Coral Harbour: Difference between revisions

Coral Harbour

ᓴᓪᓕᖅ/ᓴᓪᓖᑦ
Salliq/Salliit
Coral Harbour ᓴᓪᓕᖅ/ᓴᓪᓖᑦ; Salliq/Salliit
Hamlet
	Coral Harbour
	Coral Harbour Coral Harbour
	Coordinates: 64°08′13″N 083°09′51″W / 64.13694°N 83.16417°W
Land	Kanada
Territory	Nunavut
Region	Kivalliq Region
Electoral district	Aivilik
Regierung
• Mayor	Willie Nakoolak
• MLA	Steve Mapsalak
Area
• Land	137.91 km2 (53.25 sq mi)
Elevation	64 m (210 ft)
Population (2016)
• Total	891
Time zone	UTC-5 (EST)
Canadian Postal code	X0C 0C0
Area code	867
Website	www.coralharbour.ca

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Coral Harbour (Inuktitut: Salliq/Salliit, Syllabics: ᓴᓪᓕᖅ/ᓴᓪᓖᑦ),^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] is a small Inuit community that is located on Southampton Island, Kivalliq Region, in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. Its name is derived from the fossilized coral that can be found around the waters of the community which is situated at the head of South Bay. The name of the settlement in Inuktitut is Salliq, sometimes used to refer to all of Southampton Island.^[10] The plural Salliit, means large flat island(s) in front of the mainland.^[6]^[11]

History

The Sadlermiut ("inhabitants of Salliq") whose name is derived from Salliq^[12] previously occupied the area. The Sadlermiut are thought to be the last vestige of the Tuniit. The Tuniit, a pre-Inuit culture, officially went ethnically and culturally extinct in 1902-03^[13] when a Western illness killed all of the Sallirmiut in a matter of weeks. However, others believe that the Sadlermiut were in fact descendants of the Thule, whose geographically isolated culture would have developed idiosyncratically from the mainland Thule culture. A third theory indicates that the Sadlermiut did not necessarily belong to either group, but because of intermarriage, their roots may have in fact been part of both Dorset and Thule cultures.^[13]^[14]

At the beginning of the 20th century, the area was repopulated by Aivilingmiut, whose name was to be later adapted for the Aivilik electoral district, from the Repulse Bay and Chesterfield Inlet areas, influenced to do so by whaler Capt. George Comer and others. Baffin Islanders arrived 25 years later. John Ell, who as a young child travelled with his mother Shoofly on Comer's schooners, eventually became the most famous of Southampton Island's re-settled population.^[15]

Demographics

At the 2016 census the population was 891, an increase of 6.8% from the 2011 census.^[4] Coral Harbour is the only Nunavut community that does not observe daylight saving time, remaining on Eastern Standard Time year-round.^[16]

Transport

The only way to reach this community is by plane at Coral Harbour Airport or by water (such as the resupply barges that come from Churchill, Manitoba, every summer) and the main transportation on the island itself (nearly the same size as Switzerland) is by snowmobile and dog sleigh in the winter and all-terrain vehicle in the summer. Despite the harsh climate there is plentiful wildlife around the island. Among some of the species found there are walruses, polar bears, barren-ground caribou, ringed seals, gyrfalcons, and (rarely) peregrine falcons.

Notable residents

James Arvaluk, Nunavut's first Minister of Education and current member of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut for Tununiq,^[17] representing Pond Inlet. Arvaluk had previously been elected in Nanulik representing the hamlets of Chesterfield Inlet and Coral Harbour.^[18] Prior to 1 April 1999 division of the Northwest Territories he served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories for the Aivilik (now split between Rankin Inlet North, Akulliq and Nanulik^[18]) electoral district.
Tagak Curley, founder and first president Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (Inuit Tapirisat of Canada). Curley is currently a member of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut for Rankin Inlet North. Prior to division he represented Keewatin South and Aivilik and also stood as the Liberal candidate in the 1979 election for the Nunatsiaq (now Nunavut) riding.
Patterk Netser, former member of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut for Nanulik.
Pudlo Pudlat, notable artist who was born on Baffin Island but lived in the Coral Harbour area until the age of six.
Manitok Thompson, former member of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut for Rankin Inlet South/Whale Cove, and prior to division, of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories for Aivilik. She was Nunavut's first female cabinet minister.

