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* [[Avici|Avīci]]: The period of suffering in this chamber is the longest and it is reserved for sinners who have committed heinous crimes, including the [[Anantarika-karma|Five Grave Offences]]. |
* [[Avici|Avīci]]: The period of suffering in this chamber is the longest and it is reserved for sinners who have committed heinous crimes, including the [[Anantarika-karma|Five Grave Offences]]. |
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Some literature refers to eighteen types of hells or to eighteen hells for each type of punishment. Some religious or literature books say that wrong-doers who were not punished when they were alive are punished in the hells after death.<ref>[http://lookbooks.org/big5/course5.html 勿闖鬼門關]</ref><ref>薜福成. ''庸盦筆記''</ref><ref>[http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/s6-z6 地獄篇]. Tw.myblog.yahoo.com. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://www.purelandsect.net/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E6%84%9F%E6%87%89%E4%BA%8B%E8%B9%9F/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E6%96%B0%E8%BC%AF/D%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E6%96%B0%E8%BC%AF7.htm D因果故事新輯7]</ref><ref>[http://xn--1qq22qc0dpvm9wk.net/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E6%84%9F%E6%87%89%E4%BA%8B%E8%B9%9F/%E7%80%95%E6%AD%BB%E9%AB%94%E9%A9%97/D%E7%80%95%E6%AD%BB%E9%AB%94%E9%A9%971.htm 瀕死體驗(新)]. Xn--1qq22qc0dpvm9wk.net. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://www.buddha.twmail.cc/1-4/helllive3D.htm 劫後陰間新聞]</ref><ref>[http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5e25a0250100h3aj.html 圆寂复魂师地狱游记(一)]. Blog.sina.com.cn (2010年03月11日). Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://www.dizang.org/gs/lh/b.htm 因果轮回实录]. Dizang.org. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~prprouch/tenjinki/tenjin4_16.html 天神記(四]. B.biglobe.ne.jp. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://hi.baidu.com/chewu/blog/item/ab988a8b32092fdffd1f10e2.html 敦煌写经·黃仕強傳]. Hi.baidu.com (2011年11月08日). Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://www.eywedu.com/dunhuang/078.htm 九、唐太宗入冥記]. Eywedu.com. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://www.fwdict.com 《風雲道者經典錄》叢書]. Fwdict.com. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://www.pureland-buddhism.org/淨土宗叢書/地獄見聞錄 地獄見聞錄]</ref><ref>[http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/2163451163 阴律无情官方网站]. Blog.sina.com.cn. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://club.fjdh.com/11950/viewspace-80474.html 一位佛门通灵人的地狱见闻]</ref><ref>[http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5fa525dd0100cw9m.html 二下地狱和水域见闻_留惑润生_新浪博客]</ref><ref>[http://bbs.tianya.cn/post-16-780694-1.shtml 当代一位特异功能人看到的奇异死后世芥(转载)_莲蓬鬼话_天涯论坛]</ref> |
Some literature refers to eighteen types of hells or to eighteen hells for each type of punishment. Some religious or literature books say that wrong-doers who were not punished when they were alive are punished in the hells after death.<ref>[http://lookbooks.org/big5/course5.html 勿闖鬼門關]</ref><ref>薜福成. ''庸盦筆記''</ref><ref>[http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/s6-z6 地獄篇]. Tw.myblog.yahoo.com. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://www.purelandsect.net/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E6%84%9F%E6%87%89%E4%BA%8B%E8%B9%9F/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E6%96%B0%E8%BC%AF/D%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E6%96%B0%E8%BC%AF7.htm D因果故事新輯7]</ref><ref>[http://xn--1qq22qc0dpvm9wk.net/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E6%84%9F%E6%87%89%E4%BA%8B%E8%B9%9F/%E7%80%95%E6%AD%BB%E9%AB%94%E9%A9%97/D%E7%80%95%E6%AD%BB%E9%AB%94%E9%A9%971.htm 瀕死體驗(新)]. Xn--1qq22qc0dpvm9wk.net. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://www.buddha.twmail.cc/1-4/helllive3D.htm 劫後陰間新聞]</ref><ref>[http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5e25a0250100h3aj.html 圆寂复魂师地狱游记(一)]. Blog.sina.com.cn (2010年03月11日). Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://www.dizang.org/gs/lh/b.htm 因果轮回实录]. Dizang.org. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~prprouch/tenjinki/tenjin4_16.html 天神記(四]. B.biglobe.ne.jp. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://hi.baidu.com/chewu/blog/item/ab988a8b32092fdffd1f10e2.html 敦煌写经·黃仕強傳]. Hi.baidu.com (2011年11月08日). Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://www.eywedu.com/dunhuang/078.htm 九、唐太宗入冥記]. Eywedu.com. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://www.fwdict.com 《風雲道者經典錄》叢書]. Fwdict.com. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://www.pureland-buddhism.org/淨土宗叢書/地獄見聞錄 地獄見聞錄]</ref><ref>[http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/2163451163 阴律无情官方网站]. Blog.sina.com.cn. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.</ref><ref>[http://club.fjdh.com/11950/viewspace-80474.html 一位佛门通灵人的地狱见闻]</ref><ref>[http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5fa525dd0100cw9m.html 二下地狱和水域见闻_留惑润生_新浪博客]</ref><ref>[http://bbs.tianya.cn/post-16-780694-1.shtml 当代一位特异功能人看到的奇异死后世芥(转载)_莲蓬鬼话_天涯论坛]</ref><ref>[http://junhonglu.com/梦中游历地狱和西方极乐世界,真实所见发人深省/ 梦中游历地狱和西方极乐世界,真实所见发人深省]</ref> |
