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succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
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succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
{{Infobox color|title=Red
succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
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succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
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succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
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succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
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succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
|photo2a=Cardinal Théodore Adrien Sarr 2.JPG
succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
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succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
|photo2c=Magdalena Frackowiak.jpg
succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
|photo3a=Chinese honor guard in column 070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG
succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
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succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
| color_border = #AAAAAA
succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
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succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
|caption=(clockwise)Fresh strawberries; Shrine at Itsukushima, Japan; Cardinal [[Théodore-Adrien Sarr]], Archibishop of [[Dakar]]; Model [[Magdalena Frackowiak]] in Paris Fashion Week; Honor guard of Chinese People's Army
succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
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succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
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succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
| wavelength=~620–740<ref>Thomas J. Bruno, Paris D. N. Svoronos. ''CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts.'' CRC Press, 2005.<br>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/specol.html#c1 Color]</ref><ref name=Bohren2006 />| frequency=~480–400
succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
|r=255|g=0|b=0|rgbspace=[[sRGB color space|sRGB]]
succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
|source=[[X11 color names|X11]]
succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
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succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc

succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
'''Red''' is the [[color]] at the longer-[[wavelength]]s end of the [[visible spectrum|spectrum]] of [[Light|visible light]] next to [[Orange (colour)|orange]], at the opposite end from [[Violet (color)|violet]].<ref>Oxford English Dictionary on-line</ref> Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 [[Nanometre|nanometers]].
succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
Light with a longer wavelength than red but shorter than [[terahertz radiation]] and [[microwave]] is called [[infrared]].
succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc

succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
Red is one of the [[additive primary color]]s of visible light, along with [[green]] and [[blue]], which in [[RGB|Red Green Blue (RGB)]] color systems are combined to create all the colors on a computer monitor or television screen. Red is one of the [[subtractive secondary colors]], resulting from the combination of [[yellow]] and [[magenta]]. (See [[CMYK color model]].) Traditionally, it was viewed as a primary subtractive colour, along with yellow and [[blue]], in the [[RYB color space]] and traditional [[color wheel]] formerly used by painters and artists. Reds can vary in [[Tints and shades|shade]] from very light [[pink]] to very dark [[maroon]] or [[Burgundy (color)|burgundy]]; and in [[hue]] from the bright orange-red [[scarlet (color)|scarlet]] or [[vermilion]] to the bluish-red [[crimson]]. Red is the [[complementary color]] of [[cyan]].
succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc

succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc succ mah cucc
In nature, the red color of [[blood]] comes from [[hemoglobin]], the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the [[Grand Canyon]] and other geological features is caused by [[hematite]] or red [[ochre]], both forms of [[iron oxide]]. It also causes the red color of the planet [[Mars]]. The red sky at sunset and sunrise is caused by an optical effect known as [[Rayleigh scattering]], which, when the sun is low or below the horizon, increases the red-wavelength light that reaches the eye. The color of [[autumn leaf color|autumn leaves]] is caused by pigments called [[anthocyanin]]s, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green [[chlorophyll]] is no longer produced.<ref name=tree1044>{{cite journal|last1=Archetti|first1=Marco|last2=Döring|first2=Thomas F.|last3=Hagen|first3=Snorre B.|last4=Hughes|first4=Nicole M.|last5=Leather|first5=Simon R.|last6=Lee|first6=David W.|last7=Lev-Yadun|first7=Simcha|last8=Manetas|first8=Yiannis|last9=Ougham|first9=Helen J.|title=Unravelling the evolution of autumn colours: an interdisciplinary approach|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|volume=24|pages=166–73|year=2011|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2008.10.006|pmid=19178979|issue=3|last10=Schaberg|first10=Paul G.|last11=Thomas|first11=Howard}}</ref> One to two percent of the human population has [[red hair]]; the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment [[pheomelanin]] (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment [[eumelanin]].

Since red is the color of blood, it has historically been associated with sacrifice, danger and courage. Modern surveys in the [[United States]] and [[Europe]] show red is also the color most commonly associated with heat, activity, passion, sexuality, anger, love and joy. In China, India and many other Asian countries it is the color of symbolizing happiness and good fortune. Since the 19th century, red has also been associated with [[socialism]] and [[communism]].<ref name="Eva Heller pg. 39">Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques''. pp. 39–63.</ref>

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==Etymology and definitions==
The word ''red'' is derived from the [[Old English]] ''rēad''.<ref>{{cite book | title = Origins: An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English | isbn = 0-415-05077-4 | author = Eric Partridge | publisher = Routledge | year = 1966 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=xA9dxrhfa5kC&pg=PA555&dq=red+read+rauthaz }}</ref> The word can be further traced to the [[Proto-Germanic]] ''rauthaz'' and the [[Proto-Indo European]] root ''rewdʰ-''. In [[Sanskrit]], the word ''rudhira'' means red or blood. In the [[Akkadian language]] of Ancient [[Mesopotamia]] and in the modern [[Inuit language]] of [[Inuit]], the word for red is the same word as "like blood".<ref>Heller (2009), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 41.</ref>

The words for 'colored' in Latin (''coloratus'') and Spanish (''colorado'') both also mean 'red.'<ref>Michel Pastoureau (2005), Le petit livre des couleurs, p. 31.</ref> In [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] the word for red is ''vermelho'', which comes from Latin "''vermiculus''", meaning "little worm".

In the [[Russian language]], the word for red, Кра́сный (krasniy), comes from the same old [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] root as the words for "beautiful"—красивый (krasiviy) and "excellent"—прекрасный (prekrasniy). Thus [[Red Square]] in Moscow, named long before the [[Russian Revolution]], meant simply "Beautiful Square".<ref name="autogenerated1">Eva Heller (2009), ''Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques'', p. 45</ref>

In heraldry, the word [[gules]] is used for red.<ref>{{cite web|editor-first=Stephen|editor-last=Friar|title=A New Dictionary of Heraldry|location=London|year=1987|publisher=[[A & C Black|Alphabooks/A&C Black]]|isbn=0 906670 44 6|pages=174, 343}}</ref>

==Shades and varieties==
{{main article|Shades of red}}
Red can vary in [[hue]] from orange-red to violet-red, and for each hue there is a wide variety of shades and tints, from very light pink to dark burgundy.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">

File:Strawberries.jpg|Pure, or solid red, the color of most ripe [[Strawberry|strawberries]].
File:Cardinal Théodore Adrien Sarr 2.JPG | [[Scarlet (color)|Scarlet]] is one quarter of the way between the colors red and orange. It is the color worn by a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]..
File:Cardinal.jpg|The [[cardinal (bird)|cardinal]] takes its name from the color worn by Roman Catholic [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinals]].
File:Cherry blossoms in the Tsutsujigaoka Park.jpg|[[Pink]] is a pale shade of red. Cherry blossoms in the Tsutsujigaoka Park, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
File:Red tikka powder.jpg|[[Vermilion]] is similar to scarlet, but slightly more orange. This is [[sindoor]], a red cosmetic powder used in India; [[Hindu]] women put a stripe of sindoor in their hair to show they are married.
File:Udusse mattuv harilik vaher, punaste sügislehtedega. Läänemaa.jpg| [[Maple]] tree with red leaves in the morning mist [[Estonia]]
File:Harvard Crimson.svg|[[Crimson]] is a strong, deep red containing a little blue. The emblem of [[Harvard University]].
File:Chestnuts02.jpg|[[Maroon (color)|Maroon]] is a dark brownish red. Its name comes from ''marron'', the French word for [[chestnut]].<ref>''Webster's New World Dictionary of American English'', 3rd College Edition, (1988). "A dark brown red." ''Random House College Dictionary'' (1975), "a dark brownish-red."</ref>
File:Ruby gem.JPG|[[Ruby (color)|Ruby]] is the color of a cut and polished [[ruby]] gemstone.
File:Red Wine Glass.jpg|[[Burgundy (color)|Burgundy]], [[claret]], or [[Wine red]], is a very dark red containing a little blue. In France this color is known as Bordeaux.
</gallery>

==In art and culture==

===Prehistory===
Inside cave 13B at [[Pinnacle Point]], an archeological site found on the coast of South Africa, paleoanthropologists in 2000 found evidence that, between 170,000 and 40,000 years ago, [[Late Stone Age]] people were scraping and grinding [[ochre]], a clay colored red by [[iron oxide]], probably with the intention of using it to color their bodies.<ref name="Marean 2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Marean | first1 = C.W. | last2 = Bar-Matthews | first2 = M | last3 = Bernatchez | first3 = J. | last4 = Fisher | first4 = E. | last5 = Goldberg | first5 = P. | last6 = Herries | first6 = A.I.R. | last7 = Jacobs | first7 = Z. | last8 = Jerardino | first8 = A. | last9 = Karkanas | first9 = P. | last10 = Minichillo | first10 = T. | last11 = Nilssen | first11 = P.J. | last12 = Thompson | first12 = E. | last13 = Watts | first13 = I. | last14 = Williams | first14 = H.W. | year = 2007 | title = Early Human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene | url = | journal = Nature | volume = 449 | issue = | pages = 905–08 | doi=10.1038/nature06204 | pmid=17943129}}</ref>

Red [[hematite]] powder was also found scattered around the remains at a grave site in a [[Zhoukoudian]] cave complex near [[Beijing]]. The site has evidence of habitation as early as 700,000 years ago. The hematite might have been used to symbolize blood in an offering to the dead.<ref>Chunling (2008), ''China Red'', p. 4</ref>

Red, black and white were the first colors used by artists in the [[Upper Paleolithic]] age, probably because natural pigments such as red ochre and iron oxide were readily available where early people lived. [[Rubia|Madder]], a plant whose root could be made into a red dye, grew widely in Europe, Africa and Asia.<ref>Michel Pastoureau, ''Le Petit livre des couleurs'', p. 32.</ref> The [[cave of Altamira]] in Spain has a painting of a bison colored with red ochre that dates to between 15,000 and 16,500 BC.

A red dye called [[Kermes (dye)|Kermes]] was made beginning in the [[Neolithic Period]] by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny [[scale insect]] in the genus ''[[Kermes (genus)|Kermes]]'', primarily ''[[Kermes vermilio]]''. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially [[Kermes oak]] trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse, [[Bouches-du-Rhône]].<ref name="Barber230">Barber (1991), pp. 230–31</ref> Kermes from oak trees was later used by Romans, who imported it from Spain. A different variety of dye was made from [[Armenian cochineal|''Porphyrophora hamelii'' (Armenian cochineal)]] scale insects that lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs. It was mentioned in texts as early as the 8th century BC, and it was used by the ancient Assyrians and Persians.<ref name=Greenfield>Greenfield (2005) p. 45</ref>

Kermes is also mentioned in the [[Bible]]. In the [[Book of Exodus]], God instructs [[Moses]] to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet."<ref>KJV Book of Exodus 25:4</ref> The term used for scarlet in the 4th century [[Latin Vulgate]] version of the Bible passage is ''coccumque bis tinctum'', meaning "colored twice with coccus." ''Coccus'', from the ancient Greek ''Kokkos'', means a tiny grain and is the term that was used in ancient times for the [[Kermes vermilio]] insect used to make the Kermes dye.<ref>http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%2025&version=VULGATE| Bible Gateway, Vulgate Bible (retrieved December 23, 2012)</ref> This was also the origin of the expression "dyed in the grain."<ref>Jenkins, David, ed. (2003). The Cambridge History of Western Textiles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-34107-8.</ref>

===Ancient history===
In ancient Egypt, red was associated with life, health, and victory. Egyptians would color themselves with red ochre during celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/reds.html |title=Pigments through the Ages – Intro to the reds|publisher=Webexhibits.org|accessdate=2012-09-08}}</ref> Egyptian women used red ochre as a [[Cosmetics|cosmetic]] to redden cheeks and lips<ref>Hamilton R. (2007). ''Ancient Egypt: The Kingdom of the Pharaohs''. Paragon Inc. p. 62.</ref> and also used [[henna]] to color their hair and paint their nails.<ref>Manniche, Lise. ''Sacred Luxuries''. 1999 Cornell University Press, New York. pp. 127–43</ref>

But, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god [[Isis]] said: "Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red."<ref name="autogenerated1"/> The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the skin color of men. An ivory painter's palette found inside the tomb of King [[Tutankhamun]] had small compartments with pigments of red ochre and five other colors. The Egyptians used the root of the [[rubia]], or madder plant, to make a dye, later known as [[alizarin]], and also used it to color white power to use as a pigment, which became known as [[madder lake]], alizarin or alizarin crimson.

In Ancient China, artisans were making red and black painted [[pottery]] as early as the [[Yangshao Culture]] period (5000–3000 BC). A red-painted wooden bowl was found at a [[Neolithic]] site in Yuyao, Zhejiang. Other red-painted ceremonial objects have been found at other sites dating to the [[Spring and Autumn period]] (770–221 BC).<ref>Chunling (2008), China Red, pp. 60–61</ref>

During the [[Han dynasty]] (200 BC to 200 AD) Chinese craftsmen made a red pigment, [[lead tetroxide]], which they called ''ch-ien tan'', by heating lead white pigment. Like the Egyptians, they made a red dye from the madder plant to color silk fabric for gowns and used pigments colored with madder to make red lacquerware.

[[Red lead]] or Lead tetroxide pigment was widely used as the red in Persian and Indian miniature paintings as well as in European art, where it was called minium.<ref>Philip Ball (2001), ''Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Color'', p. 100.</ref>

In India, the [[rubia]] plant has been used to make dye since ancient times. A piece of cotton dyed with rubia dated to the third millennium BC was found at an archaeological site at [[Mohenjo-daro]].<ref name=bhardwaj&jain>{{cite journal|author=H. C. Bhardwaj & K. K. Jain|year=1982|title=Indian dyes and dyeing industry during 18th–19th century|journal=[[Indian Journal of History of Science]]|volume=17|issue=11|pages=70–81|location=[[New Delhi]]|publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]]|url=http://202.41.82.144/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005af6_70.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> It has been used by Indian monks and hermits for centuries to dye their robes.

The early inhabitants of America had their own vivid crimson [[dye]], made from the [[cochineal]], an insect of the same family as the Kermes of Europe and the Middle East, which feeds on the [[Opuntia]], or prickly pear cactus plant. Red-dyed textiles from the [[Paracas culture]] (800–100 BC) have been found in tombs in [[Peru]].