Climate

Climate data for Coral Harbour Airport
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high humidex	−0.6	−1.9	−0.5	4.4	8.9	22.8	32.8	30.1	19.9	7.6	3.7	3.2	32.8
Record high °C (°F)	−0.6 (30.9)	−1.1 (30.0)	0.0 (32.0)	5.0 (41.0)	9.4 (48.9)	23.3 (73.9)	28.0 (82.4)	26.1 (79.0)	18.5 (65.3)	7.6 (45.7)	4.0 (39.2)	3.4 (38.1)	28.0 (82.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	−25.5 (−13.9)	−25.5 (−13.9)	−20.4 (−4.7)	−10.9 (12.4)	−2.9 (26.8)	6.4 (43.5)	14.7 (58.5)	11.7 (53.1)	4.6 (40.3)	−3.0 (26.6)	−11.9 (10.6)	−20.1 (−4.2)	−6.9 (19.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−29.6 (−21.3)	−29.7 (−21.5)	−25.2 (−13.4)	−16.1 (3.0)	−6.7 (19.9)	3.1 (37.6)	10.0 (50.0)	7.7 (45.9)	1.7 (35.1)	−6.1 (21.0)	−16.1 (3.0)	−24.4 (−11.9)	−11.0 (12.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−33.7 (−28.7)	−33.9 (−29.0)	−29.9 (−21.8)	−21.1 (−6.0)	−10.5 (13.1)	−0.3 (31.5)	5.3 (41.5)	3.6 (38.5)	−1.2 (29.8)	−9.1 (15.6)	−20.3 (−4.5)	−28.6 (−19.5)	−15.0 (5.0)
Record low °C (°F)	−52.8 (−63.0)	−51.4 (−60.5)	−49.4 (−56.9)	−39.4 (−38.9)	−31.1 (−24.0)	−15.6 (3.9)	−1.1 (30.0)	−3.3 (26.1)	−17.2 (1.0)	−34.4 (−29.9)	−40.6 (−41.1)	−48.9 (−56.0)	−52.8 (−63.0)
Record low wind chill	−69.5	−69.3	−64.3	−55.1	−39.7	−23.2	−8.2	−11.8	−23.7	−43.7	−54.8	−64.2	−69.5
Average precipitation mm (inches)	9.5 (0.37)	7.0 (0.28)	11.2 (0.44)	18.2 (0.72)	19.0 (0.75)	27.6 (1.09)	34.1 (1.34)	59.4 (2.34)	45.4 (1.79)	33.8 (1.33)	22.9 (0.90)	14.8 (0.58)	302.9 (11.93)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.4 (0.02)	4.3 (0.17)	20.8 (0.82)	34.1 (1.34)	58.9 (2.32)	36.7 (1.44)	7.2 (0.28)	0.5 (0.02)	0.0 (0.0)	163.0 (6.42)
Average snowfall cm (inches)	9.6 (3.8)	7.1 (2.8)	11.3 (4.4)	18.2 (7.2)	14.9 (5.9)	6.9 (2.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.6 (0.2)	8.6 (3.4)	26.7 (10.5)	22.9 (9.0)	14.8 (5.8)	141.6 (55.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm)	8.5	6.7	9.0	9.5	10.4	9.6	9.6	12.6	11.2	14.6	13.0	10.4	125.1
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	1.8	7.2	9.6	12.5	8.2	3.6	0.6	0.1	43.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm)	8.6	6.6	9.0	9.5	9.4	3.3	0.0	0.3	4.3	13.1	12.9	10.4	87.3
Average relative humidity (%)	64.9	64.2	67.5	73.8	80.3	73.9	63.1	68.9	75.6	84.8	77.6	69.7	72.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours	37.9	112.1	187.4	240.2	239.9	262.2	312.3	220.4	109.8	70.8	47.9	18.8	1,859.7
Percent possible sunshine	22.4	47.0	51.6	53.2	42.0	41.9	51.2	43.3	27.9	23.3	24.3	13.9	36.8
Source: Environment Canada Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010^[19]

Throughout December 2010 and early January 2011, Nunavut, northern Quebec and western Greenland set many high temperature records. In Coral Harbour, a high of 3.3 °C (37.9 °F) in mid-December broke the old record of 1.7 °C (35.1 °F) set in 1963.^[20] The daily minimum temperature on 6 January 2011, was about 30 °C (54 °F) warmer than normal.^[21]^[22] The unusual warmth was due largely to an unseasonal area of high pressure over Greenland, and very negative values of the Arctic oscillation and North Atlantic oscillation. Mostly in the 21st century, the conditions have combined to produce an Arctic dipole anomaly that brings warm air to the Arctic regions and cold air to the continents.

