List of nearest exoplanets: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
m Add Gliese 581d |
||
Line 39: | Line 39: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan = "4" | [[Star|Host star system]] |
! colspan = "4" | [[Star|Host star system]] |
||
| class="unsortable" |
| rowspan="62" class="unsortable" | |
||
! colspan="9" | [[Exoplanet|Companion exoplanet]] (in order from star) |
! colspan="9" | [[Exoplanet|Companion exoplanet]] (in order from star) |
||
! class="unsortable" rowspan="2" style="width:50px"| Notes |
! class="unsortable" rowspan="2" style="width:50px"| Notes |
||
Line 203: | Line 203: | ||
| style="background:#BCD4E6; | [[LHS 1723#Planetary system|b]]<sup>↑</sup> ||style="background:#BCD4E6; | {{sort|2.02|>2.0}} || style="background:#BCD4E6; | {{sort|1.3|~1.3}} || style="background:#BCD4E6; |0.0328 || style="background:#BCD4E6; |{{sort|0005.36|5.36}}|| style="background:#BCD4E6; | {{sort|0.23|0.2}} |
| style="background:#BCD4E6; | [[LHS 1723#Planetary system|b]]<sup>↑</sup> ||style="background:#BCD4E6; | {{sort|2.02|>2.0}} || style="background:#BCD4E6; | {{sort|1.3|~1.3}} || style="background:#BCD4E6; |0.0328 || style="background:#BCD4E6; |{{sort|0005.36|5.36}}|| style="background:#BCD4E6; | {{sort|0.23|0.2}} |
||
|— |
|— |
||
| style="background:#BCD4E6; " | |
| style="background:#BCD4E6; " |0.86 || style="background:#BCD4E6; " |2017 |
||
| rowspan = "2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=GJ+3323 |title=GJ 3323 |work=NASA Exoplanet Science Institute|publisher=California Institute of Technology |date= |accessdate=2018-03-22}}</ref> |
| rowspan = "2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=GJ+3323 |title=GJ 3323 |work=NASA Exoplanet Science Institute|publisher=California Institute of Technology |date= |accessdate=2018-03-22}}</ref> |
||
|- style="background:#ffffb0;" |
|- style="background:#ffffb0;" |
||
Line 213: | Line 213: | ||
| rowspan = "4"|[[82 G. Eridani]]<sup>#</sup> || rowspan = "4"|19.7 || rowspan = "4"|{{sort|0426|4.26}} || rowspan = "4"|0.85 |
| rowspan = "4"|[[82 G. Eridani]]<sup>#</sup> || rowspan = "4"|19.7 || rowspan = "4"|{{sort|0426|4.26}} || rowspan = "4"|0.85 |
||
| [[82 G. Eridani b|b]] || {{sort|2.7|>2.7}} || — || 0.121 || {{sort|0018|18.3}} || {{sort|0|~0}} |
| [[82 G. Eridani b|b]] || {{sort|2.7|>2.7}} || — || 0.121 || {{sort|0018|18.3}} || {{sort|0|~0}} |
||
| |
|90||— |
||
| 2011 |
|||
| rowspan = "4"|2 candidates and a [[Circumstellar disc|disc]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=HD+20794 |title=HD 20794 |work=NASA Exoplanet Science Institute|publisher=California Institute of Technology |date= |accessdate=2018-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/hd_20794_f/ |work = The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia|title= HD 20794 f |publisher=Exoplanet.eu |date= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/hd_20794_g/ |work = The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia|title= HD 20794 g |publisher=Exoplanet.eu |date= |accessdate=}}</ref> |