Red also featured in the burials of royalty in the Maya city-states. In the [[Tomb of the Red Queen]] inside Temple XIII in the ruined Maya city of [[Palenque]] (600–700 AD), the skeleton and ceremonial items of a noble woman were completely covered with bright red powder made from [[cinnabar]].<ref>Arnoldo Gonzalez Cruz, ''La Reina Roja: una tomba real en Palenque'', (2011), Turner, ISBN 978-8-4750-6973-9</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Pech Merle main.jpg|Image of a human hand created with red [[ochre]] in [[Pech Merle]] cave, France ([[Gravettian]] era, 25,000 BC).
File:AltamiraBison.jpg |Image of a bison from the [[cave of Altamira]] in Spain, painted with red [[ochre]] between 15,000 and 16.500 BC.
File:Akhenathon and Nefertiti E15593 mp3h8771.jpg |Painted statues of the ruler [[Akhenaten]] and Queen [[Nefertiti]] (1345 BC)
File:Banpo bowl.jpg | Painted red and black bowl from the [[Yangshao culture]] period in China (4500 BC), in the [[National Museum of China|National Museum]] of [[Beijing]]
File:Mawangdui lacquerwares and tray.jpg| Chinese [[lacquerware]] from the Han Dynasty (200 BC – 200 AD)
File:Paracas textile, British Museum.jpg| Textiles dyed red from the [[Paracas culture]] of [[Peru]] (about 200 BC), in the [[British Museum]]
</gallery>
In [[ancient Greece]] and the [[Minoan civilization]] of ancient [[Crete]], red was widely used in murals and in the [[polychrome]] decoration of temples and palaces. The Greeks began using [[red lead]] as a pigment.

In [[Ancient Rome]], [[Tyrian purple]] was the color of the Emperor, but red had an important religious symbolism. Romans wore [[togas]] with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a ''flammeum''.<ref>Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 46.</ref> Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associated with army; Roman soldiers wore red tunics, and officers wore a cloak called a [[paludamentum]] which, depending upon the quality of the dye, could be crimson, [[Scarlet (color)|scarlet]] or purple. In [[Roman mythology]] red is associated with the god of war, [[Mars (god)|Mars]].<ref name=feisner/> The [[vexilloid]] of the [[Roman Empire]] had a red background with the letters [[SPQR]] in [[Gold (color)|gold]]. A Roman general receiving a [[Roman triumph|triumph]] had his entire body painted red in honor of his achievement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Triumphus.html|title=Triumphus|first=William|last=Ramsay|accessdate=2007-12-09|year=1875}}</ref>

The Romans liked bright colors, and many [[Roman villas]] were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the murals was called [[vermilion]], and it came from the mineral [[cinnabar]], a common ore of [[Mercury (element)|mercury]]. It was one of the finest reds of ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightness for more than twenty centuries. The source of cinnabar for the Romans was a group of mines near [[Almadén]], southwest of Madrid, in Spain. Working in the mines was extremely dangerous, since mercury is highly toxic; the miners were slaves or prisoners, and being sent to the cinnabar mines was a virtual death sentence.<ref>{{cite book|title=Principles and Methods of Toxicology|edition=5th|author=Hayes, A. W.|publisher=Informa Healthcare|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=0-8493-3778-X}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:KnossosFrescoRepro06827.jpg|A restored mural, called ''The Prince of Lilies'', from the [[Bronze Age]] Palace of Minos at [[Knossos]] on [[Crete]]
File:Etruskischer Meister 002.jpg| [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] dancers in the [[Tomb of the Triclinium]] (470 BC)
File:Casa_dei_vettii_ixion.png| A fresco in the [[House of the Vettii]] in [[Pompeii]], from about 62 AD. It was buried by the eruption of [[Vesuvius]] in 79 AD and preserved.
File:Pompeii - Fullonica of Veranius Hypsaeus 2 - MAN.jpg| Roman wall painting showing a dye shop, Pompeii (40 BC). Dyed fabrics have been hung up to dry.
</gallery>

===Postclassical history===

====In Europe====
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the [[Byzantine Empire]], the princes of Europe and the [[Roman Catholic Church]] adapted red as a color of majesty and authority. It also played an important part in the rituals of the Catholic Church – it symbolized the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs – and it associated the power of the kings with the sacred rituals of the Church.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

Red was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor [[Charlemagne]] painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation.<ref>Amy Butler Greenfield, A ''Perfect Red'', pp. 36–37.</ref> Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red colored [[Religious habit|habitus]]. When [[Abbe Suger]] rebuilt [[Saint Denis Basilica]] outside Paris in the early 12th century, he added [[stained glass]] windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper. Together they flooded the basilica with a mystical light. Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France, England and Germany. In medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures; both [[Christ]] and the [[Virgin Mary]] were commonly painted wearing red mantles.

Red clothing was a sign of status and wealth. It was worn not only by cardinals and princes, but also by merchants, artisans and townpeople, particularly on holidays or special occasions. Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the [[rubia tinctorum]], the madder plant. This color leaned toward brick-red, and faded easily in the sun or during washing. The wealthy and aristocrats wore [[scarlet (color)|scarlet]] clothing dyed with [[kermes (dye)|kermes]], or [[carmine]], made from the [[carminic acid]] in tiny female [[scale insects]], which lived on the leaves of oak trees in Eastern Europe and around the Mediterranean. The insects were gathered, dried, crushed, and boiled with different ingredients in a long and complicated process, which produced a brilliant scarlet.<ref name="Amy Butler Greenfield pg. 38-45">Amy Butler Greenfield, A ''Perfect Red'', pp. 38–45.</ref>

[[Brazilin]] was another popular red dye in the Middle Ages. It came from the [[sapanwood]] tree, which grew in India, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. A similar tree, [[brazilwood]], grew on the coast of South America. The red wood was ground into sawdust and mixed with an alkaline solution to make dye and pigment. It became one of the most profitable exports from the New World, and gave its name to the nation of Brazil.<ref name="Amy Butler Greenfield pg. 38-45"/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Weltliche Schatzkammer Wienc.jpg|The crimson coronation mantle of [[Roger II of Sicily]] (1133-1134), dyed with [[Kermes (dye)|Kermes]], the most prestigious red of the Middle Ages.
File:Monreale photo ru Sibeaster14.jpg|Interior of a [[Byzantine]] church, the Cathedral of [[Monreale]] in [[Sicily]], with a mosaic portrait of Christ dressed in red (12th century)
File:Vitraux Saint-Denis 190110 19.jpg|The [[Annunciation]] scene in stained glass, from the [[Saint Denis Basilica]] (early 12th century). [[Abbe Suger]] himself, the builder of the church, is pictured at the feet of the [[Virgin Mary]], at right. She wears red with a green cloak.
File:Richard II King of England.jpg|King [[Richard II of England]] (1390s) dressed in red
File:Pope Innocent IV sends Dominicans and Franciscans out to the Tartars.jpg| [[Pope Innocent IV]] (1400–1410) dressed in red, the symbol of the blood of Christ
File:Dyeing British Library Royal MS 15.E.iii, f. 269 1482.jpg|Dyeing wool, England (1482), from the British Museum
</gallery>

====In Asia====
Red has been an important color in Chinese culture, religion, industry, fashion and court ritual since ancient times.
Silk was woven and dyed as early as the [[Han Dynasty]] (25–220 BC). China had a monopoly on the manufacture of silk until the 6th century AD, when it was introduced into the Byzantine Empire. In the 12th century, it was introduced into Europe.<ref name="autogenerated2000">Varichon, Anne, (2000), ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', p. 111.</ref>

At the time of the Han Dynasty, Chinese red was a light red, but during the [[Tang dynasty]] new dyes and pigments were discovered. The Chinese used several different plants to make red dyes, including the flowers of [[carthamus tinctorius]], the thorns and stems of a variety of [[sorghum]] plant called Kao-liang, and the wood of the [[sappanwood]] tree. For pigments, they used [[cinnabar]], which produced the famous vermillion or "Chinese red" of Chinese [[laquerware]].<ref name="autogenerated2000"/>

Red played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and good fortune to his reign. During the Zhou, Han, Jin, Song and Ming Dynasties, red considered a noble color, and it was featured in all court ceremonies, from coronations to sacrificial offerings, and weddings.<ref name="Chunling 2008 pg. 26">Chunling (2008) ''Chinese Red'', p. 26</ref>

Red was also a badge of rank. During the [[Song dynasty]] (906–1279), officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red; those of the sixth and seventh wore green; and the eighth and ninth wore blue. Red was the color worn by the royal guards of honor, and the color of the carriages of the imperial family. When the imperial family traveled, their servants and accompanying officials carried red and purple umbrellas. Of an official who had talent and ambition, it was said "he is so red he becomes purple."<ref name="Chunling 2008 pg. 26"/>

Red was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red, and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' by [[Cao Xueqin]] (1715–1763), was about the lives of noble women who passed their lives out of public sight within the walls of such mansions. In later dynasties red was reserved for the walls of temples and imperial residences. When the [[Manchu]] rulers of the [[Qing Dynasty]] conquered the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] and took over the [[Forbidden City]] and Imperial Palace in Beijing, all the walls, gates, beams and pillars were painted in red and gold.<ref>Chunling (2008) ''Chinese Red'', pp. 36–37.</ref>

Red is not often used in traditional Chinese paintings, which are usually black ink on white paper with a little green sometimes added for trees or plants; but the round or square seals which contain the name of the artist are traditionally red.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Woven silk, Western Han Dynasty.jpg| Woven silk from the Western [[Han Dynasty]], 2nd century BC.
File:Gaozong Of Song.jpg|the [[Emperor Gaozong of Song]] (1127–1162 AD), wearing red, the color his astrologers considered most auspicious for his reign
File:Meridan Gate.jpg|The Meridan Gate of the [[Forbidden City]] in Beijing. Walls, columns, windows and gates of palaces and temples were traditionally painted red.
File:Red lacquer tray with gold engraving, Song Dynasty.jpg| A red [[lacquerware]] tray with engraved gold foil decoration (12–13th century), from the [[Song dynasty]]
File:Detail of The Emperor's Approach, Xuande period.jpg|The red coach of the [[Ming dynasty]]'s [[Xuande Emperor]] (1425–1435), pulled by elephants
File:Anonymous-Astana Graves Dancer.jpg|Dancer of the [[Tang dynasty]], from the [[Astana Tombs]]
</gallery>

===Modern history===

====In the 16th and 17th centuries====
In [[Renaissance]] painting, red was used to draw the attention of the viewer; it was often used as the color of the cloak or costume of [[Christ]], the [[Virgin Mary]], or another central figure. In [[Venice]], [[Titian]] was the master of fine reds, particularly [[vermilion]]; he used many layers of pigment mixed with a semi-transparent glaze, which let the light pass through, to create a more luminous color.

During the Renaissance trade routes were opened to the New World, to Asia and the Middle East, and new varieties of red pigment and dye were imported into Europe, usually through [[Venice]], [[Genoa]] or [[Seville]], and [[Marseille]]. Venice was the major depot importing and manufacturing pigments for artists and dyers from the end of the 15th century; the catalog of a Venetian ''Vendecolori'', or pigment seller, from 1534 included vermilion and [[kermes (dye)|kermes]].<ref>Barbara Berrie and Louisa Matthews, ''Material Innovation and Artistic Invention; New Materials and New Colors in Renaissance Venetian Paintings''. NAS Colloquium on the Scientific Examination of Art: Modern Techniques, Conservation and Analysis. National Academies Press, (2005).</ref><ref>Filip Vermeylen, ''The Colour of Money: Dealing in Pigments in Sixteenth-Century Antwerp'', p. 359. "Venice dominated the trade in pigments in the Mediterranean basin during the sixteenth century." p. 359.</ref>

There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The [[Rubia]] plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was kermes, made from a tiny [[scale insect]] which fed on the branches and leaves of the oak tree. For those with even more money there was [[Polish Cochineal]]; also known as ''Kermes vermilio'' or "Blood of Saint John", which was made from a related insect, the ''Margodes polonicus''. It made a more vivid red than ordinary Kermes. The finest and most expensive variety of red made from insects was the "Kermes" of Armenia ([[Armenian cochineal]], also known as Persian ''kirmiz''), made by collecting and crushing ''Porphyophora hamelii'', an insect which lived on the roots and stems of certain grasses. The pigment and dye merchants of Venice imported and sold all of these products and also manufactured their own color, called [[Venetian red]], which was considered the most expensive and finest red in Europe. Its secret ingredient was [[arsenic]], which brightened the color.<ref name="Amy Butler Greenfield 2005">Amy Butler Greenfield, ''A Perfect Red'', (2005).</ref>

But early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe.<ref name="autogenerated64">Amy Butler Greenfield, ''A Perfect Red'', (2005), pp. 64–100</ref> When the [[Spanish conquistador]] [[Hernán Cortés]] and his soldiers conquered the [[Aztec Empire]] in 1519–1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny [[cochineal]], a parasitic scale insect which lived on cactus plants, which, when dried and crushed, made a magnificent red. The cochineal in Mexico was closely related to the Kermes varieties of Europe, but unlike European Kermes, it could be harvested several times a year, and it was ten times stronger than the Kermes of Poland. It worked particularly well on silk, satin and other luxury textiles. In 1523 Cortes sent the first shipment to Spain. Soon cochineal began to arrive in European ports aboard convoys of Spanish [[galleons]].<ref name="autogenerated64"/>

At first the guilds of dyers in Venice and other cities banned cochineal to protect their local products, but the superior quality of cochineal dye made it impossible to resist. By the beginning of the 17th century it was the preferred luxury red for the clothing of cardinals, bankers, courtesans and aristocrats.<ref name="Amy Butler Greenfield 2005"/>

