Arms embargo: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 07:42, 18 October 2016

An arms embargo is an embargo that applies to weaponry. It may also include "dual use" . An arms embargo may serve one or more purposes:

to signal disapproval of behavior by a certain actor,
to maintain neutral standing in an ongoing conflict, or
to limit the resources an actor has to inflict violence on others

Historical examples

Argentinien

US President Jimmy Carter implemented the embargo against the 1976 Military Junta due to the Dirty War. This was joined by the United Kingdom after the 1982 Falklands War. The ban was lifted in the 1990s when Argentina was named a Major non-NATO ally. During those years Argentine Armed Forces shifted to Western European countries and Israel for supplies.

Indonesien

The United States government imposed an arms embargo to Indonesia in 1999 due to human rights violations in East Timor. The embargo was subsequently lifted in 2005.

Iran

There have been international sanctions against Iran since 1979. ^{[clarification needed]} In March 2007, UN Security Council Resolution 1747, imposed a ban on arms sales with Iran.

People's Republic of China

The U.S. and EU stopped exporting arms to China after 1989, due to the reaction by China's Government towards the protest in Tiananmen Square. In 2004-05, there was some debate in the EU over whether to lift the embargo.^[1] ^[2]

Südafrika

The arms embargo of South Africa from 1977 extended to dual use items. The embargo was lifted by Resolution 919 in 1994.

List of current arms embargoes

The countries included in the list are under arms embargo of the United Nations or another international organization (EU, OSCE and others) or country. In some cases the arms embargo is supplemented by general trade embargo, other sanctions (financial) or travel ban for specific persons. In some cases the arms embargo applies to any entitiy residing or established in the country, but in others it is partial – the recognized government forces and international peacekeepers are exempted from the embargo.

Armenia and Azerbaijan (by OSCE),^[3] 1992–2012 (only end for Azerbaijan)
Central African Republic (by Security Council),^[4] 2013–
Myanmar (by EU),^[5] 1990–
People's Republic of China (by EU/US),^[6]^[7] 1989–
Democratic Republic of the Congo (by UN, EU),^[8] 2003/1993– (UN/EU)
Ivory Coast (by UN, EU),^[9] 2004-
Eritrea (by UN, EU),^[10] 2010–
Guinea (by EU),^[11] 2009–
Iran (by UN, EU),^[12] 2006–
Iraq (by UN, EU),^[13] 1990– (possibly no longer in effect)
Libya (by UN) 2011-^[14]
North Korea (by UN, EU),^[15] arms and luxury goods, 2006–
Lebanon (by UN, EU),^[16] 2006–
Somalia (by UN, EU),^[17] 1992/2002– (UN/EU)
Sudan (by UN, EU),^[18] 2004/1994– (UN/EU)
Uzbekistan (by EU),^[19] 2005–2009 ^[20]
Zimbabwe (by EU),^[21] 2002–

Former embargos

Rwanda (by UN in Resolution 918 and EU)^[22] (UN: 1994–2008, EU: ^{[citation needed]})
Sierra Leone (by UN and EU),^[23] 1997–?
Syria (by EU),^[24] 2011–2013^[25]
Turkey (by USA) 1975–1978^[26]
Vietnam (by US) 1984–1995: lifted in 2016
Yugoslavia (by UN in Resolution 713 and EU)^[27] (UN/EU: September 1991:^{[citation needed]})2010^[28]