Geological resources

The limestones around Coral Harbour (and nearby regions of Bad Cache Rapids) predominantly have a "Low Purity" value for industrial use.^[23]

References

^ Willie Nakoolak elected mayor of Coral Harbour
^ Nunavummiut elect new municipal leaders
^ Results for the constituency of Aivilik Archived 13 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine at Elections Nunavut
^ ^a ^b ^c "2016 Coral Harbour Census". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
^ Elevation at airport. Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.
^ ^a ^b Nunavut Communities^{[permanent dead link]}
^ TRPS 2008 December Innuinaqtun Archived 2 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^ Nunavummi Nangminiqaqtunik Ikajuuti · Qiniqhiajun Nunaliktigun
^ Nunavummi Nangminiqaqtunik Ikajuuti · ᕿᓂᕈᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᒃᑎᒍᑦ
^ Mourir et renaître: la réception du christianisme par les Inuit de l'Arctique de l'Est canadien (1890-1940)
^ Tusaalanga Archived 8 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ Petrone, Penny (1988). Northern Voices: Inuit Writing in English. University of Toronto Press. pp. 12–14. ISBN 0-8020-7717-X.
^ ^a ^b Briggs, Jean L.; J. Garth Taylor. "The Canadian Encyclopedia: Sadlermiut Inuit". Historica Foundation of Canada. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
^ "Canadian Arctic historical archaeology in review". Revista de Arqueología Americana. 1 January 2004. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
^ Rowley, Graham. Cold comfort : my love affair with the Arctic. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-7735-1393-0. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
^ Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.
^ Arvaluk victorious in Nunavut byelection
^ ^a ^b Nanulik
^ "Coral Harbour A" (CSV (4222 KB)). Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Climate ID: 2301000. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
^ Colton, Jill (22 December 2010). "Jet stream causing abnormal weather pattern". The Weather Network news. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Freedman, Andrew (7 February 2011). "The winter the Arctic shifted south". The Washington Post - Capital Weather Gang. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
^ Henson, Bob. "Cold comfort: Canada's record-smashing mildness". NCAR & UCAR. Currents. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
^ Industrial Limestone (carbonate) Resources, Southampton Island^{[permanent dead link]}

External links

[1] Willie Nakoolak elected mayor of Coral Harbour

[nunatsiaq101213-2] Nunavummiut elect new municipal leaders

[aien-3] Results for the constituency of Aivilik Archived 13 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine at Elections Nunavut

[2016_Coral_Harbour_Census-4] "2016 Coral Harbour Census". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 18 February 2017.

[5] Elevation at airport. Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.

[nunacomm-6] Nunavut Communities^{[permanent dead link]}

[7] TRPS 2008 December Innuinaqtun Archived 2 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine

[8] Nunavummi Nangminiqaqtunik Ikajuuti · Qiniqhiajun Nunaliktigun

[9] Nunavummi Nangminiqaqtunik Ikajuuti · ᕿᓂᕈᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᒃᑎᒍᑦ

[10] Mourir et renaître: la réception du christianisme par les Inuit de l'Arctique de l'Est canadien (1890-1940)

[11] Tusaalanga Archived 8 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine

[Petrone-12] Petrone, Penny (1988). Northern Voices: Inuit Writing in English. University of Toronto Press. pp. 12–14. ISBN 0-8020-7717-X.

[TCE-13] Briggs, Jean L.; J. Garth Taylor. "The Canadian Encyclopedia: Sadlermiut Inuit". Historica Foundation of Canada. Retrieved 21 March 2008.

[Revista-14] "Canadian Arctic historical archaeology in review". Revista de Arqueología Americana. 1 January 2004. Retrieved 21 March 2008.

[15] Rowley, Graham. Cold comfort : my love affair with the Arctic. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-7735-1393-0. Retrieved 4 April 2008.

[16] Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.

[17] Arvaluk victorious in Nunavut byelection

[Nanulik-18] Nanulik

[ccn-19] "Coral Harbour A" (CSV (4222 KB)). Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Climate ID: 2301000. Retrieved 27 November 2013.

[20] Colton, Jill (22 December 2010). "Jet stream causing abnormal weather pattern". The Weather Network news. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[21] Freedman, Andrew (7 February 2011). "The winter the Arctic shifted south". The Washington Post - Capital Weather Gang. Retrieved 9 February 2011.

[22] Henson, Bob. "Cold comfort: Canada's record-smashing mildness". NCAR & UCAR. Currents. Retrieved 9 February 2011.