The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or [[alum]], kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and [[madder lake]], made from the [[rubia tinctorum]] plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a third, [[carmine]], which made a very fine crimson, though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully. It was used by almost all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries, including [[Rembrandt]], [[Vermeer]], [[Rubens]], [[Anthony van Dyck]], [[Diego Velázquez]] and [[Tintoretto]]. Later it was used by [[Thomas Gainsborough]], [[Seurat]] and [[J.M.W. Turner]].<ref>Amy Butler Greenfield, ''A Perfect Red'', (2005), pp. 102–05</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Tizian 041.jpg| The ''Assumption'', by [[Titian]] (1516–1518). The figures of God, the Virgin Mary and two apostles are highlighted by their [[vermilion]] red costumes.
File:Elizabeth I Steven Van Der Meulen.jpg|The young Queen [[Elizabeth I]] (here in about 1563) liked to wear bright reds, before she adopted the more sober image of the "Virgin Queen". Her satin gown was probably dyed with [[kermes (dye)|kermes]].
File:The Wedding Dance.JPG|''The Wedding Dance'' (1566), by [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]]. In Renaissance [[Flanders]], people of all social classes wore red at celebrations. The dye came from the root of the [[rubia|madder]] plant, which tended toward orange.
File:Jan Vermeer van Delft 006.jpg|Woman with a wine glass, by [[Johannes Vermeer]] (1659–1660). Vermeer used different shades and tints of vermilion to paint the red skirt, then glazed it with madder lake to make a more luminous color.
File:Aztecheaddress.jpg|Dyed feather headdress from the [[Aztec]] people of Mexico and Central America. For red they used [[cochineal]], a brilliant scarlet dye made from insects.
File:Indian collecting cochineal.jpg| A native of [[Central America]] collecting cochineal insects from a [[cactus]] to make red dye (1777). From the 16th until the 19th century, it was a highly profitable export from [[New Spain|Spanish Mexico]] to Europe.
File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn - Het Joodse bruidje.jpg|Rembrandt used [[carmine]] lake, made of [[cochineal]], to paint the skirt of the bride in the painting known as "The Jewish bride" (1665–1669).
File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|The red heels of the shoes of King [[Louis XIV of France]] were discreet symbols of his royal status.
</gallery>

====In the 18th and 19th centuries====
During the French Revolution, Red became a symbol of liberty and personal freedom used by the [[Jacobins]] and other more radical parties. Many of them wore a red [[Phrygian cap]], or liberty cap, modeled after the caps worn by freed slaves in Ancient Rome. During the height of the [[Reign of Terror]], Women wearing red caps gathered around the [[guillotine]] to celebrate each execution. They were called the "Furies of the guillotine". The guillotines used during the Reign of Terror in 1792 and 1793 were painted red, or made of red wood. During the Reign of Terror a statue of a woman titled liberty, painted red, was placed in the square in front of the guillotine. After the end of the Reign of Terror, France went back to the blue, white and red tricolor, whose red was taken from the traditional color of Saint [[Denis]], the Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris.

In the mid-19th century, red became the color of a new political and social movement, [[socialism]]. It became the most common banner of the worker's movement, of the [[French Revolution of 1848]], of the [[Paris Commune]] in 1870, and of socialist parties across Europe. (see red flags and revolution section below).

As the [[Industrial Revolution]] spread across Europe, chemists and manufacturers sought new red dyes that could be used for large-scale manufacture of textiles. One popular color imported into Europe from Turkey and India in the 18th and early 19th century was [[Turkey red]], known in France as ''rouge d'Adrinople''. Beginning in the 1740s, this bright red color was used to dye or print cotton textiles in England, the Netherlands and France. Turkey red used [[Rubia|madder]] as the colorant, but the process was longer and more complicated, involving multiple soaking of the fabrics in lye, olive oil, sheep's dung, and other ingredients. The fabric was more expensive but resulted in a fine bright and lasting red, similar to [[carmine]], perfectly suited to cotton. The fabric was widely exported from Europe to Africa, the Middle East and America. In 19th century America, it was widely used in making the traditional patchwork [[quilt]].<ref>John Wilson, ''An Essay on Light and Colours'', Manchester, 1786, pp. 21–22. Cited in Sarah Lowengard (2006), ''The Creation of Color in 18th Century Europe'',Columbia University Press. (www.gutenberg-e.org/lowengard),</ref>

In 1826, the French chemist [[Pierre-Jean Robiquet]] discovered the organic compound [[alizarin]], the powerful coloring ingredient of the madder root, the most popular red dye of the time. In 1868, German chemists [[Carl Graebe]] and [[Liebermann]] were able to synthesize alizarin, and to produce it from [[coal tar]]. The synthetic red was cheaper and more lasting than the natural dye, and the plantation of madder in Europe and import of cochineal from Latin America soon almost completely ceased.

The 19th century also saw the use of red in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature.<ref>John Gage, ''Colour and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction''</ref> It saw the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as [[Vincent van Gogh]]. Describing his painting, The ''Night Cafe'', to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens."<ref name="ReferenceA">Vincent van Gogh, ''Corréspondénce general'', number 533, cited by John Gage, ''Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction''.</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Bonnet Phrygien.png|A [[Phrygian cap]], or liberty cap, was worn by the supporters of the [[French Revolution of 1789]].
File:Les furies de guillotine.jpg|During the [[Reign of Terror]] during the later French Revolution, the "Furies of the Guillotine" cheered on each execution.
File:Horace Vernet-Barricade rue Soufflot.jpg|Red flag over a barricade on Rue Soufflot in Paris during the [[French Revolution of 1848]].
File:Vincent Willem van Gogh 076.jpg|The ''Night Cafe'', (1888), by [[Vincent van Gogh]], used red and green to express what Van Gogh called "the terrible human passions."
</gallery>

====In the 20th and 21st century====
In the 20th century, red was the color of Revolution; it was the color of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 and of the Chinese Revolution of 1949, and later of the [[Cultural Revolution]]. Red was the color of [[Communist Parties]] from Eastern Europe to [[Cuba]] to [[Vietnam]].

In the late 19th and early 20th century, the German chemical industry invented two new synthetic red pigments: [[cadmium red]], which was the color of natural vermilion, and mars red, which was a synthetic red ochre, the color of the very first natural red pigment.

The French painter [[Henri Matisse]] (1869–1954) was one of the first prominent painters to use the new cadmium red. He even tried, without success, to persuade the older and more traditional [[Renoir]], his neighbor in the south of France, to switch from vermilion to cadmium red.<ref>Ball (2001), p. 440</ref>

Matisse was also one of the first 20th-century artists to make color the central element of the painting, chosen to evoke emotions. "A certain blue penetrates your soul", he wrote. "A certain red affects your blood pressure."<ref>Cited in Ball (2001) p. 437.</ref> He also was familiar with the way that complementary colors, such as red and green, strengthened each other when they were placed next to each other. He wrote, "My choice of colors is not based on scientific theory; it is based on observation, upon feelings, upon the real nature of each experience ... I just try to find a color which corresponds to my feelings."<ref>cited in Ball, (2001), p. 440.</ref>

Later in the century, the American artist [[Mark Rothko]] (1903–1970) also used red, in even simpler form, in blocks of dark, somber color on large canvases, to inspire deep emotions. Rothko observed that color was "only an instrument;" his interest was "in expressing human emotions tragedy, ecstasy, doom, and so on."<ref>''Mark Rothko 1903–1970''. Tate Gallery Publishing, 1987.</ref>

Rothko also began using the new synthetic pigments, but not always with happy results. In 1962 he donated to Harvard University a series of large murals of the Passion of Christ whose predominant colors were dark pink and deep crimson. He mixed mostly traditional colors to make the pink and crimson; synthetic ultramarine, cerulean blue, and titanium white, but he also used two new organic reds, Naphtol and Lithol. The Naphtol did well, but the Lithol slowly changed color when exposed to light. Within five years the deep pinks and reds had begun to turn light blue, and by 1979 the paintings were ruined and had to be taken down.<ref>Ball (2001), pp. 475–76</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Bathing of a Red Horse (Petrov-Vodkin).jpg|''Bathing of a Red Horse'', by the Russian symbolist painter [[Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin]] (1912), used a bright red horse to surprise and shock viewers. It provoked a furious discussion among Russian critics.
File:Matisse-The-Dessert-Harmony-in-Red-Henri-1908-fast.jpg|''The Dessert – Harmony in Red'', (1908) by [[Henri Matisse]]. Matisse used red to stimulate the emotions he wanted the viewer to feel.
File:RothkoFourDarksRed.jpg|''Four Darks in Red'' by [[Mark Rothko]] (1958). The somber dark reds were chosen to inspire deep human emotions.
</gallery>

==Pigments and dyes==
<gallery heights="150px">
File:Hematite.jpg| [[Hematite]], or iron ore, is the source of the red color of red ochre.
File:Roussillon sentier des ocres2.JPG| Red [[ochre]] cliffs near [[Roussillon]] in France. Red ochre is composed of clay tinted with hematite. Ochre was the first pigment used by man in prehistoric cave paintings.
File:Cinnabarit 01.jpg| The mineral [[cinnabar]], the ore of [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], is the source of the color [[vermilion]]. In Roman times, most cinnabar came from mines at [[Almadén]] in Spain, where the miners were usually prisoners and slaves. Mercury is highly toxic, and working in the mines was often a death sentence for the miners.
File:Vermillon pigment.jpg| Vermilion pigment, made from cinnabar. This was the pigment used in the murals of [[Pompeii]] and to color Chinese [[lacquerware]] beginning in the [[Song dynasty]].
File:Rubia tinctorum - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-123.jpg| Despite its yellow greenish flower, the roots of the ''[[Rubia tinctorum]]'', or madder plant, produced the most common red dye used from ancient times until the 19th century.
File:Red lead.jpg| [[Red lead]], also known as [[minium (pigment)|minium]], has been used since the time of the ancient Greeks. Chemically it is known as [[lead tetroxide]]. The Romans prepared it by the roasting of lead white pigment. It was commonly used in the Middle Ages for the headings and decoration of illuminated manuscripts.
File:Dragon's blood (Daemomorops draco).jpg| [[Dragon's blood]] is a bright red [[resin]] that is obtained from different species of a number of distinct plant genera: ''[[Croton (genus)|Croton]]'', ''[[Dracaena (plant)|Dracaena]]'', ''[[Daemonorops]]'', ''[[Calamus rotang]]'' and ''[[Pterocarpus]]''. The red resin was used in ancient times as a [[medicine]], [[incense]], [[dye]] and [[varnish]] for making [[violin]]s in Italy.
File:Cochineal drawing.jpg|The tiny female [[cochineal]] insect of Spanish Mexico (on the left), was crushed to make the deep [[crimson]] color used in Renaissance costumes.
File:Dactylopius coccus 02.jpg| Extract of [[carmine]], made by crushing [[cochineal]] and other [[scale insect]]s which feed on the sap of live oak trees. Also called [[kermes (dye)|kermes]], it was used from the Middle Ages until the 19th century to make [[crimson]] dye. Now it is used as a coloring for yoghurt and other food products.
File:Pau-brasil mococa sp.jpg| The [[Sappanwood]] tree, native to India, [[Malaysia]] and [[Sri Lanka]], and later the related [[Brazilwood]] tree (shown here), from the coast of South America, were the source of a popular red pigment and dye called [[brazilin]]. The red wood was ground to powder and mixed with an alkaline solution. The brazilwood gave its name to the nation of Brazil.
File:Alizarin-sample.jpg| [[Alizarin]] was the first synthetic red dye, created by German chemists in 1868. It duplicated the colorant in the madder plant, but was cheaper and longer lasting. After its introduction, the production of natural dyes from the madder plant virtually ceased.
</gallery>

===Red lac, red lake and crimson lake===
[[File:Titian - The Vendramin Family Venerating a Relic of the True Cross (detail) - WGA22811.jpg|thumb|[[Titian]] used glazes of red lake to create the vivid crimson of the robes in "The Vendramin Family Venerating a Relic of the True Cross", completed 1550–60 (detail).]]
'''Red lac''', also called '''red lake''', '''crimson lake''' or '''carmine lake''', was an important red pigment in Renaissance and Baroque art. Since it was translucent, thin layers of red lac were built up or glazed over a more opaque dark color to create a particularly deep and vivid color.

Unlike [[vermilion]] or red [[ochre]], made from minerals, red [[lake pigments]] are made by mixing organic dyes, made from insects or plants, with white [[chalk]] or [[alum]]. Red lac was made from the gum [[lac]], the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects, particularly the [[Laccifer lacca]] from India.<ref>Websters New World Dictionary of American English, Third College Edition (1988)</ref> [[Carmine]] lake was made from the [[cochineal]] insect from Central and South America, [[Kermes (dye)|Kermes]] lake came from a different scale insect, ''[[kermes vermilio]]'', which thrived on oak trees around the Mediterranean. Other red lakes were made from the [[rose madder]] plant and from the [[brazilwood]] tree.

Red lake pigments were an important part of the palette of 16th century Venetian painters, particularly [[Titian]], but they were used in all periods.<ref>David Bomford and Ashok Roy, ''A Closr Look – Colour'', National Gallery Company and Yale University Press, pp. 41–42</ref> Since the red lakes were made from organic dyes, they tended to be fugitive, becoming unstable and fading when exposed to sunlight.

===Food coloring===
The most common synthetic food coloring today is [[Allura Red AC]] is a red [[azo dye]] that goes by several names including: '''Allura Red''', '''Food Red 17''', '''C.I. 16035''', '''FD&C Red 40''',<ref name="Shampoo">
{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115194446/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/col-221.html |date=January 15, 2008 |title=From Shampoo to Cereal: Seeing to the Safety of Color Additives }}
</ref><ref name="Food Colour Facts">
{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001050645/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/colorfac.html |date=October 1, 2007 |title=Food Color Facts }}
</ref> It was originally manufactured from coal tar, but now is mostly made from petroleum.

In Europe, Allura Red AC is not recommended for consumption by children. It is banned in Denmark, Belgium, France and Switzerland, and was also banned in Sweden until the country joined the European Union in 1994.<ref>"[http://www.ukfoodguide.net/e129.htm E129]", ''UK Food Guide'', a British food additives website. Last retrieved 20 May 2007.</ref> The [[European Union]] approves Allura Red AC as a food colorant, but EU countries' local laws banning food colorants are preserved.<ref>European Parliament and Council Directive 94/36/EC of 30 June 1994 on colours for use in foodstuffs</ref>

In the United States, Allura Red AC is approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) for use in [[cosmetics]], [[drugs]], and food. It is used in some tattoo inks and is used in many products, such as [[soft drink]]s, children's medications, and [[cotton candy]]. On June 30, 2010, the [[Center for Science in the Public Interest]] (CSPI) called for the FDA to ban Red 40.<ref name="CSPI">{{cite web
| url = http://pagingdrgupta.blogs.cnn.com/2010/06/30/food-dyes-a-health-risk/
| title = Group urges ban of 3 common dyes
| publisher = CNN
| date = 2010-06-30
| accessdate = 2010-07-01
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100703013023/http://pagingdrgupta.blogs.cnn.com/2010/06/30/food-dyes-a-health-risk/| archivedate= 3 July 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

Because of public concerns about possible health risks associated with synthetic dyes, many companies have switched to using natural pigments such as [[carmine]], made from crushing the tiny female [[cochineal]] insect. This insect, originating in Mexico and Central American, was used to make the brilliant [[Scarlet (color)|scarlet]] dyes of the European Renaissance.