| rowspan = "4"|2 candidates and a [[Circumstellar disc|disc]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=HD+20794 |title=HD 20794 |work=NASA Exoplanet Science Institute|publisher=California Institute of Technology |date= |accessdate=2018-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/hd_20794_f/ |work = The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia|title= HD 20794 f |publisher=Exoplanet.eu |date= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/hd_20794_g/ |work = The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia|title= HD 20794 g |publisher=Exoplanet.eu |date= |accessdate=}}</ref> |
||
|- style="background:#ffffb0;" |
|- style="background:#ffffb0;" |
||
Line 230: | Line 231: | ||
<!----------- 20 ly ------> |
<!----------- 20 ly ------> |
||
|- style="background:#ffffb0;" |
|- style="background:#ffffb0;" |
||
| rowspan |
| rowspan="4" |[[Gliese 581]]<sup>#</sup> || rowspan="4" |20.4 || rowspan="4" |{{sort|105.5|10.5}} || rowspan="4" |0.31 |
||
| [[Gliese 581 e|e]] || {{sort|1.7|>1.7}} || — || 0.0282 || {{sort|00032|3.15}} || 0.0 || — |
| [[Gliese 581 e|e]] || {{sort|1.7|>1.7}} || — || 0.0282 || {{sort|00032|3.15}} || 0.0 || — |
||
|— |
|— |
||
| 2009 |
| 2009 |
||
| |
| rowspan="4" | 4 candidates and a [[Circumstellar disc|disc]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=GJ+581 |title=GJ 581 |work=NASA Exoplanet Science Institute|publisher=California Institute of Technology |date= |accessdate=2018-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/gj_581_d/ |work= The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia|title= GJ 581 d |publisher=Exoplanet.eu |date=|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/gj_581_f/ |work= The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia|title= GJ 581 f |publisher=Exoplanet.eu |date=|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/gj_581_g/ |work= The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia|title= GJ 581 g |publisher=Exoplanet.eu |date=|accessdate=}}</ref> |
||
|- style="background:#ffffb0;" |
|- style="background:#ffffb0;" |
||
| [[Gliese 581 b|b]] || {{sort|915.8|>16}} || — || 0.0406 || {{sort|00054|5.37}} || 0.0 || — |
| [[Gliese 581 b|b]] || {{sort|915.8|>16}} || — || 0.0406 || {{sort|00054|5.37}} || 0.0 || — |
||
Line 242: | Line 243: | ||
| [[Gliese 581 c|c]] || {{sort|5.5|>5.5}} || — || 0.072 || {{sort|0013|12.9}} || 0.0 || — |
| [[Gliese 581 c|c]] || {{sort|5.5|>5.5}} || — || 0.072 || {{sort|0013|12.9}} || 0.0 || — |
||
|0.70|| 2007 |
|0.70|| 2007 |
||
|- |
|||
|d |
|||
|>0.31 |
|||
|>0.29 |
|||
|0.21847 |
|||
|66.9 |
|||
|0.0 |
|||
|7 |
|||
|0.74 |
|||
|2007 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Gliese 625]] || 21.3 || 10.2 <!--B-band mag--> || 0.30 |
| [[Gliese 625]] || 21.3 || 10.2 <!--B-band mag--> || 0.30 |
Revision as of 20:28, 3 May 2018
There are 7,026 known exoplanets, or planets outside our solar system that orbit a star, as of July 24, 2024; only a small fraction of these are located in the vicinity of the Solar System.[2] Within 10 parsecs (32.6 light-years), there are 56 known exoplanets.[a][3] In that range there are over 400 known stars,[b][4] 26 of which have been confirmed to have planetary systems. 51 of those stars are visible to the naked-eye,[5][c] and 8 have confirmed exoplanets.
