36 | 143,630 | 0.12% | 0 / 538
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2008 | Chuck Baldwin | 37 | 199,750 | 0.15% | 0 / 538
|
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2012 | Virgil Goode | 26 | 122,388 | 0.09% | 0 / 538
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House of Representatives
Election year | # of overall votes | % of overall vote | # of electoral votes | +/- |
---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 122,936 | 0.1% | 0 / 435
|
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2002 | 99,306 | 0.1% | 0 / 435
|
![]() |
2004 | 132,613 | 0.10% | 0 / 435
|
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2006 | 68,031 | 0.10% | 0 / 435
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2008 | 136,021 | 0.10% | 0 / 435
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2010 | 123,841 | 0.14% | 0 / 435
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2012 | 118,102 | 0.10% | 0 / 435
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Senate
Election year | # of total votes | % of vote | # of seats won | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1998 | 183,588 | 0.34% | 0 | |
2000 | 286,816 | 0.36% | 0 | |
2002 | 60,456 | 0.14% | 0 | |
2004 | 404,853 | 0.47% | 0 | |
2006 | 133,037 | 0.21% | 0 | |
2008 | 240,729 | 0.36% | 0 | |
2010 | 338,593 | 0.51% | 0 | |
2012 | 140,605 | 0.15% | 0 |
See also
- List of political parties in the United States
- Constitution Party National Convention
- Electoral history of the Constitution Party
Notes
- ^ "Southern Poverty Law Center." Constitution Party Hopes to Take Politics to the Extreme in 2004. Spl Center, Feb.-Mar. 2003. Web. 20 Sept. 2013. <http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2003/fall/our-terrible-swift-sword>.
- ^ Rudin, Ken. "Election 2010 Scorecard". National Public Radio. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- ^ a b Clarkson, Fred (May 5, 2004). "Will Roy Moore crack the Bush base?". Salon Magazine.
- ^ Cohen, Nancy L. (2012). Delirium: The Politics of Sex in America. Counterpoint. p. 321. ISBN 1582438013.
- ^ Joyce, Kathryn (2010). Quiverfull: Inside the Christian Patriarchy Movement. Beacon Press. pp. 7, 28. ISBN 978-0807010730.
- ^ Lovell, Jarret S. (2009). Crimes of Dissent: Civil Disobedience, Criminal Justice, and the Politics of Conscience. New York University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0814752272.
- ^ Preamble to Constitution Party Platform "The Constitution Party gratefully acknowledges the blessing of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ as Creator, Preserver and Ruler of the Universe and of these United States. We hereby appeal to Him for mercy, aid, comfort, guidance and the protection of His Providence as we work to restore and preserve these United States. This great nation was founded, not by religionists, [sic] but by Christians; not on religions but on a foundation of Christian principles and values. For this very reason peoples of all faiths have been and are afforded asylum, prosperity, and freedom of worship here. The goal of the Constitution Party is to restore American jurisprudence to its Biblical foundations and to limit the federal government to its Constitutional boundaries."
- ^ Blumenthal, Max (2010). Republican Gomorrah: Inside the Movement That Shattered the Party. Nation Books. p. 86. ISBN 978-1568584171.
- ^ "Meet Sarah Palin's radical right-wing pals". Salon Magazine. Oct 10, 2008.
{{cite journal}}
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ignored (help) - ^ Berlet, Chip (September 2, 2008). "Sarah Palin and Christian Dominionist Theocracy". Huffington Post. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
- ^ Carrie Budoff; Thomas Fitzgerald (August 8, 2004). "Candidate counts on anger at Specter Democrats are hoping that James Clymer, of the Constitution Party, will draw off enough conservative support to boost Hoeffel's chances". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
- ^ Sara Diamond, "The U.S. Taxpayers Party"; The Guardian; UK; October 9, 1991; reprinted in Facing the Wrath; Common Courage Press; 1996.
- ^ "Constitution Party National Platform". Constitution Party. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
- ^ Isn't the Constitution Party the same at the Tea Party? The Constitution Party, Retrieved March 22, 2014
- ^ "Constitution Party Ends Meeting Optimistically" Los Angeles Times December 9, 1957
- ^ "Gale, William Potter" in Hamilton, Neil A. American Social Leaders and Activists New York: Infobase Publishing; p. 152-153
- ^ Affiliation Statement; Constitution Party of Alabama website; CPAL; retrieved March 2014.
- ^ CPAZ official website.
- ^ CPAR
- ^ ACP; "Secretary of State, Elections Division;" Colorado Government site; retrieved March 2014.
- ^ Paulson, Steven K.; "ACP Not Relishing Role As Colorado Major Party"; May 8, 2011; CBS Broadcasting, Inc. online; retrieved March 2014.
- ^ Georgia CP website
- ^ Constitution Party of Idaho official website.
- ^ IDSOS other election related information; sources; accessed March 5, 2014.
- ^ Constitution Party of Illinois website
- ^ About us - Party leadership Constitution Party of Illinois. Retrieved July 23, 2014
- ^ "Constitution Party of Illinois Now Has Its First Elected Official"; "Independent Political Report;" April 12, 2013; retrieved February 9, 2014
- ^ Constitution Party of Indiana Retrieved July 23, 2014
- ^ Constitution Party of Iowa official website.