==In science==

===Seeing red===
[[File:Madrid Bullfight.JPG|thumb|Bulls, like dogs and many other animals, have [[dichromacy]], which means they cannot distinguish the color red. They charge the matador's cape because of its motion, not its color.]]
The human eye sees red when it looks at light with a wavelength between 620 and 740 nanometers.<ref name=Bohren2006>{{cite book | title = Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation: An Introduction with 400 Problems | author = Craig F. Bohren | publisher = Wiley-VCH | year = 2006 | isbn = 3-527-40503-8 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=1oDOWr_yueIC&pg=PA214&lpg=PA214&dq=indigo+spectra+blue+violet+date:1990-2007#PPA214,M1 |page=214}}</ref> Light just past this range is called infrared, or below red, and cannot be seen by human eyes, although it can be sensed as heat.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/Wavelengths_for_Colors.html | title = What Wavelength Goes With a Color? | work = Atmospheric Science Data Center | accessdate = 2009-04-15}}</ref> In the language of optics, red is the color evoked by light that stimulates neither the S or the M (short and medium wavelength) cone cells of the retina, combined with a fading stimulation of the L (long-wavelength) cone cells.<ref>Kalat, James W. (2005). Introduction to Psychology. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 105. ISBN 0-534-62460-X.</ref>

[[Primates]] can distinguish the full range of the colors of the spectrum visible to humans, but many kinds of mammals, such as dogs and cattle, have [[dichromacy]], which means they can see blues and yellows, but cannot distinguish red and green (both are seen as gray). Bulls, for instance, cannot see the red color of the cape of a bullfighter, but they are agitated by its movement.<ref name=Ali&Klyne1985>{{Cite book|last=Ali|first=Mohamed Ather|last2=Klyne|first2=M.A.|title=Vision in Vertebrates|place=New York|publisher=Plenum Press|year=1985|pages=174–75|isbn=0-306-42065-1}}</ref> (See [[color vision]]).

One theory for why [[primates]] developed sensitivity to red is that it allowed ripe fruit to be distinguished from unripe fruit and inedible vegetation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/color.htm|title=Primate Color Vision|last=O'Neil|first=Dennis|date=March 19, 2010|work=Primates|publisher=Palomar Community College|accessdate=22 April 2010|location=San Marcos, California}}</ref> This may have driven further adaptations by species taking advantage of this new ability, such as the emergence of red faces.<ref name="scidaily">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070524155313.htm|title=Color Vision Drove Primates To Develop Red Skin And Hair, Study Finds|last=Hogan|first=Dan|author2=Michele Hogan |date=May 25, 2007|work=Science News|publisher=ScienceDaily|accessdate=22 April 2010|location=Rockville, Maryland}}</ref>

Red light is used to help adapt [[adaptation (eye)|night vision]] in low-light or night time, as the [[rod cell]]s in the human eye are not sensitive to red.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/lightandcolor/humanvisionintro.html | title = Human Vision and Color Perception | work = Olympus Microscopy Resource Center | accessdate = 2007-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/worlds/stargazer.html#Sensitize%20Your%20Eyes|title= Be a Stargazer|accessdate=2007-09-25 |work= Sensitize Your Eyes}}</ref>

Red illumination was (and sometimes still is) used as a [[safelight]] while working in a [[darkroom]] as it does not expose most photographic paper and some films.<ref name="redsafelight">{{cite web|url=http://www.kodak.com/global/en/consumer/products/techInfo/k4/k4Facts.shtml|title=Important Facts About Safelights |work=How Safe is Your Safelight?|publisher=Eastman Kodak|accessdate=18 April 2010}}</ref> Today modern darkrooms usually use an [[amber (color)|amber]] safelight.

===In color theory and on a computer screen===
On the [[color wheel]] long used by painters, and in traditional color theory, red is one of the three [[primary colors]], along with blue and yellow. Painters in the Renaissance mixed red and blue to make violet: [[Cennino Cennini]], in his 15th century manual on painting, wrote, "If you want to make a lovely violet colour, take fine lac [red lake], ultramarine blue (the same amount of the one as of the other) with a binder" he noted that it could also be made by mixing blue [[indigo]] and red [[hematite]].<ref>Lara Broecke, ''Cennino Cennini's ''Il Libro dell'Arte'': a new English Translation and Commentary with italian Transcription'', Archetype 2015, p. 115.</ref>

In modern color theory, also known as the [[RGB color model]], red, green and blue are [[additive primary colors]]. Red, green and blue light combined together makes white light, and these three colors, combined in different mixtures, can produce nearly any other color. This is the principle that is used to make all of the colors on your computer screen and your television. For example, purple on a computer screen is made by a similar formula to that used by Cennino Cennini in the Renaissance to make violet, but using [[additive colors]] and light instead of pigment: it is created by combining red and blue light at equal intensity on a black screen. Violet is made on a computer screen in a similar way, but with a greater amount of blue light and less red light.<ref name="huevaluechroma1">[http://www.huevaluechroma.com/041.php See David Briggs, ''The Dimensions of Color'']</ref>

So that the maximum number of colors can be accurately reproduced on your computer screen, each color has been given a code number, or [[sRGB]], which tells your computer the intensity of the red, green and blue components of that color. The intensity of each component is measured on a scale of zero to 255, which means the complete list includes 16,777,216 distinct colors and shades. The sRGB number of pure red, for example, is 255, 00, 00, which means the red component is at its maximum intensity, and there is no green or blue. The sRGB number for crimson is 220, 20, 60, which means that the red is slightly less intense and therefore darker, there is some green, which leans it toward orange; and there is a larger amount of blue,which makes it slightly blue-violet.<ref name="huevaluechroma1"/>

(See [[Web colors]] and [[RGB color model]])
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Boutet 1708 color circles.jpg|In a traditional [[color wheel]] from 1708, red, yellow and blue are primary colors. Red and yellow make orange, red and blue make violet.
File:RGB illumination.jpg|In modern color theory, red, green and blue are the additive primary colors, and together they make white. A combination of red, green and blue light in varying proportions makes all the colors on your computer screen and television screen.
File:RGB pixels.jpg|Tiny Red, green and blue [[sub-pixel]]s (enlarged on left side of image) create the colors you see on your computer screen and TV.
</gallery>

===Why the sunset is red===
[[File:Crimson sunset.jpg|Sunsets and sunrises are often red because of an optical effect called [[Rayleigh scattering]].|thumb|right]]
As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and [[Atmospheric particulate matter|airborne particles]] due to [[Rayleigh scattering]], changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye.<ref name=saha>{{cite book
|author=K. Saha
|title=The Earth's Atmosphere – Its Physics and Dynamics
|year=2008
|publisher=Springer
|isbn=978-3-540-78426-5
|page=107
}}</ref>
At [[sunrise]] and [[sunset]], when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow.<ref name=guenther>{{cite book
|author=B. Guenther (ed.)
|title=Encyclopedia of Modern Optics
|publisher=Elsevier
|year=2005
|volume=Vol. 1
|page=186
}}</ref>

===Lasers===
[[Laser]]s emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the [[ruby laser]] in 1960. In 1962 the red [[helium–neon laser]] was invented,<ref>A.D. White and J.D. Rigden, "Continuous Gas Maser Operation in the Visible". Proc IRE vol. 50, p1697: July 1962. US Patent 3242439.</ref> and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including [[holography]], and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in [[LaserDisc]] players. The use of red [[laser diode]]s became widespread with the commercial success of modern [[DVD]] players, which use a 660&nbsp;nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive [[laser pointer]]s. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications.<ref name="laserglow">{{cite web |url=http://www.laserglow.com/GRH |title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers |publisher=Laserglow.com| accessdate=2011-09-20}}</ref> More recently, 671&nbsp;nm diode-pumped solid state ([[DPSS]]) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, [[particle image velocimetry]], [[Raman spectroscopy]], and holography.<ref name="laserglow2">{{cite web |url=http://www.laserglow.com/GRH |title=Laserglow&nbsp;– Lab/OEM Lasers |publisher=Laserglow.com| accessdate=2011-09-20}}</ref>

Red's wavelength has been an important factor in laser technologies; red lasers, used in early [[compact disc]] technologies, are being replaced by blue lasers, as red's longer wavelength causes the laser's recordings to take up more space on the disc than would blue-laser recordings.<ref>[http://www.usbyte.com/common/dvd_7.htm DVD]</ref>

===Astronomy===
* [[Mars]] is called the Red Planet because of the reddish color imparted to its surface by the abundant [[iron oxide]] present there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~MidLink/Mars.html|title=Mars, The Red Planet|last=Adams|first=Melanie|author2=Natasha Raynor |date=19 September 1994–12 March 2009|work=MidLink Magazine|publisher=North Carolina State University|accessdate=12 April 2010}}</ref>
* Astronomical objects that are moving away from the observer exhibit a Doppler [[redshift|red shift]].
* [[Jupiter]]'s surface displays a [[Great Red Spot]] caused by an oval-shaped mega storm south of the planet's [[equator]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/jupiter/redspot.html|title=The Great Red Spot|last=Cardall|first=Christian|author2=Steven Daunt |year=2003|work=The Solar System|publisher=University of Tennessee|accessdate=12 April 2010}}</ref>
* [[Red giants]] are stars that have exhausted the supply of [[hydrogen]] in their cores and switched to [[thermonuclear fusion]] of hydrogen in a shell that surrounds its core. They have radii tens to hundreds of times larger than that of the [[Sun]]. However, their outer envelope is much lower in temperature, giving them an orange hue. Despite the lower energy density of their envelope, red giants are many times more luminous than the Sun due to their large size.
* [[Red supergiants]] like [[Betelgeuse]] and [[Antares]] are the biggest variety of red giants, They are huge in size, with radii 200 to 800 times greater than our Sun, but relatively cool in temperature (3500-4500 K), causing their distinct red tint. Because they are shrinking rapidly in size, they are surrounded by an envelope or skin much bigger than the star itself. The envelope of Betelgeuse is 250 times bigger than the star inside.
* A [[red dwarf]] is a small and relatively [[temperature|cool]] [[star]], which has a mass of less than half that of the [[Sun]] and a surface temperature of less than 4,000&nbsp;[[kelvin|K]]. Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in the Galaxy, but due to their low luminosity, from Earth, none is visible to the naked eye.<ref>[http://kencroswell.com/thebrightestreddwarf.html "The Brightest Red Dwarf"], by Ken Croswell (Accessed 6/7/08)</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Mars atmosphere 2.jpg|[[Mars]] appears to be red because of [[iron oxide]] on its surface.
File:Mira 1997.jpg|The [[red giant]] called [[Mira]], a star which is glowing from [[thermonuclear fusion]].
File:RedDwarfPlanet.jpg|Artist's impression of a [[red dwarf]], a small, relatively cool star that appears red instead of white because of its lower temperature.
</gallery>

===Fire===
* Fire is often shown as red in art, but flames are usually yellow, orange or blue. Some elements exhibit a red color when burned: [[calcium]], for example, produces a brick-red when combusted.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2010. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Calcium?topic=49557 ''Calcium''. eds. A.Jorgensen, C.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth]. National Council for Science and the Environment.</ref>
<gallery>
File:Candleburning.jpg|Red is commonly associated with flames and fire, but flames are almost always yellow, orange or blue
</gallery>

===Autumn leaves===
The red of autumn leaves is produced by pigments called [[anthocyanin]]s. They are not present in the leaf throughout the growing season, but are actively produced towards the end of summer.<ref name="tree1044"/> They develop in late summer in the [[sap]] of the cells of the leaf, and this development is the result of complex interactions of many influences—both inside and outside the plant. Their formation depends on the breakdown of sugars in the presence of bright light as the level of [[phosphate]] in the leaf is reduced.<ref>{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Kevin M.|title=Plant pigments and their manipulation|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|year=2004|page=6|isbn=1-4051-1737-0}}</ref>

During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the [[sugar]]s manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the [[Plant stem|stem]] of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop.

Anthocyanins temporarily color the edges of some of the very young [[leaves]] as they unfold from the [[bud]]s in early spring. They also give the familiar color to such common fruits as [[cranberry|cranberries]], [[Red Delicious|red apples]], [[blueberry|blueberries]], [[cherry|cherries]], [[strawberry|strawberries]], and [[plums]].