The first report of an exoplanet within this range was in 1998 for a planet revolving around Gliese 876 (15.3 light-years (ly) away), and the latest is one around Ross 128 (11 ly) in 2017. The closest exoplanet found is Proxima Centauri b, which was confirmed in 2016 to orbit Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our Solar System (4.25 ly). With six, HD 219134 (21.6 ly) has the highest count of discovered exoplanets. A planet around Fomalhaut (25 ly) was, in 2008, the first planet to be directly imaged.[6]
Most nearby exoplanets found revolve close to their star and tend to have highly eccentric orbits. Most are significantly larger than Earth, but a few have similar masses, including two planets (around YZ Ceti, 12 ly) which may be less massive than Earth. Several confirmed exoplanets are hypothesized to be potentially habitable, with Proxima Centauri b and three around Gliese 667 C (23.6 ly) considered the most likely candidates for habitability.[7] The International Astronomical Union took a public survey in 2015 towards renaming some known extrasolar bodies, including the planets around Epsilon Eridani (10.5 ly) and Fomalhaut.[8]
Exoplanets within 10 parsecs
° | Mercury, Earth and Jupiter (for comparison purposes) |
# | Confirmed multiplanetary systems |
↑ | Exoplanets believed to be potentially habitable[7] |
Host star system | Companion exoplanet (in order from star) | Notes | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Distance (ly) |
Apparent magnitude |
Mass (M☉) |
Label [d] |
Mass (ME)[e] |
Radius (R🜨) |
Semi-major axis (AU) |
Orbital period (days) |
Eccentricity |
Inclination (°) |
Earth Similarity Index (ESI) |
Discovery year | ||
Sun° | 0 | −26.7 | 1 | Mercury | 0.055 | 0.3829 | 0.387 | 88.0 | 0.205 | — | — | — | — | |
Earth | 1 | 1 | 1 | 365.3 | 0.0167 | — | — | — | ||||||
Jupiter | 317.8 | 10.973 | 5.20 | 4,333 | 0.0488 | — | — | — | ||||||
Proxima Centauri | 4.2 | 11.13 | 0.123 | b↑ | >1.3 | ~1.1 | 0.0485 | 11.2 | <0.35 | — | — | 2016 | [9][7] | |
Epsilon Eridani | 10.49 | 3.73 | 0.83 | AEgir | 500 | — | 3.39 | 2,500 | 0.70 | 30 | — | 2000 | 1 candidate and a disc[10][11] | |
Ross 128 | 11.03 | 11.1 | 0.168 | b↑ | >1.4 | ~1.2 | 0.0496 | 9.87 | 0.12 | — | 0.86 | 2017 | [12] | |
YZ Ceti# | 11.74 | 12.1 | 0.130 | b | >0.75 | — | 0.0156 | 1.97 | 0.0 | — | — | 2017 | 1 candidate[13][14] | |
c | >0.98 | — | 0.0209 | 3.06 | 0.04 | — | — | 2017 | ||||||
d | >1.1 | — | 0.0276 | 4.66 | 0.13 | — | — | 2017 | ||||||
Tau Ceti# | 11.90 | 3.50 | 0.78 | g | >1.7 | — | 0.133 | 20.0 | 0.06 | — | — | 2017 | 2 retracted and 1 candidate[15][16][7][17][18][19] | |
h | >1.8 | — | 0.243 | 49.4 | 0.23 | — | — | 2017 | ||||||
e↑ | >3.9 | ~1.6 | 0.538 | 163 | 0.18 | — | — | 2017 | ||||||
f | >3.9 | — | 1.33 | 640 | 0.16 | — | — | 2017 | ||||||
Luyten's Star# | 12.20 | 11.94 | 0.29 | c | >1.2 | — | 0.0365 | 4.72 | 0.17 | — | — | 2017 | [7][20] | |
b↑ | >2.9 | ~1.4 | 0.091 | 18.6 | 0.10 | — | 0.86 | 2017 | ||||||
Kapteyn's Star | 12.76 | 8.8 | 0.28 | c | >7 | — | 0.311 | 122 | 0.23 | — | — | 2014 | 1 candidate[21][22] | |