- ^ CPoK official website
- ^ Official Constitution Party MD website
- ^ Peroutka, Michael Anthony (January 12, 2011). "Michael Peroutka Addresses Maryland Constitution Party Meeting In Westminster, Carrol County". The American View.
- ^ CP of MA website.
- ^ U.S. Taxpayers Party of Michigan Officials
- ^ U.S. Taxpayers Party Opposes All Four Michigan Statewide Ballot Proposals on November 5; All Business online; retrieved March 2014.
- ^ Constitution Party of Minnesota official website
- ^ Lovell, Jarret S. (2009). Crimes of Dissent: Civil Disobedience, Criminal Justice, and the Politics of Conscience. New York University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0814752272.
- ^ Mississippi Constitution Party website
- ^ Constitution Party of Missouri
- ^ Montana Constitution Party Re-Affiliates with National Constitution Party; Ballot Access Org
- ^ Constitution Party of Montana Official Website
- ^ The Constitution Party of Montana: The Radical Right Wing Collides with Mainstream Politics; PDF auto download; MHRN.
- ^ Montana Constitution Party Bolts
- ^ Nebraska Party; Constitution Party of Nebraska; retrieved March 2014.
- ^ The Nebraska Independent Party; retrieved September 14, 2006.
- ^ IAP of NV
- ^ Officers Independent American Party of Nevada, retrieved July 20, 2014
- ^ "IAP wins local contests"; 11-04-2010; Nevada Appeal.com (Nevada Appeal—Capitol Bureau); retrieved 01-21-2013.
- ^ *Constitution Party of Tennessee website
- ^ Constitution Party of Texas
- ^ Powers, Dan (November 3, 2012). "State of Utah House of Representatives, the race for House District 22 remains firmly centered in Magna". The Oquirrh Times Online Newspaper.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Note: With few exceptions, the state party affiliates and the national party itself changed their names in 2000 to the present day "Constitution Party."
- ^ a b United States District Court, Southern District of West Virginia, CIVIL ACTION NO. 6:00-0894
- ^ History of the CPWVa, cpwva.org
- ^ Political party defined - WV Code §3-1-8
- ^ Wisconsin Constitution Party: Our History; Wisconsin Constitution Party online; retrieved March 2014.
- ^ WCP
- ^ "Our Terrible Swift Sword; February–March 2003; "Constitution Party Hopes to Take Politics to the Extreme in 2004;" Southern Poverty Law Center web; retrieved Sept. 20, 2013
- ^ a b Official website; Constitution Party of North Carolina—State Executive Committee
- ^ Patriot Groups Active in the Year 2006, SPLC Intelligence Report, Spring 2007, Issue Number: 125
- ^ The Modern Militia Movement, MIAC Strategic Report, February 20, 2009
- ^ West Virginia Victory—Ballot Access News
- ^ Lightburn, Joseph B. Papers, Regarding Conservative Politics, 1957-1970
- ^ West Virginia voter registration form - WVSOS
- ^ Am I Registered To Vote? - WVSOS
- ^ Independent voters may request ballot; April 25, 2010; The Times West Virginian online; retrieved .
- ^ 3rd Parties to Merge Into 1?; retrieved September 14, 2006.
- ^ National Chairman Sets Record Straight on Third-Party Discussions; retrieved September 14, 2006.
- ^ 2012-2016 Constitution Party Platform and Resolutions; Constitution Party online; retrieved .
- ^ "Party Platform (Taxes)". Constitutionparty.org. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ Social Security Phase-out Plan; Constitution Party organization online; retrieved .
- ^ "Party Platform (Tariffs and Trade)". Constitutionparty.org. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ a b "Party Platform (Immigration)". Constitutionparty.org. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ "Party Platform (Preamble) and (Sanctity of Life)". Constitutionparty.org. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ "Party Platform (Crime)". Constitutionparty.org. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ "Party Platform (Family)". Constitutionparty.org. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ "Party Platform (Pornography, Obscenity, and Sexually Oriented Businesses)". Constitutionparty.org. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ "Party Platform (Gambling)". Constitutionparty.org. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ "Party Platform (Drug Abuse)". Constitutionparty.org. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ "Party Platform (Welfare)". Constitutionparty.org. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ "Party Platform (Health Care and Government)". Constitutionparty.org. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ "'Patriot' Groups". Southern Poverty Law Center. Spring 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-31.
Generally, Patriot groups define themselves as opposed to the 'New World Order' or advocate or adhere to extreme anti-government doctrines. ... Listing here does not imply that the groups themselves advocate or engage in violence or other criminal activities, or are racist.
- ^ a b Party Platform (Environment) Constitutionparty.org, Retrieved March 31, 2014
- ^ Party Platform (Energy) Constitutionparty.org, Retrieved April 2, 2014
- ^ "Party Platform (Congressional Reform)". Constitutionparty.org. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ "Party Platform (Statehood)". Constitutionparty.org. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ "'Hardball with Chris Matthews' for Sept. 7 2004". MSNBC. Retrieved 2010-07-19.