Anthocyanins are present in about 10% of tree species in temperate regions, although in certain areas—most famously New England—up to 70% of tree species may produce the pigment.<ref name=tree1044/> In autumn forests they appear vivid in the [[maple]]s, [[oak]]s, [[sourwood]], [[Liquidambar|sweetgums]], [[dogwood]]s, [[tupelo]]s, [[cherry|cherry trees]] and [[persimmon]]s. These same pigments often combine with the carotenoids' colors to create the deeper orange, fiery reds, and bronzes typical of many hardwood species. (See [[Autumn leaf color]]).
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Maple leaves in October 2009.jpg|The vivid reds of autumn leaves are produced by natural pigments called [[anthocyanins]]. They also produce the red of strawberries, apples, and plums.
File:Cranberries20101210.jpg|[[cranberry|Cranberries]] also get their red color from anthocyanins.
</gallery>

===Blood and other reds in nature===
Oxygenated blood is red due to the presence of oxygenated [[hemoglobin]] that contains iron molecules, with the iron components reflecting red light.<ref name=UCSBblood>{{cite web|title=Why is blood red?|url=http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=2419|website=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]|accessdate=3 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medicinenet.com/hemoglobin/article.htm|title=Hemoglobin|last=Nabili|first=Siamak|work=Procedures and Tests|publisher=MedicineNet|page=1|accessdate=12 April 2010}}</ref>
* When used to describe natural animal coloration, "red" usually refers to a brownish, reddish-brown or ginger color. In this sense it is used to describe coat colors of reddish-brown cattle and dogs, and in the names of various animal species or breeds such as [[red fox]], [[red squirrel]], [[red deer]], [[European robin]], [[red grouse]], [[red knot]], [[redstart]], [[redwing]], [[red setter]], Red Devon cattle, etc. This reddish-brown color is also meant when using the terms [[red ochre]] and red hair.
* The red herring dragged across a trail to destroy the scent gets its color from the heavy salting and slow smoking of the fish, which results in a warm, brown color.
* When used for flowers, red often refers to purplish (red deadnettle, red clover, red helleborine) or pink (red campion, red valerian) colors.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Agarplate redbloodcells edit.jpg|Red blood cell [[agar plate|agar]]. Blood appears red due to the iron molecules in blood cells.
File:Can Setter dog GFDL.jpg|A [[red setter]] or Irish setter
File:Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) -British Wildlife Centre-8.jpg|A pair of European [[red fox]]es.
File:Erithacus-rubecula-melophilus Dublin-Ireland.jpg|The [[European robin]] or robin redbreast
File:2005-12-31 - Hummer2.jpg|A cooked [[lobster]]
</gallery>

===Hair===
[[File:Woman redhead natural portrait 1.jpg|thumb|Woman with red hair]]
'''Red hair''' occurs naturally on approximately 1–2% of the human population.<ref>[http://www.garreau.com/main.cfm?action=chapters&id=20 "Red Alert!", Joel Garreau, ''The Washington Post'', March 18, 2002]</ref> It occurs more frequently (2–6%) in people of northern or western European ancestry, and less frequently in other populations. Red hair appears in people with two copies of a [[Dominance relationship|recessive gene]] on [[chromosome 16]] which causes a mutation in the [[melanocortin 1 receptor|MC1R]] protein.

Red hair varies from a deep [[Burgundy (color)|burgundy]] through [[Orange (color)#Burnt orange|burnt orange]] to bright [[Copper (color)|copper]]. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment [[pheomelanin]] (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment [[eumelanin]]. The term '''redhead''' (originally ''redd hede'') has been in use since at least 1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered. (See [[red hair]]).

===In animal and human behavior===
Red is associated with [[Dominance (ethology)|dominance]] in a number of animal species.<ref name="Little & Hill 2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Little| year = 2007 | first1 = A. C. | last2 = Little | first2 = R. A.| title = Attribution to red suggests special role in dominance signalling| journal = Journal of Evolutionary Psychology| volume = 5| issue = | pages = 161–68 | url = | format = | accessdate = | doi = 10.1556/JEP.2007.1008 }}</ref> For example, in [[mandrill]]s, red coloration of the face is greatest in [[Alpha (ethology)|alpha]] males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of [[testosterone]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Setchell | first1 = J. | last2 = Smith | first2 = T. | last3 = Wickings | first3 = E. | last4 = Knapp | first4 = L. | title = Social correlates of testosterone and ornamentation in male mandrills | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 54 | issue = 3 | pages = 365–72 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18582885 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.05.004}}</ref> Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, [[reproductive success]] and [[parental investment]] between individuals displaying red and those not.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Cuthill | first1 = I. C. | last2 = Hunt | first2 = S. | last3 = Cleary | first3 = C. | last4 = Clark | first4 = C. | title = Colour bands, dominance, and body mass regulation in male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 264 | issue = 1384 | pages = 1093–99 | year = 1997 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.1997.0151}}</ref> In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hill | first1 = R. A. | last2 = Barton | first2 = R. A. | title = Psychology: Red enhances human performance in contests | journal = Nature | volume = 435 | page = 293 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1038/435293a|bibcode = 2005Natur.435..293H | issue=7040 | pmid=15902246}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Attrill|first=M.|last2=Gresty|first2=K.|last3=Hill|first3=R.|last4=Barton|first4=R.|title=Red shirt colour is associated with long-term team success in English football|journal=Journal of Sports Sciences|year=2008|volume=26|issue=6|pages=577–82|doi=10.1080/02640410701736244|pmid=18344128}}</ref> and [[multiplayer video game]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ilie | first1 = A. | last2 = Ioan | first2 = S. | last3 = Zagrean | first3 = L. | last4 = Moldovan | first4 = M. | title = Better to Be Red than Blue in Virtual Competition | journal = CyberPsychology & Behavior | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 375–77 | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1089/cpb.2007.0122 | pmid=18537513}}</ref> Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hackney | first1 = A. C. | title = Testosterone and human performance: influence of the color red | journal = European Journal of Applied Physiology | volume = 96 | issue = 3 | pages = 330–33 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16283371 | doi = 10.1007/s00421-005-0059-7}}</ref> Judges of [[tae kwon do]] have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue,<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hagemann | first1 = N. | last2 = Strauss | first2 = B. | last3 = Leissing | first3 = J. | title = When the Referee Sees Red … | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 19 | issue = 8 | pages = 769–71 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18816283 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02155.x}}</ref> and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes.<ref name="Little & Hill 2007" /> In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Elliot | first1 = A. J. | last2 = Maier | first2 = M. A. | title = Color and Psychological Functioning | journal = Current Directions in Psychological Science | volume = 16 | pages = 250–54 | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00514.x}}</ref> and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an [[IQ test]]).<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Elliot | first1 = A. J. | last2 = Maier | first2 = M. A. | last3 = Binser | first3 = M. J. | last4 = Friedman | first4 = R. | last5 = Pekrun | first5 = R. | title = The Effect of Red on Avoidance Behavior in Achievement Contexts | journal = Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 365–75 | year = 2008 | pmid = 19223458 | doi = 10.1177/0146167208328330}}</ref>

==Symbolism==

===Courage and sacrifice===
Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage.<ref>Eva Heller (2009), ''Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques''. p. 43</ref> In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood.<ref name = feisner>Feisner, Edith. ''Colour''. City: King Laurence Publish, 2006. ISBN 1-85669-441-0 p. 127</ref> Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the [[First Crusade]] was a red cross on a white field, the [[St. George's Cross]]. According to Christian tradition, [[Saint George]] was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor [[Diocletian]], who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the [[Flag of England]] in the 16th century, and now is part of the [[Union Flag]] of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>Greenfield, Amy (2005), ''A Perfect Red'', p. 36</ref>

In 1587, [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], accused of treason against Queen [[Elizabeth I]], wore a red shirt at her execution, to proclaim that she was an innocent martyr.<ref>Greenfield, Amy (2005), ''A Perfect Red'', p. 32</ref>

[[The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava)|The Thin Red Line]] was a famous incident in the [[Battle of Balaclava]] (1854) during the [[Crimean War]], when a thin line of Scottish Highlander infantry, assisted by Royal Marines and Turkish infantrymen, repulsed a Russian cavalry charge. It was widely reported in the British press as an example of courage in the face of overwhelming odds and became a British military legend.

In the 19th century novel ''[[The Red Badge of Courage]]'' by [[Stephen Crane]], a story about the [[American Civil War]], the red badge was the blood from a wound, by which a soldier could prove his courage.<ref>Hoffman, Daniel. ''The Poetry of Stephen Crane''. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971. ISBN 0-231-08662-8 p. 150</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:BoschTheCrucifixionOfStJulia.jpg|''The Crucified Martyr'' (Saint Julia) by the Dutch artist [[Hieronymus Bosch]]. Saint Julia wears red, the traditional color of Christian martyrs.
File:Innozenz3.jpg|Roman Catholic Popes wear red as the symbol of the blood of Christ. This is [[Pope Innocent III]], in about 1219.
File:Paolo Uccello 050.jpg|Saint George and the Dragon, by Paolo Uccello (1456–1460). He wears the [[Saint George's Cross]] as a cape, which was also the banner of [[Milan]].
File:Robert Gibb - The Thin Red Line.jpg|[[Robert Gibb]]'s 1881 painting, ''[[The Thin Red Line (painting)|The Thin Red Line]]'', depicting [[The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava)|The Thin Red Line]] at the [[Battle of Balaclava]] (1854), when a line of the Scottish Highland infantry repulsed a Russian cavalry charge. The name was given by the British press as a symbol of courage against the odds.
File:Poppies in the Sunset on Lake Geneva.jpg|The red [[poppy]] flower is worn on [[Remembrance Day]] in [[Commonwealth]] countries to honor soldiers who died in the First World War.
</gallery>

===Courtly love, the red rose, and Saint Valentine's Day===
Red is the color most commonly associated with love, followed at a great distance by pink.<ref>Eva Heller (2009), ''Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques''. p. 42. In the survey cited, 75 percent of respondents cited red as the color of love, with seven percent citing pink.</ref> It the symbolic color of the heart and the red [[rose]], is closely associated with [[romantic love]] or [[courtly love]] and [[Saint Valentine's Day]].
Both the Greeks and the Hebrews considered red a symbol of love as well as sacrifice.<ref>Dreyfuss, Henry. ''Symbol Sourcebook''. New York: Wiley, 1984. ISBN 0-471-28872-1 p. 239</ref>

The [[Roman de la Rose]], the Romance of the Rose, a thirteenth-century French poem, was one of the most popular works of literature of the Middle Ages. It was the allegorical search by the author for a red rose in an enclosed garden, symbolizing the woman he loved, and was a description of love in all of its aspects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/illmanus/other/028har000004425u00012v00.html |title=Description of the Roman de la Rose on the site of the British Library |publisher=Bl.uk |date=2003-11-30 |accessdate=2012-09-08}}</ref> Later, in the 19th century, British and French authors described a specific [[language of flowers]]; giving a single red rose meant 'I love you,'<ref>Sebeok, Thomas and Marcel Danesi. ''The Forms of Meaning: Modeling Systems Theory and Semiotic Analysis''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999. ISBN 3-11-016751-4 pp. 150–52</ref>

[[Saint Valentine]], a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other. In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine' s day has spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world. The celebration of Saint Valentine's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. In [[Saudi Arabia]], in 2002 and 2011, [[Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)|religious police]] banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, as the day is considered a Christian holiday.<ref name="bbc 2002">{{cite news |title=Cooling the ardour of Valentine's Day |work=BBC News |date=3 February 2002 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1818642.stm }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Codex Manesse Bernger von Horheim.jpg|The [[Codex Manesse]], a 14th-century collection of love songs. Red roses were symbol of [[courtly love]].
File:Illustration for "Roman de la Rose".jpg|Fifteenth-century Illustration from the [[Roman de la Rose]], a thirteenth-century French poem about a search for a red rose symbolizing the poet's love.
File:Antique Valentine 1909 01.jpg|A valentine from 1909. The tradition of sending messages of love on February 14, [[Valentine's Day]], dates back to the 14th century.
File:Leighton-God Speed!.jpg|''God Speed!'', a [[Victorian era]] painting by [[Edmund Leighton]] of a Lady giving a red token of love to her knight.
</gallery>

===Happiness, celebration and ceremony===
Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being.<ref>Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 46.</ref> It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A [[red carpet]] is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides.
In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at [[Christmas]] by [[Santa Claus]], because in the 4th century the historic [[Saint Nicholas]] was the Greek Christian Bishop of [[Myra]], in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red.<ref>* Bowler, Gerry. Editor (2004) "[http://www.mcclelland.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780771015359 The World Encyclopedia of Christmas]", Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Limited. ISBN 978-0-7710-1535-9 ISBN 0-7710-1535-6</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:President Barack Obama meets with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.jpg|President [[Barack Obama]] and Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] of India on a red carpet at the [[White House]].
File:Vienna Opera House Interior.JPG|Seats in opera houses and theaters are traditionally red. This is the Opera House in Vienna.
File:Oxfordceremony.jpg|Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at a degree ceremony at [[Oxford University]].
File:China-Shanghai-YuGarden-the Lantern Festival-2012 1828.JPG|In China, red is the color of happiness and celebration. The Lantern Festival in [[Shanghai]].
File:Jonathan G Meath portrays Santa Claus.jpg|[[Santa Claus]] traditionally wears red, because the original [[Saint Nicholas]] was a bishop of the Greek Christian church in the 4th century.

</gallery>

===Hatred, anger, aggression, passion, heat and war===
{{expand section|1=more information about associating red with hatred, anger, aggression, passion, heat and war.|date=June 2015}}
While red is the color most associated with love, it also the color most frequently associated with hatred, anger, aggression and war. People who are angry are said to "{{wt|en|see red}}." Red is the color most commonly associated with passion and heat. In [[ancient Rome]], red was the color of [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]], the [[god of war]]—the planet [[Mars]] was named for him because of its red color.<ref>Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', (pp. 42, 53.</ref>

===Warning and danger===
Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a [[Red flag (signal)|red flag]] announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the [[Locomotives on Highways Act 1896]] abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red [[penalty card]] and ejected from the game.

Several studies have indicated that red carries the strongest reaction of all the colors, with the level of reaction decreasing gradually with the colors orange, yellow, and white, respectively.<ref>Robertson, S. (Editor). ''Contemporary Ergonomics'' 1996. Boca Raton: CRC, 1996. ISBN 0-7484-0549-6 pp. 148–50</ref><ref>Karwowski, Waldemar. ''International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, Second Edition'' – 3 Volume Set. Boca Raton: CRC, 2006. ISBN 0-415-30430-X p. 1518</ref> For this reason, red is generally used as the highest level of warning, such as threat level of terrorist attack in the United States. In fact, teachers at a primary school in the UK have been told not to mark children's work in red ink because it encourages a "negative approach".<ref>{{cite news|title=Red ink banned from primary books|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2688623.stm|work=BBC News World Edition|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref>

Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standarized as the international color at the [[Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals]] of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning.<ref>Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 54</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Vienna_Convention_road_sign_B2a.svg|The standard international stop sign, following the [[Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals]] of 1968
File:Stop in Iran.svg|A stop sign in [[Iran]]
File:2009-3-14 ManUtd vs LFC Red Card Vidic.JPG|Footballer [[Nemanja Vidić]] is shown a red card and ejected from a soccer match
File:Red typhoon alert.png|A red Chinese typhoon alert sign
File:Hsas-chart with header.svg|Red is the color of a severe terrorist threat level in the United States, under the [[Homeland Security Advisory System]].
File:AU Fire Danger Indicator.jpg|Red is the color of a severe fire danger in Australia; new black/red stripes are an even more catastrophic hazard.
File:Signal Home & Distant Semaphore RYG.svg|Red is the color of a UK Railway "Home" signal; the white stripe helps recognition against dark backgrounds.
</gallery>

===The color that attracts attention===
[[File:Magdalena Frackowiak.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Fashion model [[Magdalena Frackowiak]] at [[Paris Fashion Week]] (Fall 2011)]]
Red is the color that most attracts attention. Surveys show it is the color most frequently associated with visibility, proximity, and extroverts. It is also the color most associated with dynamism and activity.<ref name="autogenerated48">Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques''. pp. 48, 58.</ref>

Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away.<ref name="autogenerated48"/> Monarchs, wives of Presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found.