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==Alternate names for hell== |
==Alternate names for hell== |
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*{{zh icon}} http://www.18hell.com |
*{{zh icon}} http://www.18hell.com |
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*[http://www.miucheng.com/cuishu81/16629_4.html 唐·段成式《酉阳杂俎》整部作品- 谬城] |
*[http://www.miucheng.com/cuishu81/16629_4.html 唐·段成式《酉阳杂俎》整部作品- 谬城] |
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*[http://bbs.tianya.cn/post-16-628204-1.shtml 东来言异] |
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{{Chinese mythology}} |
{{Chinese mythology}} |
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{{Hell}} |
{{Hell}} |
Revision as of 15:34, 31 December 2014
Diyu | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Illustration from the Jade Record: Sinners are being tortured in the sixth court of hell by hammering metal spikes into the body; skinning alive; sawing body in half; and having to kneel on metal filings. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 地獄 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 地狱 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | earth prison | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Vietnamese name | |||||||||||||||||||||
Vietnamese alphabet | địa ngục | ||||||||||||||||||||
Korean name | |||||||||||||||||||||
Hangul | 지옥 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | hell, underworld | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Japanese name | |||||||||||||||||||||
Kanji | 地獄 | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Diyu (Sanskrit: नरक "Naraka") is the realm of the dead or "hell" in Chinese mythology. It is loosely based on a combination of the Buddhist concept of Naraka, traditional Chinese beliefs about the after-life and a variety of popular expansions and reinterpretations of these two traditions.
Diyu is typically depicted as a subterranean maze with various levels and chambers, to which souls are taken after death to atone for the sins they committed when they were alive. The exact number of levels in Diyu and their associated deities differ between Buddhist and Taoist interpretations. Some speak of three to four "courts"; others mention "Ten Courts of Hell", each of which is ruled by a judge (collectively known as the Ten Yama Kings); other Chinese legends speak of the "Eighteen Levels of Hell". Each court deals with a different aspect of atonement and different punishments; most legends claim that sinners are subjected to gruesome tortures until their "deaths", after which they are restored to their original state for the torture to be repeated.
Conceptions of Diyu
According to ideas from Taoism,[1][2] Buddhism[3][4][5] and traditional Chinese folk religion, Diyu is a purgatory that serves to punish and renew spirits in preparation for reincarnation into their next life. Many deities, whose names and purposes are the subject of conflicting accounts, are associated with Diyu.
Some early Chinese societies speak of people going to Mount Tai, Jiuyuan, Jiuquan or Fengdu after death.[6][7][8] At present, Fengdu and the temples on Mount Tai have been rebuilt into tourist attractions, incorporating artistic depictions of hell and the after-life.[9][10] Some controversial folk religion planchette writings, such as Journeys to the Under-World, say that new hells with new punishments are created as the world changes and there is also a City of Innocent Deaths (Chinese: 枉死城; pinyin: Wǎng Sǐ Chéng).[11][12][13] Some claimed there are other facilities.[14][15]
Ten Courts of Hell
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hells_judges.jpg/220px-Hells_judges.jpg)
The concept of the "Ten Courts of Hell" began after Chinese folk religions were influenced by Buddhism. In Chinese mythology, the Jade Emperor put Yama in charge of overseeing the affairs of Diyu. There are 12,800 hells located under the earth—eight dark hells, eight cold hells and 84,000 miscellaneous hells located at the edge of the universe. All will go to Diyu after death but the period of time one spends in Diyu depends on the severity of the sins one has committed, and after receiving due punishment, one will eventually be sent for reincarnation. In the mean time, souls will pass from stage to stage at the decision of Yama. Yama also reduced the number of hells to ten. He later divided Diyu into ten courts, each overseen by a "Yama King", while he remained as the sovereign ruler of Diyu.