Wolf 1061# | 14.00 | 10.1 | 0.25 | b | >1.9 | — | 0.0375 | 4.89 | 0.15 | — | — | 2015 | [7][23] | |
c↑ | >3.4 | ~1.5 | 0.0890 | 17.9 | 0.11 | — | — | 2015 | ||||||
d | >8 | — | 0.470 | 217 | 0.55 | — | — | 2015 | ||||||
Gliese 687 | 14.77 | 9.15 | 0.41 | b | >18 | — | 0.164 | 38.1 | 0.04 | — | — | 2014 | [24] | |
Gliese 674 | 14.81 | 9.38 | 0.35 | b | >11 | 12.4 | 0.039 | 4.69 | 0.20 | — | — | 2007 | [25][26] | |
Gliese 876# | 15.29 | 10.2 | 0.33 | d | 6.8 | — | 0.0208 | 1.94 | 0.21 | 59 | — | 2005 | 2 candidates[27][28][29] | |
c | 230 | — | 0.130 | 30.1 | 0.256 | 59 | — | 2000 | ||||||
b | 720 | — | 0.208 | 61.1 | 0.032 | 59 | — | 1998 | ||||||
e | 15 | — | 0.334 | 124 | 0.055 | 59 | — | 2010 | ||||||
Gliese 832# | 16.16 | 8.67 | 0.45 | c↑ | >5.4 | ~1.7 | 0.163 | 35.7 | 0.18 | — | 0.81 | 2014 | [7][30] | |
b | >220 | — | 3.56 | 3,700 | 0.08 | — | — | 2008 | ||||||
LHS 1723# | 17.4 | 12.2 | 0.164 | b↑ | >2.0 | ~1.3 | 0.0328 | 5.36 | 0.2 | — | 0.86 | 2017 | [31] | |
c | >2.3 | — | 0.126 | 40.5 | 0.2 | — | — | 2017 | ||||||
82 G. Eridani# | 19.7 | 4.26 | 0.85 | b | >2.7 | — | 0.121 | 18.3 | ~0 | 90 | — | 2011 | 2 candidates and a disc[32][33][34] | |
c | >2.4 | — | 0.204 | 40.1 | ~0 | 90 | — | 2011 | ||||||
d | >4.8 | — | 0.350 | 90 | ~0 | 90 | — | 2011 | ||||||
e | >4.8 | — | 0.509 | 147 | 0.29 | — | — | 2017 | ||||||
Gliese 581# | 20.4 | 10.5 | 0.31 | e | >1.7 | — | 0.0282 | 3.15 | 0.0 | — | — | 2009 | 4 candidates and a disc[35][36][37][38] | |
b | >16 | — | 0.0406 | 5.37 | 0.0 | — | — | 2005 | ||||||
c | >5.5 | — | 0.072 | 12.9 | 0.0 | — | 0.70 | 2007 | ||||||
d | >0.31 | >0.29 | 0.21847 | 66.9 | 0.0 | 7 | 0.74 | 2007 | ||||||
Gliese 625 | 21.3 | 10.2 | 0.30 | b | >2.8 | — | 0.0784 | 14.6 | ~0.1 | — | — | 2017 | [39] | |
HD 219134# | 21.3 | 5.57 | 0.78 | b | 4.7 | 1.60 | 0.0388 | 3.09 | ~0 | 85 | — | 2015 | 1 candidate[40][41] | |
c | 4.4 | 1.51 | 0.065 | 6.77 | 0.062 | 87 | — | 2015 | ||||||
f | >7.3 | >1.31 | 0.146 | 22.7 | 0.15 | — | — | 2015 | ||||||
d | >16 | >1.61 | 0.235 | 46.9 | 0.138 | — | — | 2015 | ||||||
g | >11 | — | 0.375 | 94 | ~0 | — | — | 2015 | ||||||
h | >110 | — | 3.11 | 2,200 | 0.06 | — | — | 2015 | ||||||
Gliese 667# | 23.6 | 10.2 | 0.33 | Cb | >5.6 | — | 0.051 | 7.20 | ~0.1 | — | — | 2009 | 2 candidates[42][7][43][44] | |
Cc↑ | >3.8 | ~1.5 | 0.125 | 28.1 | 0.02 | — | — | 2011 | ||||||
Cf↑ | >2.7 | ~1.4 | 0.156 | 39 | 0.03 | — | — | 2013 | ||||||
Ce↑ | >2.7 | ~1.4 | 0.213 | 62 | 0.02 | — | — | 2013 | ||||||
Cg | >4.6 | — | 0.549 | 260 | 0.08 | — | — | 2013 | ||||||
HD 95872 | 24.7 | 9.9 | 0.95 | b | >1500 | — | 5.2 | 4,400 | 0.06 | — | — | 2015 | [45] | |
Fomalhaut | 25.1 | 1.16 | 1.92 | Dagon | ~800 | 13.5 | 160 | 560,000 | ~0.9 | 55 | — | 2008 | multiple discs[46][47] | |
61 Virginis# | 27.9 | 4.74 | 0.95 | b | >5.1 | — | 0.0502 | 4.22 | ~0.1 | — | — | 2009 | disc[48] | |
c | >18 | — | 0.218 | 38.0 | 0.14 | — | — | 2009 | ||||||
d | >23 | — | 0.476 | 123 | 0.35 | — | — | 2009 | ||||||
Gliese 849 | 28.6 | 10.4 | 0.49 | b | >290 | — | 2.32 | 1,850 | 0.05 | — | — | 2006 | 1 candidate[49][50] | |