- ^ "Coming Home". Amconmag.com. 2004-11-08. Retrieved 2010-07-19.
- ^ Jim Gilchrist; Jim Gilchrist blog; retrieved .
- ^ "Corsi declines Constitution Party bid". Wnd.com. Retrieved 2010-07-19.
- ^ "Keyes to Reveal Plans in Hazleton"; Ragan, Tom; "Standard~Speaker," April 10, 2008
- ^ "News Story Video". Vids.myspace.com. 2008-08-07. Retrieved 2010-07-19.
- ^ "Overview of CP office candidates". Politics1.com. Retrieved 2010-07-19.
- ^ "Guns at School". My.execpc.com. Retrieved 2010-07-19.
- ^ "Campaign For Liberty—A New Alliance - By Dr. Ron Paul". Campaignforliberty.com. Retrieved 2010-07-19.
- ^ "Ballot Access News » Blog Archive » Montana Verifies That Ron Paul Will Remain on Ballot". Ballot-access.org. Retrieved 2010-07-19.
- ^ "RealClearPolitics - Election 2010 - Colorado Governor - Maes vs. Hickenlooper vs. Tancredo". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
- ^ "State Legislature results", Missoulian, November 8, 2006. Retrieved November 8, 2006. [dead link]
- ^ Control of state Legislature unclear, Helena Independent Record [dead link]
- ^ Collins, Paul (April 23, 2012). "Constitution Party nominates Goode". www.martinsvillebulletin.com. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
- ^ "Constitution Party Presidential Debate" '; Winger, Richard; Ballot Access News; March 26, 2012
References
- Blumenthal, Max (2010). Republican Gomorrah: Inside the Movement That Shattered the Party. Nation Books. p. 86. ISBN 978-1568584171.
- Boggs, Alison (June 10, 2011), "Hindu God Sculpture Draws Critics In CDA", The Spokesman-Review – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , retrieved February 10, 2014
- Brunt, Jonathan (October 13, 2012), "Solidly Gop District Seeing Spirited Race; Shea's Views Seem to Provide Opening for Biviano", The Spokesman-Review – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , retrieved February 10, 2014
- Camden, Jim (June 30, 2004), "Candidate bases bid on God; Constitution Party presidential nominee draws crowd of 500, wants spot on state ballot", The Spokesman-Review – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , retrieved February 10, 2014
- Camden, Jim (June 30, 2004), "Candidate is on a mission; Constitution Party nominee visits Spokane", The Spokesman-Review – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , retrieved February 10, 2014
- "Constitution Party Assails Socialism", Seattle Daily Times – via NewsBank (subscription required) , p. 42, 09-09-1958
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- "Constitution Party Nominates Candidates". The Times Examiner. May 26, 2010.
- "Constitution Party Sets Convention", Seattle Daily Times – via NewsBank (subscription required) , p. 22, 07-31-1958
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- de Leon, Virginia (June 24, 2004), "'Ten Commandments' judge to speak; Roy Moore to talk about 'America's call to honor God'", The Spokesman-Review – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , retrieved February 10, 2014
- W.Va. GOP says it won’t appeal ballot ruling; September 28, 2010; The Register Herald; Summary: "By a margin of just eleven voter signatures, the party succeeds in securing ballot access for U.S. House of Representatives candidate Phil Hudok. The party then spends the rest of the summer petitioning to gain access for U.S. Senate candidate Jeff Becker to run in the special election for the late Robert C. Byrd's seat, despite looming challenges by the GOP to stop or delay the election".
- "Group Plans To Form New Political Party", Seattle Daily Times – via NewsBank (subscription required) , p. 9, 09-07-1958
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- Hayden, Jay G. (09-09-1956), "Chances Slim 'Far-Rightist' Ticket Would Be Important", Seattle Daily Times – via NewsBank (subscription required) , p. 109
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- "Hearings on Gay Marriage Likely to Be Packed Monday", The Seattle Times – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , January 22, 2012, retrieved February 10, 2014
- Lester, David (October 12, 2004), "County Hopefuls Agree to Agree -- and Disagree", Yakima Herald-Republic – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , retrieved February 10, 2014
- "Only 3 Parties' Write-In Votes To Be Counted", Seattle Daily Times – via NewsBank (subscription required) , p. 9, 10-23-1956
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- Parrish, Susan (April 11, 2013), "Spokane Group Behind Anti-Levy Fliers in B.G", The Columbian – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , retrieved February 10, 2014
- Pomeroy, Karla (January 26, 2004). "Marylander Campaigns to be Constitution Party's Presidential Candidate". Basin Baltimore Chronicle.
- "Steve Krukar (CST)". Washington Post. 2004.
- Ward, Leah (May 21, 2010), "Constitution Party prepares to gather in Moxee [Derived headline]", Yakima Herald-Republic – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , retrieved February 10, 2014
- "'Write-in' Is Voter Privilege, Says Candidate", Seattle Daily Times – via NewsBank (subscription required) , p. 21, 11-04-1956
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