# | Name and title | Birthday (in the Chinese calendar) |
In charge of (see the Cold and Hot Narakas for details) |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jiang, King Qinguang 秦廣王蔣 |
1st day of 2nd lunar month | Life and death and fortunes of all humans | Believed to be Jiang Ziwen of the Eastern Han Dynasty |
2 | Li, King Chujiang 楚江王歷 |
1st day of 3rd lunar month | Sañjīva, Arbuda | |
3 | Yu, King Songdi 宋帝王余 |
8th day of 2nd lunar month | Kālasūtra, Nirarbuda | |
4 | Lü, King Wuguan 五官王呂 |
18th day of 2nd lunar month | Saṃghāta, Aṭaṭa | |
5 | Bao, King Yanluo 閻羅王包 |
8th day of 1st lunar month | Raurava, Hahava | Believed to be Bao Zheng of the Northern Song Dynasty |
6 | Bi, King Biancheng 卞城王畢 |
8th day of 3rd lunar month | Mahāraurava, Huhuva, and City of Innocent Deaths | |
7 | Dong, King Taishan 泰山王董 |
27th day of 3rd lunar month | Tapana, Utpala | Believed to be Dong Ji (董極) of the Later Han |
8 | Huang, King Dushi 都市王黃 |
1st day of 4th lunar month | Pratāpana, Padma | Believed to be Huang Sile (黃思樂) of the Five Dynasties period |
9 | Lu, King Pingdeng 平等王陸 |
8th day of 4th lunar month | Avīci, Mahāpadma | |
10 | Xue, King Zhuanlun 轉輪王薛 |
17th day of 4th lunar month | Sending souls for reincarnation |
Capital
Among the various other geographic features believed of Diyu, the capital city has been thought to be named Youdu. It is generally conceived as being similar to a typical Chinese capital city, such as Chang'an, but surrounded with and pervaded with darkness.
Eighteen levels of hell
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_ghost_of_Yue_Fei.jpg/200px-The_ghost_of_Yue_Fei.jpg)
The concept of the eighteen hells started in the Tang Dynasty. The Buddhist text Wen Diyu Jing (問地獄經) mentioned 134 worlds of hell, but was simplified to the Eighteen Levels of Hell for convenience. Sinners feel pain and agony just like living humans when they are subjected to the tortures listed below. They can not "die" from the torment because when the ordeal is over, their bodies will be restored to their original states for the torture to be repeated. The following is a list of common punishments and tortures in the eighteen levels of hell:
- Mountain of Knives: Sinners are made to shed blood by climbing a mountain with sharp blades sticking out. Some depictions show offenders climbing trees with knives or sharp thorns sticking out from trunks and branches.
- Cauldron torture: Sinners are fried in oil cauldrons. Some depictions show offenders being steamed rather than fried.
- Dismemberment: Sinners are dismembered by various means, including, but not limited to, the following:
- Sawing
- Carving
- Slicing in half
- Mashing or pounding into pulp
- Crushed by heavy rocks or boulders
- Run over by vehicles
- Grinding torture: Sinners are put into a grinding machine and ground into a bloody pulp.
- Tortures involving fire:
- Burning: Sinners are set aflame or cast into infernos.
- Paolao torture: Sinners are stripped naked and made to climb a large metal cylinder with a fire lit at its base.
- Boiling liquid torture: Sinners have boiling liquids forced down their throats or poured on parts of their bodies.
- Tortures involving removal of body parts or organs:
- Tongue-ripping
- Eye-gouging
- Heart-digging
- Disembowelment: Sinners have their internal organs dug out.
- Skinning
- Severing fingers and toes
- Ice World: Sinners are frozen in ice. Some depictions show unclothed sinners suffering frostbite in an icy world. Their bodies eventually fall apart or break into pieces.
- Scales and hooks torture: Sinners are pierced by hooks and hung upside-down. Some depictions show sinners having nails hammered into them (similar to crucifixion).
- Pool of Blood: Sinners are cast into a pool of blood. Blood spills from all bodily orifices.