References

^ http://www.sldinfo.com/the-eu-arms-embargo-repeal-debate/ The EU Arms Embargo Repeal Debate
^ https://www.academia.edu/5475879/The_EU_Arms_Embargo_on_China_a_Swedish_Perspective_2010_/ Hellström, Jerker (2010) "The EU Arms Embargo on China: a Swedish Perspective", Swedish Defence Research Agency
^ OSCE Nagorno Karabakh arms embargo Template:Wayback
^ Security Council arms embargo Template:Wayback
^ EU Myanmar arms embargo Template:Wayback
^ EU China arms embargo Template:Wayback
^ US China arms embargo Template:Wayback
^ DR Congo arms embargo Template:Wayback
^ Ivory Coast embargo Template:Wayback
^ EU Sanctions measures Template:Wayback
^ EU Guinea embargo Template:Wayback
^ Iran embargo Template:Wayback
^ Iraq embargo Template:Wayback
^ "UN Security Council keeps Libya arms embargo in place". Al Jazeera English. March 28, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
^ North Korea embargo Template:Wayback
^ Lebanon embargo Template:Wayback
^ Somalia embargo Template:Wayback
^ Sudan embargo Template:Wayback
^ EU Uzbekistan embargo Template:Wayback
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-05-07. Retrieved 2015-11-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ EU Zimbabwe embargo Template:Wayback
^ Rwanda embargo Template:Wayback
^ http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/^{[permanent dead link]}/www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/sierraleone/index.html
^ EU impose arms embargo on Syria
^ [1]
^ US Arms Embargo against Turkey – after 30 Years, An Institutional Approach towards US Policy Making
^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 713
^ http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/09/29/lifts-arms-embargo-sierra-leone/

External links

[1] ttp://www.sldinfo.com/the-eu-arms-embargo-repeal-debate/ The EU Arms Embargo Repeal Debate

[2] ttps://www.academia.edu/5475879/The_EU_Arms_Embargo_on_China_a_Swedish_Perspective_2010_/ Hellström, Jerker (2010) "The EU Arms Embargo on China: a Swedish Perspective", Swedish Defence Research Agency

[3] OSCE Nagorno Karabakh arms embargo Template:Wayback

[4] Security Council arms embargo Template:Wayback

[5] EU Myanmar arms embargo Template:Wayback

[6] EU China arms embargo Template:Wayback

[7] US China arms embargo Template:Wayback

[8] DR Congo arms embargo Template:Wayback

[9] Ivory Coast embargo Template:Wayback

[10] EU Sanctions measures Template:Wayback

[11] EU Guinea embargo Template:Wayback

[12] Iran embargo Template:Wayback

[13] Iraq embargo Template:Wayback

[14] "UN Security Council keeps Libya arms embargo in place". Al Jazeera English. March 28, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.

[15] North Korea embargo Template:Wayback

[16] Lebanon embargo Template:Wayback

[17] Somalia embargo Template:Wayback

[18] Sudan embargo Template:Wayback

[19] EU Uzbekistan embargo Template:Wayback

[20] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-05-07. Retrieved 2015-11-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[21] EU Zimbabwe embargo Template:Wayback

[22] Rwanda embargo Template:Wayback

[23] ttp://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/^{[permanent dead link]}/www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/sierraleone/index.html

[24] EU impose arms embargo on Syria

[25] [1]

[26] US Arms Embargo against Turkey – after 30 Years, An Institutional Approach towards US Policy Making

[27] United Nations Security Council Resolution 713

[28] ttp://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/09/29/lifts-arms-embargo-sierra-leone/