Because red attracts attention, it is frequently used in advertising, though studies show that people are less likely to read something printed in red because they know it is advertising, and because it is more difficult visually to read than black and white text.<ref>Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 60.</ref>

===Seduction, sexuality and sin===
[[File:De Wallen.JPG|thumb|right|200px|alt=De Wallen neighborhood of Amsterdam|[[De Wallen]], Amsterdam's [[red-light district]]; red is the [[sex industry]]'s preferred color in many cultures, due to being strongly associated with passion, love and sexuality.<ref name="Eva Heller pg. 39"/>]]
Red by a large margin is the color most commonly associated with seduction, sexuality, eroticism and immorality, possibly because of its close connection with passion and with danger.<ref>Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 55</ref>

Red was long seen as having a dark side, particularly in [[Christian]] theology. It was associated with sexual passion, anger, sin, and the devil.<ref>Oehler, Gustav Friedrich and George Edward Day, ''Theology of the Old Testament''. p. 320</ref> In the [[Old Testament]] of the [[Bible]], the [[Book of Isaiah]] said: "Though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be white as snow."<ref>KJV Isaiah 1:18</ref> In the [[New Testament]], in the [[Book of Revelation]], the Antichrist appears as a red monster, ridden by a woman dressed in scarlet, known as the [[Whore of Babylon]]:

"So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns.
"And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication:
"And upon her forehead was a name written a mystery: ''Babylon the Great, the Mother of Harlots and of all the abominations of the earth'':
And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus''.<ref>King James Version, Book of Revelation, Chapter 17.</ref>

[[Satan]] is often depicted as colored red and/or wearing a red costume in both iconography and [[popular culture]].<ref name=christian>Steffler, Alva. ''Symbols of the Christian Faith''. City: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2002. ISBN 0-8028-4676-9 p. 132</ref> By the 20th century, the devil in red had become a folk character in legends and stories. In 1915, Irving Berlin wrote a song, ''At the Devil's Ball'', and the devil in red appeared more often in cartoons and movies than in religious art.

In 17th century New England, red was associated with [[adultery]]. In the 1850 novel by [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[The Scarlet Letter]], set in a [[Puritan]] [[New England]] community, a woman is punished for adultery with ostracism, her sin represented by a red letter 'A' sewn onto her clothes.<ref>Hawthorne, Nathaniel. ''The Scarlet Letter''. New York: Pocket, 2004. ISBN 0-7434-8756-7 p. 136</ref>

Red is still commonly associated with [[prostitution]]. Prostitutes in many cities were required to wear red to announce their profession, and houses of prostitution displayed a red light. Beginning in the early 20th century, houses of prostitution were allowed only in certain specified neighborhoods, which became known as [[red-light districts]]. Large red-light districts are found today in [[Bangkok]] and [[Amsterdam]].

In [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], red represents wrath, one of the [[Seven Deadly Sins]].

In both Christian and Hebrew tradition, red is also sometimes associated with murder or guilt, with "having blood on one's hands", or "being caught red-handed."<ref>{{cite web |author=Hecht, Mendy |title=Seven Things You Can Do for America |url=http://www.noahide.org/article.asp?Level=179&Parent=342 |accessdate=2009-10-05}}</ref><ref name = oed>''Oxford English Dictionary''</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Whore of Babylon (XIV).jpg|The [[Whore of Babylon]], depicted in a 14th-century French illuminated manuscript. The woman appears attractive, but is wearing red under her blue garment.
File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 057.jpg|''Reine de joie'', (''Queen of Joy''), a book cover illustration by [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]] (1892) about a Paris prostitute
File:At the Devil's Ball 1.jpg|Sheet music for ''At the Devil's Ball'', by [[Irving Berlin]], United States, 1915.
File:Amsterdam red light district 24-7-2003.JPG|The [[red-light district]] in Amsterdam (2003).
File:Red lipstick (photo by weglet).jpg|Red [[lipstick]] has been worn by women as a cosmetic since ancient times. It was worn by [[Cleopatra]], Queen [[Elizabeth I]], and films stars such as [[Elizabeth Taylor]] and [[Marilyn Monroe]].
</gallery>

==In different cultures and traditions==
{{Chinese text|section}}
In China, red ({{zh|s=红|t=紅|p=hóng}}) is the symbol of [[fire (classical element)|fire]] and the south (both south in general and Southern China specifically). It carries a largely positive connotation, being associated with courage, loyalty, honor, success, fortune, fertility, happiness, passion, and summer.<ref>Li Sujun (李素军), [http://www.hercity.com/enews/news/200708/0015_1242519177.html China Red (中国红)]. (In Chinese.)</ref><ref name = graphics>Cullen, Cheryl. Global Graphics. Gloucester: Rockport Publishers, 2000. ISBN 1-56496-293-8 p. 147</ref> In Chinese cultural traditions, red is associated with weddings (where brides traditionally wear red dresses) and red paper is frequently used to wrap gifts of money or other objects. Special [[red envelope|red packets]] ({{zh|s=红包|t=紅包|p=hóng bāo}} in Mandarin or ''lai see'' in Cantonese) are specifically used during [[Chinese New Year]] celebrations for giving monetary gifts. On the more negative side, [[obituary|obituaries]] are traditionally written in red ink, and to write someone's name in red signals either cutting them out of one's life, or that they have died.<ref name = graphics/> Red is also associated with either the feminine or the masculine ([[yin and yang]] respectively), depending on the source.<ref name = graphics/><ref>Hodge, Bob and Kam Louie. ''The Politics of Chinese Language and Culture''. New York: Routledge, 1998. ISBN 0-415-17266-7 p. 132</ref> The ''[[Quotations from Chairman Mao|Little Red Book]]'', a collection of quotations from Chairman [[Mao Tse-Tung]], founding father of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC), was published in 1966 and widely distributed thereafter.

In Japan, red is a traditional color for a heroic figure.<ref name=cvg.com>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=17957 |title=PS2 News: CVG goes straight to hell with Devil May Cry director – ComputerAndVideoGames.com: |accessdate=2007-10-14 |work= }}</ref> In the [[Indian subcontinent]], red is the traditional color of bridal dresses, and is frequently represented in the media as a symbolic color for married women.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Kate|title=India – The Color Red: Simplicity, Purity and Candor|url=}}</ref> The color is associated with purity, as well as with sexuality in marital relationships through its connection to heat and fertility.<ref>Lamb, Sarah. ''White Saris and Sweet Mangoes''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. ISBN 0-520-22001-3 p. 188</ref> It is also the color of wealth, beauty, and the goddess [[Lakshmi]].<ref name = feisner/>

In Central Africa, Ndembu warriors rub themselves with red paint during celebrations. Since their culture sees the color as a symbol of life and health, sick people are also painted with it. Like most Central African cultures, the Ndembu see red as ambivalent, better than black but not as good as white.<ref>Banton, Michael. ''Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion''. New York: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-415-33021-1 p. 57</ref> In other parts of Africa, however, red is a color of mourning, representing death.<ref>Bradley, Carolyn. ''Western World Costume''. New York: Dover Publications, 2001. ISBN 0-486-41986-X p. 8</ref> Because red bears are associated with death in many parts of Africa, the [[Red Cross]] has changed its colors to green and white in parts of the continent.<ref>Austin, Erica and Bruce Pinkleton. ''Strategic Public Relations Management: Planning and Managing Effective Communication Programs''. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006. ISBN 0-8058-5381-2 p. 301</ref>

The early [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turks led by the first Ottoman Sultan, [[Osman I]], carried red banners symbolizing sovereignty, [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazis]] and [[Sufism]], until, according to legend, he saw a new red flag in his dream inlaid with a [[crescent]].

===Wedding dresses===
In many Asian countries, red is the traditional color for a [[wedding dress]] today, symbolizing joy and good fortune.
* In India, brides traditionally wear a red sari, called the sari of blood, offered by their father, signifying that his duties as a father are transferred to the new husband, and as a symbol of his wish for her to have children. Once married, the bride will wear a sari with a red border, changing it to a white sari if her husband dies. In Pakistan and India, brides traditionally also have their hands and feet painted red with [[henna]] by the family of their new spouse, to bring happiness and signify their new status.<ref>Anne Varichon, ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', p. 95.</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Traditional chinese wedding.jpg|The bride at a traditional Chinese wedding dresses in red, the color of happiness and good fortune.
File:Rajput bride.jpg|Wedding dress in [[Rajput]], India.
File:Wedding Ao dai 2.JPG|Wedding dress from [[Vietnam]].
File:Uchikake.jpg|A red wedding kimono, or ''uchikake'', from Japan. Brides in Japan can wear either a white kimono or bright colors.
File:Henna on a Muslim bride's hands, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg|In India and Pakistan, brides traditionally have their hands and feet decorated with red [[henna]].
</gallery>

==In religion==
* In Christianity, red is associated with the blood of Christ and the sacrifice of [[martyrs]]. In the [[Roman Catholic Church]] it is also associated with [[pentecost]] and the Holy Spirit. Since 1295, it is the color worn by Cardinals, the senior clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. Red is the [[liturgical color]] for the feasts of martyrs, representing the blood of those who suffered death for their faith. It is sometimes used as the liturgical color for [[Holy Week]], including [[Palm Sunday]] and [[Good Friday]], although this is a modern (20th century) development. In Catholic practice, it is also the liturgical color used to commemorate the Holy Spirit (for this reason it is worn at Pentecost and during Confirmation masses). Because of its association with martyrdom and the Spirit, it is also the color used to commemorate the Apostles (except for the Apostle St. John, who was not martyred, where white is used), and as such, it is used to commemorate bishops, who are the successors of the Apostles (for this reason, when funeral masses are held for bishops, cardinals, or popes, red is used instead of the white that would ordinarily be used).
* In [[Buddhism]], red is one of the five colors which are said to have emanated from the [[Buddha]] when he attained enlightenment, or [[nirvana]]. It is particularly associated with the benefits of the practice of Buddhism; achievement, wisdom, virtue, fortune and dignity. It was also believed to have the power to resist evil. In China red was commonly used for the walls, pillars, and gates of temples.
* In the [[Shinto]] religion of Japan, the gateways of temples, called [[torii]], are traditionally painted vermilion red and black. The torii symbolizes the passage from the profane world to a sacred place. The bridges in the gardens of Japanese temples are also painted red (and usually only temple bridges are red, not bridges in ordinary gardens), since they are also passages to sacred places. Red was also considered a color which could expel evil and disease.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Itsukushima torii angle.jpg|A [[Shinto]] [[torii]] at [[Itsukushima]], Japan
File:John Paul II funeral long shot.jpg|Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church at the funeral of Pope [[John Paul II]]
File:Debating Monks.JPG| [[Buddhist]] monks in [[Tibet]]
File:Ravi Varma-Lakshmi.jpg|In [[Hinduism]], red is associated with [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of wealth and embodiment of beauty.
File:Muharram in cities and villages of Iran-342 16 (160).jpg|Red flags in a celebration of [[Muharram]] in [[Iran]].
</gallery>

==Military uses==

[[NATO Military Symbols for Land Based Systems]] uses red to denote hostile forces, hence the terms "[[red team]]" and "[[Red Cell]]" to denote challengers during exercises.

===The red uniform===
The red military uniform was adopted by the English Parliament's [[New Model Army]] in 1645, and was still worn as a dress uniform by the British Army until the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914. Ordinary soldiers wore red coats dyed with [[Rubia|madder]], while officers wore scarlet coats dyed with the more expensive [[cochineal]].<ref>Greenfield, Amy, ''A Perfect Red'', pp. 168–69</ref> This led to British soldiers being known as [[Red coat (British army)|red coats]].

In the modern British army, scarlet is still worn by the [[Foot Guards#British Army|Foot Guards]], the [[Life Guards (British Army)|Life Guards]], and by some regimental bands or [[drum]]mers for ceremonial purposes. [[Commissioned Officer|Officers]] and [[Non-Commissioned Officer|NCOs]] of those regiments which previously wore red retain scarlet as the color of their "mess" or formal evening jackets. The [[Royal Gibraltar Regiment]] has a scarlet tunic in its winter dress.

Scarlet is worn for some full dress, military band or mess uniforms in the modern armies of a number of the countries that made up the former British Empire. These include the Australian, [[Jamaica]]n, New Zealand, [[Fiji]]an, Canadian, [[Kenya]]n, [[Ghanaian]], Indian, [[Singapore]]an, [[Sri Lanka]]n and Pakistani armies.<ref>Rinaldi d'Ami, "World Uniforms in Colour – Volume 2: Nations of America, Africa, Asia and Oceania, ISBN 085059040X</ref>

The musicians of the [[United States Marine Corps Band]] wear red, following an 18th-century military tradition that the uniforms of band members are the reverse of the uniforms of the other soldiers in their unit. Since the US Marine uniform is blue with red facings, the band wears the reverse.

[[Red Serge]] is the uniform of the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]], created in 1873 as the [[North-West Mounted Police]], and given its present name in 1920. The uniform was adapted from the tunic of the [[British Army]]. Cadets at the [[Royal Military College of Canada]] also wear red dress uniforms.

The [[Brazilian Marine Corps]] wears a red dress uniform.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Officer and Private, 40th Foot, 1815.jpg|Officer and soldier of the British Army, (1815).
File:PlateVII Band.jpg|Musicians of the [[United States Marine Corps Band]]
File:RCMP officer on a horse.JPG|Officer of the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]]
File:Forma-2g.jpg|The [[Brazilian Marine Corps]] wears a dress uniform called ''A Garança''.
File:Indian Army-Rajput regiment.jpeg|Soldiers of the [[Rajput Regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]]
</gallery>

==In sports==
The first known team sport to feature red uniforms was [[chariot racing]] during the late [[Roman Empire]]. The earliest races were between two chariots, one driver wearing red, the other white. Later, the number of teams was increased to four, including drivers in light green and sky blue. Twenty-five races were run in a day, with a total of one hundred chariots participating.<ref>Gibbon, Edward (1960), ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', abridgement by D.M. Low, Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York. p. 554.</ref>

Today sports teams throughout the world wear red on their uniforms. Numerous national sports teams wear red, often through association with their national flags. These include teams from Spain (with their [[association football]] (soccer) national team nicknamed ''La Furia Roja'' or "The Red Fury"), Belgium (whose [[Belgium national football team|football team]] bears the nickname ''Rode Duivels'' or "Red Devils"), other examples being teams from England, [[Wales]], Canada, Denmark, [[Tonga]], [[Chile]], [[Puerto Rico]], Russia and Switzerland.