HD 192310# | 28.8 | 6.13 | 0.78 | b | >17 | — | 0.32 | 75 | 0.13 | 90 | — | 2010 | [51] | |
c | >24 | — | 1.18 | 530 | ~0.3 | 90 | — | 2011 | ||||||
Gliese 433 | 29.0 | 9.79 | 0.48 | b | >5.8 | — | 0.058 | 7.37 | 0.08 | — | — | 2009 | 1 candidate[52][53] | |
HD 102365 | 30.1 | 4.89 | 0.85 | b | >16 | — | 0.46 | 122 | 0.34 | — | — | 2010 | [54] | |
Gliese 176 | 30.7 | 10.1 | 0.45 | b | >9 | — | 0.066 | 8.78 | ~0 | — | 2007 | 1 candidate[55][56] |
Excluded objects
Unlike for bodies within our Solar System, there is no clearly established method for officially recognizing an exoplanet. The International Astronomical Union has detailed that "a period of at least five years since the discovery has been considered as a simple and satisfactory criterion to include exoplanets which can be considered as confirmed".[57] There have been examples where the existence of exoplanets has been proposed, but even after follow-up studies their existence is still considered doubtful by some astronomers. Such cases involving nearby stars with exoplanetary candidates that have yet to be tagged as confirmed in the NASA Exoplanet Archive include: Alpha Centauri (4.36 ly, two in 2012[58] and 2013[59]), Lalande 21185 (8.31 ly, in 2017[60]), Groombridge 34 (11.7 ly, two in 2014[61] and 2017[62]), Epsilon Indi (11.8 ly, in 2002[63]), LHS 288 (15.6 ly, in 2007[64]), 40 Eridani (16.3 ly, in 2018[65]), Gliese 682 (16.6 ly, two in 2014[7][66][67]), and Gliese 229 (18.8 ly, in 2014[68]). There are also some instances where proposed exoplanets were later disproven by subsequent studies, such as candidates around Teegarden's star (12.6 ly),[69] Van Maanen 2 (13.9 ly),[70] Groombridge 1618 (15.9 ly),[71] and VB 10 (18.7 ly).[72]
The Working Group on Extrasolar Planets of the International Astronomical Union adopted in 2003 a working definition on the upper limit for what constitutes a planet: not being massive enough to sustain thermonuclear fusion of deuterium. Some studies have calculated this to be somewhere around 13 times the mass of Jupiter, and therefore objects more massive than this are usually classified as brown dwarfs.[73] Some proposed candidate exoplanets were later shown to be massive enough to fall above the threshold of 13 Jupiter masses, and are likely brown dwarfs, as was the case for: SCR 1845-6357 B (12.6 ly),[74] SDSS J1416+1348 B (29.7 ly),[75] and WISE 1217+1626 B (33 ly).[76]
Excluded from the current list are known examples of potential free-floating sub-brown dwarfs, or "rogue planets", which are bodies that are too small to undergo fusion yet they do not revolve around a star. Known such examples include: WISE 0855–0714 (7.3 ly),[77] UGPS 0722-05, (13 ly)[78] and WISE 1541−2250 (18.6 ly).[79]
Statistics
Planetary systems
|
|
|
Exoplanets
|
|
|
See also
Notes
- ^ Listed values are primarily taken from NASA Exoplanet Archive,[3] but other databases include a few exoplanet entries tagged as "Confirmed" that are have yet to be compiled into the NASA archive. Such databases include:
- "Exoplanet Catalog". The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Full table.