[23] Industrial Limestone (carbonate) Resources, Southampton Island^{[permanent dead link]}

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@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 }}
-'''Coral Harbour''' ([[Inuktitut]]: '''Salliq/Salliit''', [[Inuktitut syllabics|Syllabics]]: ᓴᓪᓕᖅ/ᓴᓪᓖᑦ),<ref name="nunacomm"/><ref>[http://www.gov.nu.ca/hr/site/doc/TRPS_updates/December%202008/TRPS%202008%20December%20Innuinaqtun.pdf TRPS 2008 December Innuinaqtun]</ref><ref>[http://nni.gov.nu.ca/inu/business/search/community?sort=asc&order=Nunauyuq&l=&edit%5Bcommunity%5D=0&edit%5Bgoods%5D%5B%5D=41&edit%5Bsectors%5D%5B%5D=37&edit%5Bservices%5D%5B%5D=128&op=Search&op=Search&op=Search Nunavummi Nangminiqaqtunik Ikajuuti · Qiniqhiajun Nunaliktigun]</ref><ref>[http://nni.gov.nu.ca/iu/business/search/community?sort=asc&order=%E1%93%84%E1%93%87%E1%93%95%E1%92%83&l=&edit%5Bcommunity%5D=0&edit%5Bgoods%5D%5B%5D=41&edit%5Bsectors%5D%5B%5D=37&edit%5Bservices%5D%5B%5D=128&op=Search&op=Search Nunavummi Nangminiqaqtunik Ikajuuti · ᕿᓂᕈᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᒃᑎᒍᑦ]</ref> is a small [[Inuit]] community that is located on [[Southampton Island]], [[Kivalliq Region]], in the [[Canada|Canadian]] territory of [[Nunavut]]. Its name is derived from the [[fossil]]ized [[coral]] that can be found around the waters of the community which is situated at the head of [[South Bay (Nunavut)|South Bay]]. The name of the settlement in [[Inuktitut]] is ''Salliq'', sometimes used to refer to all of Southampton Island.<ref>[https://books.google.ca/books?id=toJJBeF6qZYC&pg=RA5-PA24&lpg=RA5-PA24&dq=Salliq&source=bl&ots=H-D9Wl38Ao&sig=n7rw7xMwGIxF3Krz_ZSoK4MPQY8&hl=en&ei=dQiQSrSuNIm2sgOByZQM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7#v=onepage&q=Salliq&f=false Mourir et renaître: la réception du christianisme par les Inuit de l'Arctique de l'Est canadien (1890-1940)]</ref> The plural ''Salliit'', means ''large flat island(s) in front of the mainland''.<ref name="nunacomm">[http://www.gov.nu.ca/english/about/Nunavut%20Communities%20Jan%2008.pdf Nunavut Communities]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.tusaalanga.ca/lesson/177/grammar Tusaalanga] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008105006/http://www.tusaalanga.ca/lesson/177/grammar |date=8 October 2007 }}</ref>
+'''Coral Harbour''' ([[Inuktitut]]: '''Salliq/Salliit''', [[Inuktitut syllabics|Syllabics]]: ᓴᓪᓕᖅ/ᓴᓪᓖᑦ),<ref name="nunacomm"/><ref>[http://www.gov.nu.ca/hr/site/doc/TRPS_updates/December%202008/TRPS%202008%20December%20Innuinaqtun.pdf TRPS 2008 December Innuinaqtun] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202152053/http://www.gov.nu.ca/hr/site/doc/TRPS_updates/December%202008/TRPS%202008%20December%20Innuinaqtun.pdf |date=2 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://nni.gov.nu.ca/inu/business/search/community?sort=asc&order=Nunauyuq&l=&edit%5Bcommunity%5D=0&edit%5Bgoods%5D%5B%5D=41&edit%5Bsectors%5D%5B%5D=37&edit%5Bservices%5D%5B%5D=128&op=Search&op=Search&op=Search Nunavummi Nangminiqaqtunik Ikajuuti · Qiniqhiajun Nunaliktigun]</ref><ref>[http://nni.gov.nu.ca/iu/business/search/community?sort=asc&order=%E1%93%84%E1%93%87%E1%93%95%E1%92%83&l=&edit%5Bcommunity%5D=0&edit%5Bgoods%5D%5B%5D=41&edit%5Bsectors%5D%5B%5D=37&edit%5Bservices%5D%5B%5D=128&op=Search&op=Search Nunavummi Nangminiqaqtunik Ikajuuti · ᕿᓂᕈᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᒃᑎᒍᑦ]</ref> is a small [[Inuit]] community that is located on [[Southampton Island]], [[Kivalliq Region]], in the [[Canada|Canadian]] territory of [[Nunavut]]. Its name is derived from the [[fossil]]ized [[coral]] that can be found around the waters of the community which is situated at the head of [[South Bay (Nunavut)|South Bay]]. The name of the settlement in [[Inuktitut]] is ''Salliq'', sometimes used to refer to all of Southampton Island.