[[Major League Baseball]] is especially well known for red teams.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article3533300.ece|title=Teams with red shirts have a head start|last=Dart|first=Tom|date=March 12, 2008 |work=Times Online|publisher=News International Group|accessdate=13 April 2010 | location=London}}</ref> The [[Cincinnati Red Stockings]] are the oldest professional baseball team, dating back to 1869.<ref name="frommer">{{cite web|url=http://www.travel-watch.com/firstprobaseballteam.htm|title= First Professional Baseball Team: Flashback |last=Frommer|first=Harvey|date=April 9, 2010|work=Dr. Harvey Frommer on Sports|publisher=Travel Watch|accessdate=18 April 2010|location=Diamond Bar, California}}</ref> The franchise soon relocated to Boston and is now the [[Atlanta Braves]], but its name survives as the origin for both the [[Cincinnati Reds]] and [[Boston Red Sox]]. During the 1950s when red was strongly associated with [[communism]], the modern Cincinnati team was known as the "Redlegs" and the term was used on baseball cards. After the red scare faded, the team was known as the "Reds" again.<ref>Cuordileone, K.A. ''Manhood and American Political Culture in the Cold War''. New York: Routledge, 2005. ISBN 0-415-92599-1 p. xiii</ref> The [[Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim]] are also known for their color red, as are the [[St. Louis Cardinals]], [[Arizona Diamondbacks]], and the [[Philadelphia Phillies]].

In the [[National Hockey League|NHL]], red jerseys are worn by the [[Detroit Red Wings]], [[Washington Capitals]], [[Calgary Flames]], [[Carolina Hurricanes]], [[Chicago Blackhawks]], [[Colorado Avalanche]], [[Minnesota Wild]], [[Montreal Canadiens]], [[Ottawa Senators]], [[Phoenix Coyotes]], and the [[New Jersey Devils]].

In [[association football]] (soccer), teams such as [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]], [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[Toronto FC]], and [[S.L. Benfica]] primarily wear red jerseys. Other teams that prominently feature red on their kits include [[A.C. Milan]] (nicknamed ''i rossoneri'' for their red and black shirts), [[AFC Ajax]], [[Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos]], [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]], [[Atlético Madrid]], and [[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]]. A red [[penalty card]] is issued to a player who commits a serious infraction: the player is immediately disqualified from further play and his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration.

In [[rugby union]], Ireland's [[Munster rugby]], New Zealand's [[Canterbury Rugby Football Union|Canterbury]] provincial team and the [[Crusaders (rugby union)|Crusaders]] Super 14 rugby side wear red as a major color in their playing strips.

In the [[National Football League|NFL]], teams with a shade of the color red as the primary color of either the team's dark "home" jersey (or an alternate thereof) or its "throwback" jersey include the [[Arizona Cardinals]], [[Atlanta Falcons]], [[Houston Texans]], [[Kansas City Chiefs]], [[New England Patriots]], [[San Francisco 49ers]], [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]], and [[Washington Redskins]].

The [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] basketball team uses a deeper shade of red called wine. A fellow [[National Basketball Association]] team, the [[Los Angeles Clippers]], wears red uniforms for road games, as do the [[Chicago Bulls]], [[Atlanta Hawks]], [[Portland Trail Blazers]], [[Houston Rockets]] and the [[Houston Comets]] of the [[Women's National Basketball Association|WNBA]]. A similar shade to the Cavaliers' tone (known in this instance as claret) is used by the English association football teams [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]], and [[Burnley F.C.|Burnley]].

In [[boxing]], red is often the color used on a fighter's gloves. [[George Foreman]] wore the same red trunks he used during his loss to [[Muhammad Ali]] when he defeated [[Michael Moorer]] 20 years later to regain the title he lost. Boxers named or nicknamed "red" include [[Red Burman]], [[Ernie Lopez|Ernie "Red" Lopez]], and his brother [[Danny Lopez (boxer)|Danny "Little Red" Lopez]].

[[Rosso Corsa]] is the red international motor racing color of cars entered by teams from Italy. Since the 1920s Italian race cars of [[Alfa Romeo]], [[Maserati]], [[Lancia]], and later [[Ferrari]] and [[Abarth]] have been painted with a color known as ''rosso corsa'' ("racing red"). National colors were mostly replaced in [[Formula One]] by commercial sponsor liveries in 1968, but unlike most other teams, Ferrari always kept the traditional red, although the shade of the color varies.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Winner of a Roman chariot race.jpg|Ancient Roman mosaic of the winner of a chariot race, wearing the colors of the red team.
File:RS Redz.png|Both the [[Cleveland Indians]] and the [[Boston Red Sox]] wear red.
File:Tamashiro-kata-Tampere-2006.jpg|In martial arts, a [[red belt (martial arts)|red belt]] shows a high degree of proficiency, second only, in some schools, to the black belt.
File:Alfa Romeo 33 SC 12 Sovralimentata 1977 red vr TCE.jpg|An [[Alfa Romeo]] Grand Prix car in 1977, painted [[Rosso Corsa]], ("racing red"), the traditional racing color of Italy from the 1920s until the late 1960s.
</gallery>

==On flags==
Red is one of the most common colors used on national flags. The use of red has similar connotations from country to country: the blood, sacrifice, and courage of those who defended their country; the sun and the hope and warmth it brings; and the sacrifice of [[blood of Christ|Christ's blood]] (in some historically Christian nations) are a few examples. Red is the color of the flags of several countries that once belonged to the former British Empire. The [[Union Flag|British flag]] bears the colors red, white, and blue; it includes the [[cross (heraldry)|cross]] of [[Saint George]], patron saint of England, and the [[saltire]] of [[Saint Patrick's Flag|Saint Patrick]], patron saint of Ireland, both of which are red on white.<ref>Brabazon, Tara. ''Tracking the Jack''. Sydney: UNSW Press, 2000. ISBN 0-86840-699-6 p. 10</ref> The [[flag of the United States]] bears the colors of Britain,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www1.va.gov/opa/feature/celebrate/Flag.asp| title=The United States Flag – Public and Intergovernmental Affairs| work=United States Department of Veterans Affairs| accessdate=December 7, 2006}}</ref> the colors of the French [[Flag of France|tricolore]] include red as part of the old Paris coat of arms, and other countries' flags, such as those of [[Flag of Australia|Australia]], [[Flag of New Zealand|New Zealand]], and [[Flag of Fiji|Fiji]], carry a small inset of the British flag in memory of their ties to that country.<ref>Brabazon, Tara. ''Tracking the Jack''. Sydney R.: UNSW Press, 2000. ISBN 0-86840-699-6 pp. 13–20</ref> Many former colonies of Spain, such as [[Mexico]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Cuba]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Peru]], and [[Venezuela]], also feature red-one of the colors of the Spanish flag-on their own banners. Red flags are also used to symbolize storms, bad water conditions, and many other dangers. Navy flags are often red and yellow. Red is prominently featured in the flag of the [[United States Marine Corps]].

The red on the [[flag of Nepal]] represents the [[floral emblem]] of the country, the [[rhododendron]].

Red, blue, and white are also the [[Pan-Slavic colors]] adopted by the Slavic solidarity movement of the late nineteenth century. Initially these were the colors of the Russian flag; as the Slavic movement grew, they were adopted by other Slavic peoples including [[Slovaks]], [[Slovenes]], and [[Serbs]]. The flags of the [[Flag of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] and [[Flag of Poland|Poland]] use red for historic heraldic reasons (see [[Coat of arms of Poland]] and [[Coat of arms of the Czech Republic]]) & not due to Pan-Slavic connotations. In 2004 [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] adopted a new white [[flag of Georgia (country)|flag]], which consists of four small and one big red cross in the middle touching all four sides.

Red, white, and black were the colors of the [[German Empire]] from 1870 to 1918, and as such they came to be associated with German nationalism. In the 1920s they were adopted as the colors of the [[Nazi Party|Nazi]] flag. In ''[[Mein Kampf]]'', Hitler explained that they were "revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past." The red part of the flag was also chosen to attract attention – Hitler wrote: "the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster" because "in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement." The red also symbolized the social program of the Nazis, aimed at German workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/pimpfhitler.htm |title=Nazi propaganda pamphlet "The Life of the Führer" |publisher=Calvin.edu |accessdate=2012-09-08}}</ref> Several designs by a number of different authors were considered, but the one adopted in the end was Hitler's personal design.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Mein Kampf]], volume 2, chapter VII |last=Hitler |first=Adolf |authorlink=Adolf Hitler |year=1926}}</ref>

Red, white, green and black are the colors of [[Pan-Arabism]] and are used by many Arab countries.<ref name = flags>{{cite web|url=http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geography/flags/colors.shtml |title=Colors as Symbols in Flags |publisher=EnchantedLearning.com |accessdate=2011-12-17}}</ref>

Red, gold, green, and black are the colors of [[Pan-Africanism]]. Several African countries thus use the color on their flags, including South Africa, [[Ghana]], [[Senegal]], [[Mali]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Togo]], [[Guinea]], [[Benin]], and [[Zimbabwe]]. The [[Pan-African colours|Pan-African colors]] are borrowed from the [[flag of Ethiopia]], one of the oldest independent African countries.<ref name = flags/><ref>Murrell, Nathaniel et al. ''Chanting down Babylon''. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998. ISBN 1-56639-584-4 p. 135</ref> Rwanda, notably, removed red from [[Flag of Rwanda|its flag]] after the [[Rwandan Genocide]] because of red's association with blood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/rw-ad01.html#var |title=Rwandan: Adoption of the new flag |publisher=Crwflags.com |accessdate=2011-12-17}}</ref>

The flags of Japan and [[Bangladesh]] both have a red circle in the middle of different colored backgrounds. The flag of the [[Philippines]] has a red trapezoid on the bottom signifying blood, courage, and valor (also, if the flag is inverted so that the red trapezoid is on top and the blue at the bottom, it indicates a state of war). The flag of [[Singapore]] has a red rectangle on the top. The field of the [[flag of Portugal]] is green and red.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Flag of Palaeologus Dynasty.svg|The flag of the [[Byzantine Empire]] from 1260 to its fall in 1453
File:Flag of England.svg|The [[St George's cross]] was the banner of the [[First Crusade]], then, beginning in the 13th century, the flag of England. It is the red color (along with that of the Cross of Saint Patrick) in the flag of the United Kingdom, and, by adoption, of the red in the flag of the United States.
File:Grand Union Flag.svg|The red stripes in the flag of the United States were adapted from the flag of the [[British East Indies Company]]. This is the [[Grand Union Flag]], the first U.S. flag established by the [[Continental Congress]].
File:Flag of Georgia.svg|The [[Flag of Georgia (country)|Flag of Georgia]] also features the [[Saint George's Cross]]. It dates back to the banner of Medieval Georgia in the 5th century.
File:Flag of Canada.svg|The maple leaf flag of Canada, adopted in 1965. The red color comes from the [[Saint George's Cross]] of England.
File:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg|The national flag of [[Cambodia]] in its present form was originally adopted in 1948 and readopted in 1993, after the Constituent Assembly election in 1993 and restoration of the monarchy. Red color in the flag represents [[bravery]].
</gallery>

==Red flag and revolution<!--linked from 'Zangief'-->==
{{main article|Red flag (politics)|l1=Red flag}}
In the Middle Ages, ships in combat hoisted a long red streamer, called the Baucans, to signify a fight to the death.<ref>''Flags of the World'', "[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/vxt-dvb2.html#baucens Baucans (or Bauccedillian)]".</ref> In the 17th century, a red flag signalled defiance. A besieged castle or city would raise a red flag to tell the attackers that they would not surrender.<ref>"so the red flag of defiance was pulled down", Grant, James, ''[http://www.oldandnewedinburgh.co.uk/volume1/page60.html Cassell's Old and New Edinburgh]'', Vol. 1, (1882) p. 49. "The red flag is a signal of defiance and battle", according to ''Chambers Cyclopedia'' (1727–41). Cited in "red flag", ''Oxford English Dictionary.''</ref>

The red flag appeared as a political symbol during the [[French Revolution]], after the fall of [[Bastille]]. A law adopted by the new government on October 20, 1789 authorized the [[Garde Nationale]] to raise the red flag in the event of a riot, to signal that the Garde would imminently intervene. During a demonstration on the Champs de Mars on July 17, 1791, the Garde Nationale fired on the crowd, killed up to fifty people. The government was denounced by the more radical revolutionaries. In the words of his famous hymn, the [[Marseillaise]], [[Rouget de Lisle]] wrote: "Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny!" (''Contre nous de la tyrannie, l'entendard sanglant est leve''). Beginning in 1790, the most radical revolutionaries adopted the red flag themselves, to symbolize the blood of those killed in the demonstrations, and to call for the repression of those they considered counter-revolutionary.<ref>Jean-Bernard Lacroix, « Troubles et criminalité de 1789 à l'an VI », ''La Révolution dans les Basses-Alpes'', Annales de Haute-Provence, bulletin de la société scientifique et littéraire des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, no. 307, 1<sup>er</sup> trimestre 1989, 108<sup>e</sup> année, p. 154.</ref>

During the French Revolution, many in the Paris crowds also wore a red [[phrygian cap]], a symbol of liberty, modeled after the caps worn in ancient Rome by freed slaves; but the colors of the Revolution finally became blue, white and red. The red in the French flag was taken from the emblem of the city of Paris, where it represented the city's patron saint, [[Denis|Saint Denis]].

[[Karl Marx]] published the [[Communist Manifesto]] in February 1848, with little attention. However, a few days later the [[French Revolution of 1848]] broke out, which replaced the monarchy of [[Louis Philippe]] with the [[Second French Republic]]. In June 1848, Paris workers, disenchanted with the new government, built barricades and raised red flags. The new government called in the French Army to put down the uprising, the first of many such confrontations between the army and the new worker's movements in Europe.