- Tortures involving beasts: Sinners are trampled by cattle, gored by beasts with horns or tusks, mauled or eaten by predators, stung or bitten by poisonous species et cetera.
- Avīci: The period of suffering in this chamber is the longest and it is reserved for sinners who have committed heinous crimes, including the Five Grave Offences.
Some literature refers to eighteen types of hells or to eighteen hells for each type of punishment. Some religious or literature books say that wrong-doers who were not punished when they were alive are punished in the hells after death.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]
Alternate names for hell
Among the more common Chinese names for the Underworld are:
- Diyu (ti-yu; simplified Chinese: 地狱; traditional Chinese: 地獄; pinyin: Dìyù; Wade–Giles: Ti4-yü4), "Earth Prison".
- Difu (ti-fu; Chinese: 地府; pinyin: Dìfǔ; Wade–Giles: Ti4-fu3), "Earth Mansion".
- Huangquan (huang-chuan; simplified Chinese: 黄泉; traditional Chinese: 黃泉; pinyin: Huángquán; Wade–Giles: Huang2-ch'üan2), "Yellow Springs", called yomi in Japanese.
- Yinjian (yin-chien; simplified Chinese: 阴间; traditional Chinese: 陰間; pinyin: Yīnjiān; Wade–Giles: Yin1-chien1; lit. 'Yin dimension'), "Land of Shade".
- Yinfu (yin-fu; simplified Chinese: 阴府; traditional Chinese: 陰府; pinyin: Yīnfǔ; Wade–Giles: Yin1-fu3), "Shady Mansion".
- Yinsi (yin-szu; simplified Chinese: 阴司; traditional Chinese: 陰司; pinyin: Yīnsī; Wade–Giles: Yin1-szu1), "Shady Office".
- Senluo Dian (Sen-lo Tien; simplified Chinese: 森罗殿; traditional Chinese: 森羅殿; pinyin: Sēnluódiàn; Wade–Giles: Sen1-lo2 Tien4), "Court of Senluo".
- Yanluo Dian (Yan-lo Tien; simplified Chinese: 阎罗殿; traditional Chinese: 閻羅殿; pinyin: Yánluódiàn; Wade–Giles: Yan2-lo2 Tien4), "Court of Yanluo".
- Jiuquan (chiu-chuan; Chinese: 九泉; pinyin: Jiǔquán; Wade–Giles: Chiu3-ch'üan2), "Nine Springs".
- Chongquan (chung-chuan; Chinese: 重泉; pinyin: Chóngquán; Wade–Giles: Ch'ung2-ch'üan2), "Repeating Spring".
- Quanlu (chuan-lu; Chinese: 泉路; pinyin: Quánlù; Wade–Giles: Ch'üan2-lu4), "Road to the Spring".
- Youming (yu-ming; Chinese: 幽冥; pinyin: Yōumíng; Wade–Giles: Yu1-ming2), "Serene Darkness".
- Yourang (yu-jang; Chinese: 幽壤; pinyin: Yōurǎng; Wade–Giles: Yu1-jang3), "Serene Land".
- Huokang (huo-kang; Chinese: 火炕; pinyin: Huǒkàng; Wade–Giles: Huo3-kang4), "Fire Pit".
- Jiuyou (chiu-yu; Chinese: 九幽; pinyin: Jiǔyōu; Wade–Giles: Chiu3-yu1), "Nine Serenities".
- Jiuyuan (chiu-yuan; Chinese: 九原; pinyin: Jiǔyuán; Wade–Giles: Chiu3-yüan2), "Nine Origins".
- Mingfu (ming-fu; Chinese: 冥府; pinyin: Míngfǔ; Wade–Giles: Ming2-fu3), "Dark Mansion".
- Abi (a-pi; Chinese: 阿鼻; pinyin: Ābí; Wade–Giles: A1-pi2), "Avīci", the hell of uninterrupted torture, last and deepest of the Eight Hot Narakas.
- Zugen (tsu-ken; Chinese: 足跟; pinyin: Zúgēn; Wade–Giles: Tsu2-ken1), "Heel".
- Fengdu Cheng (Fengtu Cheng; simplified Chinese: 丰都城; traditional Chinese: 酆都城; pinyin: Fēngdū Chéng; Wade–Giles: Feng1-tu1 Ch'eng2), a reference to the Fengdu Ghost City.
Other terminology related to hell includes:
- Naihe Qiao (Nai-ho Chiao; simplified Chinese: 奈何桥; traditional Chinese: 奈何橋; pinyin: Nàihé Qiáo; Wade–Giles: Nai4-ho2 Ch'iao2), "Bridge of Helplessness", a bridge every soul has to cross before entering the Underworld, just like the River Styx in Greek mythology.