- "Exoplanets Data Explorer". Exoplanet Orbit Database. California Planet Survey. Click the "+" button to visualize additional parameters.
- "Open Exoplanet Catalogue". Click the "Show options" to visualize additional parameters.
- ^ For reference, the 104th closest know star system in November 2016 was 82 Eridani (19.7 ly).[82]
- ^ According to the Bortle scale, an astronomical object visible to the naked eye under "typical" dark-sky conditions in a rural area if it has an apparent magnitude smaller than +6.5. To the unaided eye, the limiting magnitude is +7.6 to +8.0 under "excellent" dark-sky conditions (with effort).[80]
- ^ Exoplanet naming convention assigns uncapitalized letters starting from b to each planet based on chronological order of their initial report, and in increasing order of distance from the parent star for planets reported at the same time. Omitted letters signify planets that have yet to be confirmed, or planets that have been retracted altogether.
- ^ Most reported exoplanet masses have very large error margins (typically, between 10% and 30%). The mass of an exoplanet has generally been inferred from measurements on changes in the radial velocity of the host star, but this kind of measurement only allows for an estimate on the exoplanet's orbital parameters, but not on their orbital inclination (i). As such, most exoplanets only have an estimated minimum mass (Mreal*sin(i)), where their true masses are statistically expected to come close to this minimum, with only about 13% chance for the mass of an exoplanet to be more than double its minimum mass.[83]
References
- ^ Harrington, J. D.; Villard, Ray (2013-08-01). "NASA's Hubble Reveals Rogue Planetary Orbit For Fomalhaut". NASA. Retrieved 2015-09-18.
- ^ Schneider, Jean. "Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog". The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
- ^ a b c "NASA Exoplanet Archive—Confirmed Planets". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "Stars within 10 parsecs". Solstation.com. 2014-04-25. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ Powell, Richard (2006). "Stars within 50 light years". An Atlas of the Universe. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ "Fomalhaut had first visible exoplanet". Earthsky.org. 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
{{cite web}}
: Cite uses deprecated parameter|authors=
(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i "The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog". Planetary Habitability Laboratory. University of Puerto Rico in Arecibo. 2015-09-01. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
- ^ "Final Results of NameExoWorlds Public Vote Released" (Press release). International Astronomical Union. 2015-12-15. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
- ^ "Proxima Cen". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "eps Eri". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2016-04-23.
- ^ "eps Eridani c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ "Ross 128". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "YZ Cet". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "YZ Cet e". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2017-08-15. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "tau Cet". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "tau Ceti". Open Exoplanet Catalogue. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ "tau Cet b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "tau Cet c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "tau Cet d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "GJ 273". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "Kapteyn". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "Kapteyn's b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2015-05-13. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "Wolf 1061". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "GJ 687". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "GJ 674". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "GJ 674 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2007-04-25. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ "GJ 876". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "GJ 876 f". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2016-02-23. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "GJ 876 g". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "GJ 832". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "GJ 3323". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "HD 20794". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "HD 20794 f". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu.
- ^ "HD 20794 g". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu.
- ^ "GJ 581". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "GJ 581 d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu.
- ^ "GJ 581 f". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu.
- ^ "GJ 581 g". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu.
- ^ "GJ 625". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "HD 219134". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "HD 219134 e". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "GJ 667 C". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "GJ 667 C d". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "GJ 667 C h". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2016-02-23. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "HD 95872". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "Fomalhaut". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "Fomalhaut b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ "61 Vir". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "GJ 849". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "GJ 849 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu.
- ^ "HD 192310". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "GJ 433". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "GJ 433 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ "HD 102365". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "HD 285968". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ "GJ 176 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-12-17. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
- ^ Lee, Rhodi (2015-09-18). "Want To Name An Exoplanet? Here's Your Chance". Tech Times. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
- ^ "alf Cen B b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2011-05-27. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ LePage, Andrew (2015-03-28). "Has Another Planet Been Found Orbiting Alpha Centauri B?". Drew Ex Machina. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
- ^ "Lalande 21185 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2017-02-14. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
- ^ "GJ 15 A b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2015-01-17.