Red was also the color of the movement to unify Italy, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi. His followers were known as the ''camicie rosse'', or ([[redshirts (Italy)|redshirts]]) during the fight for Italian [[Risorgimento]] in 1860.

In 1870, following the stunning defeat of the French Army by the Germans in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], French workers and socialist revolutionaries seized Paris and created the [[Paris Commune]]. The Commune lasted for two months before it was crushed by the French Army, with much bloodshed. The original red banners of the Commune became icons of the socialist revolution; in 1921 members of the French Communist Party came to Moscow and presented the new [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] government with one of the original Commune banners; it was placed (and is still in place) in the tomb of Vladimir Lenin, next to his open coffin.<ref>Van Geldorn, James (1993), ''Bolshevik Festivals 1917–21'', University of California Press, Berkeley. p. 178</ref>

With the victory of the [[Bolsheviks]] in the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]], the red flag, with a hammer to symbolize the workers and sickle to symbolize peasants, became the official flag of Russia, and, in 1923, of the Soviet Union. It remained so until the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.

After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949, the [[flag of China]] became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party, and smaller stars symbolizing workers, peasants, the urban middle class and rural middle class. The flag of the Communist Party of China became a red banner with a [[hammer and sickle]], similar to that on the Soviet flag. In the 1950s and 1960s, other Communist regimes such as [[Vietnam]] and [[Laos]] also adopted red flags. Some Communist countries, such as Cuba, chose to keep their old flags; and other countries used red flags which had nothing to do with Communism or socialism; the red flag of [[Nepal]], for instance, represents the national flower.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Garde nationale mobile pendant les Journées de Juin.JPG|A French soldier takes down a red flag from the barricades during the Paris uprising of 1848.
File:Gravure La Commune de Paris.jpg|A poster from the Paris Commune (1871)
File:Demonstration on October 17, 1905 by Ilya Repin (adumbration 1906).jpg|A demonstration in Moscow during the unsuccessful [[Russian Revolution of 1905]], painted by [[Ilya Repin]].
File:Kustodiev The Bolshevik.jpg| Red was the color of the Russian Revolution in 1917. ''The Bolshevik'', painting by [[Boris Kustodiev]] (1920).
File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|The [[flag of the Soviet Union]] (1923–1992). The hammer symbolized workers, the sickle represented peasants, and the red star symbolized the Communist Party.
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|The [[Flag of the People's Republic of China]]. Red symbolizes revolution, the large star is the Communist Party, and the smaller stars represent the working class, the peasants, and the urban middle class, the rural middle class, as described by [[Mao Zedong]].
</gallery>

==Use by political movements==
[[File:Chinese honor guard in column 070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG|thumb|right|400px|Honor guard of Chinese Army welcomes U.S. Defense Secretary to Beijing.]]

In 18th-century Europe, red was usually associated with the monarchy and with those in power. The [[Pope]] wore red, as did the [[Swiss Guards]] of the [[Kings of France]], the soldiers of the [[British Army]] and the [[Danish Army]].

The [[French Revolution]] saw red used by the [[Jacobins]] as a symbol of the martyrs of the Revolution. In the nineteenth century, with the [[Industrial Revolution]] and the rise of worker's movements, it became the color of [[socialism]] (especially the [[Marxism|Marxist]] [[Socialism (Marxism)|variant]]), and, with the [[Paris Commune]] of 1870, of revolution.

In the 20th century, red was the color first of the Russian [[Bolsheviks]] and then, after the success of the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917, of [[Communist Parties]] around the world.

Red also became the color of many [[Social democracy|social democratic]] parties in Europe, including the Labour Party in Britain (founded 1900); the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (whose roots went back to 1863) and the [[Socialist Party (France)|French Socialist Party]], which dated back under different names, to 1879. The [[Socialist Party of America]] (1901–1972) and the [[Communist Party USA]] (1919) both also chose red as their color.

The [[Communist Party of China]], founded in 1920, adopted the red flag and hammer and sickle emblem of the Soviet Union, which became the national symbols when the Party took power in China in 1949. Under Party leader [[Mao Zedong]], the Party anthem became "[[The East Is Red (song)|The East Is Red]]",<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,943793,00.html |title=The East Is Red |work=[[TIME (magazine)|TIME]] |accessdate=2009-04-10 | date=1970-05-04}}</ref> and Mao Zedong himself was sometimes referred to as a "red sun".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.morningsun.org/red/redfamily_cp_69.html |title=The Reddest Red Sun |publisher=[[Morning Sun (documentary)|Morning Sun]] |accessdate=2009-04-10 }}</ref> During the [[Cultural Revolution]] in China, Party ideology was enforced by the [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guards]], and the sayings of Mao Zedong were published as a small red book in hundreds of millions of copies. Today the Communist Party of China claims to be the largest political party in the world, with eighty million members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-06/24/c_13947698.htm |title=Xinhua&nbsp;– China's Communist Party members exceed 80 million |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=2011-06-24 |accessdate=2012-09-08}}</ref>

Beginning in the 1960s and the 1970s, paramilitary extremist groups such as the [[Red Army Faction]] in Germany, the [[Japanese Red Army]] and the [[Shining Path]] Maoist movement in [[Peru]] used red as their color. But in the 1980s, some European socialist and social democratic parties, such as the Labour Party in Britain and the Socialist Party in France, moved away from the symbolism of the far left, keeping the red color but changing their symbol to a less-threatening red rose.

Red is used around the world by political parties of the left or center-left. In the United States, it is the color of the Communist Party USA, of the [[Social Democrats, USA]], and in Puerto Rico, of the [[Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico]].

In the United States, political commentators often refer to the "red states", which traditionally vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections, and "blue states", which vote for the Democratic candidate. This convention is relatively recent: before the [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000 presidential election]], media outlets assigned red and blue to both parties, sometimes alternating the allocation for each election. Fixed usage was established during the 39-day recount following the 2000 election, when the media began to discuss the contest in terms of [[Red states and blue states|"red states" versus "blue states"]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Farhi|first=Paul|title=Elephants Are Red, Donkeys Are Blue|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17079-2004Nov1.html|accessdate=19 April 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 November 2004}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:SPD logo.svg|Logo of the [[German Social Democratic Party]]
File:Red state, blue state.svg|A map of the U.S. showing the [[blue states]], which voted for the Democratic candidate in all the last four Presidential elections, and the [[red states]], which voted for the Republican.
</gallery>

==Food and drink==
[[File:Pommes d amour.jpg|thumb|right|[[Candy apple|Pommes d'amour]]]]
Most red foods derive from one of two sources. Plants like [[apples]], [[Garden strawberry|strawberries]], [[cherry|cherries]], [[tomato]]es, [[Capsicum|peppers]], and [[pomegranate]]s are often colored by forms of [[carotenoids]], red pigments that also assist [[photosynthesis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/pigments.html|title=Photosynthetic Pigments|last=Speer|first=Brian|work=UCMP Glossary|publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology|accessdate=22 April 2010|location=University of California}}</ref> Red meat gets its color from the iron found in the [[myoglobin]] and hemoglobin in the muscles and residual blood.<ref name="jaas">{{cite web|url=http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/19/4/1164.pdf|title=Quantitative Estimations Of Myoglobin And Hemoglobin In Beef Muscle Extracts|last=Fleming|first=H.P.|author2=T. N. Blumer |author3=H. B. Craig |year=1960|work=Journal of Animal Sciences|publisher=American Society of Animal Science|page=2|accessdate=22 April 2010|location=North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh}}</ref>

==Social and special interest groups==
Such names as Red Club (a bar), Red Carpet (a discothèque) or Red Cottbus and Club Red (event locations) suggest liveliness and excitement. The [[Red Hat Society]] is a social group founded in 1998 for women 50 and over. Use of the color red to call attention to an emergency situation is evident in the names of such organizations as the Red Cross (humanitarian aid), Red Hot Organization (AIDS support), and the Red List of Threatened Species (of [[IUCN]]). In reference to humans, term "red" is often used in the West to describe the [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Larssen|first1=Nick|title=The Canadian Criminal Justice System|date=1995|page=440}}</ref>

==Idioms==
Many idiomatic expressions exploit the various connotations of red:
; Expressing emotion
* "to see red" (to be angry or aggressive)
* "to have red ears / a red face" (to be embarrassed)
* "to paint the town red" (to have an enjoyable evening, usually with a generous amount of eating, drinking, dancing)
; Giving warning
* "to raise a red flag" (to signal that something is problematic)
* "like a red rag to a bull" (to cause someone to be enraged)
* "to be in the red" (to be losing money, from the accounting habit of writing deficits and losses in red ink)
; Calling attention
* "a [[red letter day]]" (a special or important event, from the medieval custom of printing the dates of saints' days and holy days in red ink.)
* "to print in red ink" (for emphasis or easy identification)
* "to lay out the [[red carpet]]" or "give red-carpet treatment" (to treat someone royally as a very special person)
* "to catch someone red-handed" (in the act of doing something wrong, such with blood on his hands after a murder or poaching game)

; Other idioms
* "to tie up in [[red tape]]". In England red tape was used by lawyers and government officials to identify important documents. It became a term for excessive bureaucratic regulation. It was popularized in the 19th century by the writer [[Thomas Carlyle]], who complained about "red-tapism".<ref>Robert Hendrickson (1999), Encyclopedia of word and phrase origins.</ref>
* "[[red herring]]." A false clue that leads investigators off the track. Refers to the practice of using a fragrant smoked fish to distract hunting or tracking dogs from the track they are meant to follow.

==Superstition==
* It is a common belief in the United States that red cars are stopped for speeding more often than other color cars. However, there is no statistical evidence that this is true. Many police departments have denied it, saying their officers stop drivers for their behavior, not the color of their cars. The one survey that was made on this subject in 1990 by a St. Petersburg, Florida newspaper showed that the number of speeding tickets given to drivers of red cars was about the same as the proportion of red cars on the road in the community.<ref>http://www.snopes.com/autos/law/redcars.asp |See Snopes.com. The survey showed that 16 percent of the cars seen on the road were red, and 18 percent of cars which received tickets in a year period were red. (Retrieved October 12, 20012).</ref>

==In film==
Many movie titles have included the color's name, such as:
* [[The Woman in Red (1935 film)|''The Woman in Red'']], a 1935 American film
* [[Reds (film)|''Reds'']], a 1981 film about Communism in the USA and Russia
* [[The Woman in Red (1984 film)|''The Woman in Red'']], a 1984 American comedy film
* ''[[Raise the Red Lantern]]'', a 1991 Chinese film directed by [[Zhang Yimou]] about a concubine
* ''[[Three Colors: Red]]'', a French movie from 1994
* [[Red (2002 film)|''Red'']], a Tamil movie from 2002
* [[Red (2008 film)|''Red'']] , a 2008 American film
* [[Red (2010 film)|''Red'']] and ''[[Red 2 (film)|Red 2]]'', American films from 2010 and 2013
* ''[[Red Dog (film)|Red Dog]]'', a 2011 Australian film
* ''[[Red State (2011 film)|Red State]]'', a 2011 American film
* ''[[Red Dawn]]'', 1984 and 2012 American films

==See also==
* [[Erythrophobia]]
* [[Gules]]
* [[List of colors]]
* [[Little Red Riding Hood]]
* [[Shades of red]]

==References==

===Notes and citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book
|last= Broecke
|first= Lara
|title= Cennino Cennini's ''Il Libro dell'Arte'': a New English Translation and Commentary with italian Transcription
|year= 2015
|publisher= Archetype
|isbn= 978-1-909492-28-8}}
* {{cite book
|last= Barber
|first= E. j. w.
|title= Prehistoric Textiles
|year= 1991
|publisher= Princeton University Press
|isbn= 0-691-00224-X}}
* {{cite book
|last= Greenfield
|first= Amy Butler
|title= A Perfect Red
|year=2005
|publisher=Editions Autrement (French translation)
|isbn= 978-2-7467-1094-8}}
* {{cite book
|last= Ball
|first= Philip
|title= Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour
|year=2001
|publisher=Hazan (French translation)
|isbn= 978-2-7541-0503-3}}
* {{cite book
|last= Heller
|first= Eva
|title= Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques
|year=2009
|publisher=Pyramyd (French translation)
|isbn= 978-2-35017-156-2}}
* {{cite book
|last= Chunling
|first= Yan
|title= China Red
|year=2008
|publisher=Foreign Languages Press
|location=Beijing
|isbn= 978-7-119-04531-3}}
* {{cite book
|last= Pastoureau
|first= Michel
|title= Le petit livre des couleurs
|year=2005
|publisher=Editions du Panama
|isbn= 978-2-7578-0310-3}}
* {{cite book
|last= Gage
|first= John
|title= Colour and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction
|year=1993
|publisher=Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from French translation)
|isbn= 978-2-87811-295-5}}
* {{cite book
|last= Varichon
|first= Anne
|title= Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples
|year=2000
|publisher=Seuil
|isbn= 978-2-02084697-4}}
* {{cite book
| last = Davies
| first = Kevin M.
| authorlink =
| title = Plant pigments and their manipulation
| publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell]]
| year = 2004
| location =
| page = 6
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 1-4051-1737-0}}
* {{cite book
| last = Hendrickson
| first = Robert
| authorlink =
| title = Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins
| publisher =Facts on File
| year = 1999
| location =
| page = 6
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 08160-3266-1}}
* {{cite book |editor=Jenkins, David |year=2003 |title=The Cambridge History of Western Textiles |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521341078}}
* {{cite book
| last=Thompson
| first=Daniel
| title=The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting
| publisher= Dover Publications
| year=1956
| isbn=0-486-20327-1}}
* {{cite book
| last=Bomford
| first=David
| title=A Closer Look – Colour
| publisher= National Gallery Company, London
| year=2000
| isbn=978-1-85709-442-8}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}
* {{wiktionary-inline}}

{{Shades of red|nocategory=yes|state=plain}}
{{Shades of pink|*}}
{{EMSpectrum}}
{{Web colors}}
{{Color topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Optical spectrum]]
[[Category:Shades of red| ]]
[[Category:Color]]
[[Category:Rainbow]]
[[Category:Web colors]]

Revision as of 19:30, 10 May 2017

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