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 The countries included in the list are under arms embargo of the [[United Nations]] or another international organization ([[European Union|EU]], [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe|OSCE]] and others) or country. In some cases the arms embargo is supplemented by general [[trade embargo]], other [[economic sanctions|sanctions]] (financial) or [[travel ban]] for specific persons. In some cases the arms embargo applies to any entitiy residing or established in the country, but in others it is partial – the recognized government forces and international [[peacekeeping|peacekeepers]] are exempted from the embargo.
 {{Expand list|date=March 2010}}
-*[[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]] (by OSCE),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/armenia/index.html OSCE Nagorno Karabakh arms embargo]</ref> 1992–2012 (only end for Azerbaijan)
+*[[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]] (by OSCE),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/armenia/index.html OSCE Nagorno Karabakh arms embargo] {{wayback|url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/armenia/index.html |date=20090604042651 }}</ref> 1992–2012 (only end for Azerbaijan)
-*[[Central African Republic]] (by Security Council),<ref>[http://www.un.org/sc/committees/2127/ Security Council arms embargo]</ref> 2013–
+*[[Central African Republic]] (by Security Council),<ref>[http://www.un.org/sc/committees/2127/ Security Council arms embargo] {{wayback|url=http://www.un.org/sc/committees/2127/ |date=20141031174448 }}</ref> 2013–
-*[[Myanmar]] (by EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/burma/index.html EU Myanmar arms embargo]</ref> 1990–
+*[[Myanmar]] (by EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/burma/index.html EU Myanmar arms embargo] {{wayback|url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/burma/index.html |date=20100118100103 }}</ref> 1990–
-*[[People's Republic of China]] (by EU/US),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/china/index.html EU China arms embargo]</ref><ref>[http://useu.usmission.gov/Dossiers/Chinese_Arms_Embargo/default.asp US China arms embargo]</ref> 1989–
+*[[People's Republic of China]] (by EU/US),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/china/index.html EU China arms embargo] {{wayback|url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/china/index.html |date=20100118101217 }}</ref><ref>[http://useu.usmission.gov/Dossiers/Chinese_Arms_Embargo/default.asp US China arms embargo] {{wayback|url=http://useu.usmission.gov/Dossiers/Chinese_Arms_Embargo/default.asp |date=20081023155440 }}</ref> 1989–
-*[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1807|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/dem-repub-congo/index.html DR Congo arms embargo]</ref> 2003/1993– (UN/EU)
+*[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1807|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/dem-repub-congo/index.html DR Congo arms embargo] {{wayback|url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/dem-repub-congo/index.html |date=20100118012729 }}</ref> 2003/1993– (UN/EU)
-*[[Ivory Coast]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1572|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/Ivory-Coast/index.html Ivory Coast embargo]</ref> 2004-
+*[[Ivory Coast]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1572|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/Ivory-Coast/index.html Ivory Coast embargo] {{wayback|url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/Ivory-Coast/index.html |date=20090508075209 }}</ref> 2004-
-*[[Eritrea]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1907|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/cfsp/sanctions/docs/measures_en.pdf EU Sanctions measures]</ref> 2010–
+*[[Eritrea]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1907|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/cfsp/sanctions/docs/measures_en.pdf EU Sanctions measures] {{wayback|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/cfsp/sanctions/docs/measures_en.pdf |date=20100331172836 }}</ref> 2010–
-*[[Guinea]] (by EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/guinea/index.html EU Guinea embargo]</ref> 2009–
+*[[Guinea]] (by EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/guinea/index.html EU Guinea embargo] {{wayback|url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/guinea/index.html |date=20100118095142 }}</ref> 2009–
-*[[Iran]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/iran/index.html Iran embargo]</ref> 2006–
+*[[Iran]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/iran/index.html Iran embargo] {{wayback|url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/iran/index.html |date=20091125132713 }}</ref> 2006–
-*[[Iraq]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/iraq/index.html Iraq embargo]</ref> 1990– (possibly no longer in effect)
+*[[Iraq]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/iraq/index.html Iraq embargo] {{wayback|url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/iraq/index.html |date=20090609173225 }}</ref> 1990– (possibly no longer in effect)
 *[[Libya]] (by UN) 2011-<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/03/security-council-libya-arms-embargo-place-150328111924635.html|title = UN Security Council keeps Libya arms embargo in place|last = |first = |date = March 28, 2015|work = [[Al Jazeera English]]|access-date = August 5, 2015|via = }}</ref>
-*[[North Korea]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/democratic%20people%20republic%20of%20korea/index.html North Korea embargo]</ref> arms and [[luxury good]]s, 2006–