- ^ Trifonov, T; Kürster, M; Zechmeister, M; et al. (2018). "The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 609: A117. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731442.
- ^ Zechmeister, M.; Kürster, M.; Endl, M.; et al. (2013). "The planet search programme at the ESO CES and HARPS. IV. The search for Jupiter analogues around solar-like stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 552: id.A78. arXiv:1211.7263. Bibcode:2013A&A...552A..78Z. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116551.
- ^ Bartlett, Jennifer L; Ianna, Philip A; Begam, Michael C (2009). "A Search for Astrometric Companions to Stars in the Southern Hemisphere". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 121 (878): 365. doi:10.1086/599044.
- ^ "HD 26965 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2018-01-15. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
- ^ "GJ 682 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
- ^ "GJ 682 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
- ^ "GJ 229 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
- ^ Barnes, J.R.; Jenkins, J. S.; Jones, H. R. A.; et al. (July 2012). "ROPS: A New Search for Habitable Earths in the Southern Sky". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 424 (1): 591–604. arXiv:1204.6283. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.424..591B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21236.x.
- ^ Farihi, J.; Becklin, E. E.; Macintosh, B. A. (June 2004). "Mid-Infrared Observations of van Maanen 2: No Substellar Companion". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 608 (2): L109–L112. arXiv:astro-ph/0405245. Bibcode:2004ApJ...608L.109F. doi:10.1086/422502.
- ^ Heinze, A. N.; Hinz, Philip M.; Sivanandam, Suresh; et al. (May 2010). "Constraints on Long-period Planets from an L'- and M-band Survey of Nearby Sun-like Stars: Observations". The Astrophysical Journal. 714 (2): 1551–1569. arXiv:1003.5340. Bibcode:2010ApJ...714.1551H. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/714/2/1551.
- ^ "VB 10 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
- ^ Boss, Alan P.; Butler, R. Paul; Hubbard, William B.; et al. (2007). "Working Group on Extrasolar Planets". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 1 (T26A): 183. Bibcode:2007IAUTA..26..183B. doi:10.1017/S1743921306004509.
- ^ "SCR 1845 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2012-04-13. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
- ^ "SDSS 141624 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. 2010-01-18. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
- ^ "WISE 1217+16A b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ Clavin, Whitney; Harrington, J. D. (2014-04-25). "NASA's Spitzer and WISE Telescopes Find Close, Cold Neighbor of Sun". NASA. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
- ^ Lucas, P. W.; Tinney, C. G.; Burningham, B.; et al. (2010). "The discovery of a very cool, very nearby brown dwarf in the Galactic plane". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 408 (1): L56–L60. arXiv:1004.0317. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.408L..56L. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2010.00927.x.
- ^ Cushing, Michael C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; et al. (2011). "The Discovery of Y Dwarfs using Data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)". The Astrophysical Journal. 743 (1): 50. arXiv:1108.4678. Bibcode:2011ApJ...743...50C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/1/50.
- ^ a b Bortle, John E. (2001). "Light Pollution And Astronomy: The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky and Telescope. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
- ^ "HEC: Periodic Table of Exoplanets". Planetary Habitability Laboratory. University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo. 2014-04-17. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ Johnston, Robert (2014-11-02). "List of Nearby Stars: To 21 light years". Johnstonsarchive.net. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
- ^ Cumming, Andrew; Butler, R. Paul; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; et al. (2008). "The Keck Planet Search: Detectability and the Minimum Mass and Orbital Period Distribution of Extrasolar Planets". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 120 (867): 531–554. arXiv:0803.3357. Bibcode:2008PASP..120..531C. doi:10.1086/588487.
External links
- "Extrasolar Planets". The Planetary Society. Planetary.org.
- "Extrasolar Planets News". Science Daily.
- "Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System". Exoplanet Exploration Program and Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. 2015-12-16.
- "Universe - Exoplanets (pictures, video, facts & news)". BBC.
- "PHL's Exoplanets Catalog". Planetary Habitability Laboratory. UPR Arecibo. 2018-03-02.
- Onsi Fakhouri. "Exoplanet Orbit Database". Exoplanet Data Explorer. Exoplanets.org.