- Wang Xiang Tai (Wang Hsiang Tai; simplified Chinese: 望乡台; traditional Chinese: 望鄉臺; pinyin: Wàng Xiāng Tái; Wade–Giles: Wang4 Hsiang1 T'ai2), "Home-Viewing Pavilion", a pavilion every soul passes by on his / her journey to the Underworld. From there, they can see their families and loved ones in the living world.
- Youguo (yu-kuo; simplified Chinese: 油锅; traditional Chinese: 油鍋; pinyin: Yóu Guō; Wade–Giles: Yu2-kuo1), "Oil Cauldron", one of the tortures in hell.
- Santu (san-tu; simplified Chinese: 三涂; traditional Chinese: 三塗; pinyin: Sān Tú; Wade–Giles: San1-t'u2), the "Three Tortures": Fire Torture (simplified Chinese: 火涂; traditional Chinese: 火塗; pinyin: Huǒ Tú; Wade–Giles: Huo3-t'u2), Blade Torture (simplified Chinese: 刀涂; traditional Chinese: 刀塗; pinyin: Dāo Tú; Wade–Giles: Tao1-t'u2), Blood Torture (simplified Chinese: 血涂; traditional Chinese: 血塗; pinyin: Xuě Tú; Wade–Giles: Hsüeh3-t'u2; lit. 'spilling of blood').
See also
- Bon Festival
- Ghost Festival
- Hell Bank Notes
- Hell Scroll (Nara National Museum)
- Journeys to the Under-World
- Ksitigarbha
- Maudgalyayana
- Meng Po
- Ox-Head and Horse-Face
- Naraka (Buddhism)
- Yama (Buddhism and Chinese mythology)
Notes
- ^ 北京的寺廟-4. Tw.myblog.yahoo.com (2007年07月25日). Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 上鍊經第十. Jnk.org.tw. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 诸经佛说地狱集要. Read.goodweb.cn. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 汉魏六朝佛教之“地狱”说(上). Wuys.com (2006年12月22日). Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 汉魏六朝佛教之“地狱”说(下). Wuys.com (2006年12月22日). Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 華雨集第四冊05. Yinshun.org.tw. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 泰山崇拜与东岳泰山神的形成. Taishanly.com (2008年03月03日). Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 山不在高,有仙則名──論泰山、上古神山與生死[dead link]
- ^ 蒿里山[dead link]
- ^ 有“十八层地狱”的宫观——东岳庙. Mcprc.gov.cn (2009年04月30日). Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 觀靈實錄-枉死城系列報導PDF電子書. Wugin.com. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 枉死城遊記
- ^ 三. 枉死城亡魂戒改. Tienton.myweb.hinet.net. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 牽亡魂-國家之窗. Senwanture.com. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 《最新落陰相褒歌》內容概述[dead link]
- ^ 勿闖鬼門關
- ^ 薜福成. 庸盦筆記
- ^ 地獄篇. Tw.myblog.yahoo.com. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ D因果故事新輯7
- ^ 瀕死體驗(新). Xn--1qq22qc0dpvm9wk.net. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 劫後陰間新聞
- ^ 圆寂复魂师地狱游记(一). Blog.sina.com.cn (2010年03月11日). Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 因果轮回实录. Dizang.org. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 天神記(四. B.biglobe.ne.jp. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 敦煌写经·黃仕強傳. Hi.baidu.com (2011年11月08日). Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 九、唐太宗入冥記. Eywedu.com. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 《風雲道者經典錄》叢書. Fwdict.com. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 地獄見聞錄
- ^ 阴律无情官方网站. Blog.sina.com.cn. Retrieved on 2011年11月14日.
- ^ 一位佛门通灵人的地狱见闻
- ^ 二下地狱和水域见闻_留惑润生_新浪博客
- ^ 当代一位特异功能人看到的奇异死后世芥(转载)_莲蓬鬼话_天涯论坛
- ^ 梦中游历地狱和西方极乐世界,真实所见发人深省
External links
- Template:Zh icon Xinhuanet 18 levels of hell article
- Template:Zh icon CBETA Chinese Electronic Tripitaka Buddhist version of 18 levels of hell (佛說十八泥犁經)
- Template:Zh icon History of Buddhist hell: (part 1, part 2)
- Template:Zh icon http://www.18hell.com
- 唐·段成式《酉阳杂俎》整部作品- 谬城
- 东来言异