+*[[North Korea]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/democratic%20people%20republic%20of%20korea/index.html North Korea embargo] {{wayback|url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/democratic%20people%20republic%20of%20korea/index.html |date=20090615151557 }}</ref> arms and [[luxury good]]s, 2006–
-*[[Lebanon]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/Lebanon/index.html Lebanon embargo]</ref> 2006–
+*[[Lebanon]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/Lebanon/index.html Lebanon embargo] {{wayback|url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/Lebanon/index.html |date=20100214082425 }}</ref> 2006–
-*[[Somalia]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1744|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/somalia/index.html Somalia embargo]</ref> 1992/2002– (UN/EU)
+*[[Somalia]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1744|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/somalia/index.html Somalia embargo] {{wayback|url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/somalia/index.html |date=20100118100058 }}</ref> 1992/2002– (UN/EU)
-*[[Sudan]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1591|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/sudan/index.html Sudan embargo]</ref> 2004/1994– (UN/EU)
+*[[Sudan]] (by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1591|UN]], EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/sudan/index.html Sudan embargo] {{wayback|url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/sudan/index.html |date=20100118095802 }}</ref> 2004/1994– (UN/EU)
-*[[Uzbekistan]] (by EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/uzbekistan/index.html EU Uzbekistan embargo]</ref> 2005–2009 <ref>[http://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/eu_arms_embargoes/uzbekistan]</ref>
+*[[Uzbekistan]] (by EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/uzbekistan/index.html EU Uzbekistan embargo] {{wayback|url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/uzbekistan/index.html |date=20091213192308 }}</ref> 2005–2009 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/eu_arms_embargoes/uzbekistan |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-11-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507054520/http://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/eu_arms_embargoes/uzbekistan |archivedate=2016-05-07 |df= }}</ref>
-*[[Zimbabwe]] (by EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/zimbabwe/index.html EU Zimbabwe embargo]</ref> 2002–
+*[[Zimbabwe]] (by EU),<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/zimbabwe/index.html EU Zimbabwe embargo] {{wayback|url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/zimbabwe/index.html |date=20090604170131 }}</ref> 2002–
 ===Former embargos===
-*[[Rwanda]] (by UN in [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 918|Resolution 918]] and EU)<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/rwanda/index.html Rwanda embargo]</ref> (UN: 1994–2008, EU: {{Citation needed|date=March 2010}})
+*[[Rwanda]] (by UN in [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 918|Resolution 918]] and EU)<ref>[http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/rwanda/index.html Rwanda embargo] {{wayback|url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/rwanda/index.html |date=20100218050713 }}</ref> (UN: 1994–2008, EU: {{Citation needed|date=March 2010}})
-*[[Sierra Leone]] (by UN and EU),<ref>http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/sierraleone/index.html</ref> 1997–?
+*[[Sierra Leone]] (by UN and EU),<ref>http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}/www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/sierraleone/index.html</ref> 1997–?
 *[[Syria]] (by EU),<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/09/syria-european-union-arms-embargo EU impose arms embargo on Syria]</ref> 2011–2013<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/may/28/uk-forced-eu-embargo-syria-rebel-arms]</ref>
 *[[Turkey]] (by USA) 1975–1978<ref>[http://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/MuratKaragoz1.pdf US Arms Embargo against Turkey – after 30 Years, An Institutional Approach towards US Policy Making]</ref>
@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 * [https://www.academia.edu/5475879/The_EU_Arms_Embargo_on_China_a_Swedish_Perspective_2010_ Hellström, Jerker (2010) "The EU Arms Embargo on China: a Swedish Perspective", Swedish Defence Research Agency]
 * [http://www.bis.doc.gov/ US Bureau of Industry and Security]
-* [http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/index.html UK Current Arms Embargoes and Other Restrictions]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100228062658/http://www.berr.gov.uk:80/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/index.html UK Current Arms Embargoes and Other Restrictions]
-* [http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/cfsp/sanctions/index_en.htm European Commission CFSP Sanctions]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100403000924/http://ec.europa.eu:80/external_relations/cfsp/sanctions/index_en.htm European Commission CFSP Sanctions]
-* [http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/transfers/controlling/arms_embargoes SIPRI database of multilateral arms embargoes since 1990]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100306155147/http://www.sipri.org:80/research/armaments/transfers/controlling/arms_embargoes SIPRI database of multilateral arms embargoes since 1990]
 [[Category:Arms control]]