<ref>[https://books.google.ca/books?id=toJJBeF6qZYC&pg=RA5-PA24&lpg=RA5-PA24&dq=Salliq&source=bl&ots=H-D9Wl38Ao&sig=n7rw7xMwGIxF3Krz_ZSoK4MPQY8&hl=en&ei=dQiQSrSuNIm2sgOByZQM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7#v=onepage&q=Salliq&f=false Mourir et renaître: la réception du christianisme par les Inuit de l'Arctique de l'Est canadien (1890-1940)]</ref> The plural ''Salliit'', means ''large flat island(s) in front of the mainland''.<ref name="nunacomm">[http://www.gov.nu.ca/english/about/Nunavut%20Communities%20Jan%2008.pdf Nunavut Communities]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.tusaalanga.ca/lesson/177/grammar Tusaalanga] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008105006/http://www.tusaalanga.ca/lesson/177/grammar |date=8 October 2007 }}</ref>
 ==History==
@@ Line 279: / Line 279: @@
 }}
-Throughout December 2010 and early January 2011, Nunavut, northern Quebec and western Greenland set many high temperature records. In Coral Harbour, a high of {{Convert|3.3|C}} in mid-December broke the old record of {{Convert|1.7|C}} set in 1963.<ref>{{cite news|last=Colton|first=Jill|title=Jet stream causing abnormal weather pattern|url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&stormfile=jet_stream_causing_abnormal__181210|accessdate=9 February 2011|newspaper=The Weather Network news|date=22 December 2010}}</ref> The daily minimum temperature on 6 January 2011, was about {{Convert|30|C-change}} warmer than normal.<ref>{{cite news|last=Freedman|first=Andrew|title=The winter the Arctic shifted south|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/capitalweathergang/2011/02/the_winter_the_arctic_shifted.html|accessdate=9 February 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post - Capital Weather Gang|date=7 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Henson|first=Bob|title=Cold comfort: Canada's record-smashing mildness|url=http://www2.ucar.edu/currents/cold-comfort-canadas-record-smashing-mildness|work=NCAR & UCAR|publisher=Currents|accessdate=9 February 2011}}</ref> The unusual warmth was due largely to an unseasonal area of high pressure over Greenland, and very negative values of the [[Arctic oscillation]] and [[North Atlantic oscillation]]. Mostly in the 21st century, the conditions have combined to produce an [[Arctic dipole anomaly]] that brings warm air to the Arctic regions and cold air to the continents.
+Throughout December 2010 and early January 2011, Nunavut, northern Quebec and western Greenland set many high temperature records. In Coral Harbour, a high of {{Convert|3.3|C}} in mid-December broke the old record of {{Convert|1.7|C}} set in 1963.<ref>{{cite news|last=Colton|first=Jill|title=Jet stream causing abnormal weather pattern|url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&stormfile=jet_stream_causing_abnormal__181210|accessdate=9 February 2011|newspaper=The Weather Network news|date=22 December 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222164530/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3%26stormfile%3Djet_stream_causing_abnormal__181210|archivedate=22 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The daily minimum temperature on 6 January 2011, was about {{Convert|30|C-change}} warmer than normal.<ref>{{cite news|last=Freedman|first=Andrew|title=The winter the Arctic shifted south|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/capitalweathergang/2011/02/the_winter_the_arctic_shifted.html|accessdate=9 February 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post - Capital Weather Gang|date=7 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Henson|first=Bob|title=Cold comfort: Canada's record-smashing mildness|url=http://www2.ucar.edu/currents/cold-comfort-canadas-record-smashing-mildness|work=NCAR & UCAR|publisher=Currents|accessdate=9 February 2011}}</ref> The unusual warmth was due largely to an unseasonal area of high pressure over Greenland, and very negative values of the [[Arctic oscillation]] and [[North Atlantic oscillation]]. Mostly in the 21st century, the conditions have combined to produce an [[Arctic dipole anomaly]] that brings warm air to the Arctic regions and cold air to the continents.
 == Geological resources ==