Gammaproteobacteria: Difference between revisions
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| image = Vibrio cholerae.jpg |
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| image_caption = ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' |
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| taxon = Gammaproteobacteria |
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| subdivision_ranks = Orders |
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}} |
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{{Gram-negative proteobacter |
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'''Gammaproteobacteria''' are a [[Class (biology)|class]] of [[bacteria]]. Several medically, ecologically, and scientifically important groups of bacteria belong to this class, as do a number of important [[pathogen]]s. Like all [[Proteobacteria]], the Gammaproteobacteria are [[Gram-negative]]. |
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==Significance== |
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The Gammaproteobacteria comprise several medically and scientifically important groups of bacteria, such as the [[Enterobacteriaceae]], [[Vibrionaceae]], and [[Pseudomonadaceae]]. A number of important pathogens belong to this class, e.g. ''[[Salmonella]]'' spp. ([[enteritis]] and [[typhoid fever]]), ''[[Yersinia pestis]]'' (plague), ''[[Vibrio]] cholerae'' (cholera), ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'' (lung infections in hospitalized or [[cystic fibrosis]] patients), and ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' (food poisoning). Important plant pathogens such as ''Xanthomonas axonopodis'' pv. ''citri'' ([[citrus canker]]), ''Pseudomonas syringae'' pv. ''actinidiae'' ([[kiwifruit]] Psa outbreak), and ''[[Xylella fastidiosa]]'' are also Gammaproteobacteria. Members of ''[[Chromatium]]'' are photosynthetic and oxidize [[hydrogen sulfide]] instead of water, producing sulfur as a waste product. Some Gammaproteobacteria are methane oxidizers, and many are symbiotic with geothermic ocean vent-dwelling animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/eubacteria/proteobacteriae/gammaproteobacteria/default.htm |accessdate=17 April 2018 |title=Description of the Phylum Gammaproteobacteria |author=Holt JR |date=6 February 2013 |website=Susquehanna University - Systematic Biology Course Website}}</ref> |
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==Phylogeny== |
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Due to a single genus, ''Acidithiobacillus'', the Gammaproteobacteria class is paraphyletic to Betaproteobacteria (reviewed in [[Proteobacteria#Taxonomy]]). |
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{{cladogram |
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|style=width:800 px; |
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|title=Phylogeny of Gammaproteobacteria |
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|align=none |
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|caption=Phylogeny of Gammaproteobacteria after<ref>{{Cite journal |
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| last1 = Williams | first1 = K. P. |
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| last2 = Gillespie | first2 = J. J. |
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| last3 = Sobral | first3 = B. W. S. |
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| last4 = Nordberg | first4 = E. K. |
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| last5 = Snyder | first5 = E. E. |
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| last6 = Shallom | first6 = J. M. |
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| last7 = Dickerman | first7 = A. W. |
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| title = Phylogeny of Gammaproteobacteria |
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| journal = Journal of Bacteriology |
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| volume = 192 |
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| issue = 9 |
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| pages = 2305–2314 |
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| year = 2010 |
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| pmid = 20207755 |
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| pmc = 2863478 |
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| doi = 10.1128/JB.01480-09 |
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}}</ref> Not all orders are monophyletic, consequently families or genera are shown for Pseudomonadales, Oceanospirillales, and Alteromonadales. In the case of singleton orders, the genus is shown. (In [[bacterial taxonomy]], orders have the suffix -ales, while families have -aceae.) |
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|cladogram= |
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{{clade|1=''[[Acidithiobacillus]]''|2= |
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{{clade|1=[[Betaproteobacteria]]|2= |
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{{clade|1=[[Xanthomonadales]]|2= |
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{{clade|1=[[Chromatiales]] |
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|2=''[[Methylococcus]]'' |
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|3=''[[Beggiatoa]]'' |
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|4={{clade |
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|1=[[Legionellales]] |
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|2=''[[Ruthia]]'', ''[[Vesicomyosocius]]'', ''[[Thiomicrospira]]'', ''[[Dichelobacter]]'', ''[[Francisella]]'' |
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|3={{clade |
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|1={{clade|1=[[Moraxellaceae]], ''[[Alcalinovorax]]''|2={{clade|1=''[[Saccharophagus]]'', ''[[Reinekea]]''|2={{clade|1=[[Oceanospirillaceae]]|2={{clade|1=''[[Marinobacter]]''|2=[[Pseudomonadaceae]]}}}}}} |
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}} |
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|2={{clade|1=[[Pseudoalteromonadaceae]], ''[[Alteromonas]]'', [[Idiomarinaceae]]|2= |
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{{clade|1=[[Shewanellaceae]]|2={{clade|1=[[Psychromonadaceae]]|2={{clade|1=''[[Aeromonas]]''|2={{clade|1=[[Vibrionales]]|2= |
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{{clade|1=[[Pasteurellales]]|2=[[Enterobacteriales]]}} |
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}}}}}}}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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A number of bacteria have been described as members of ''Gammaproteobacteria'', but have not yet been assigned an order or family. These include bacteria of the genera ''[[Alkalimarinus]]'', ''[[Alkalimonas]]'', ''[[Arenicella]]'', ''[[Gallaecimonas]]'', ''[[Ignatzschineria]]'', ''[[Litorivivens]]'', ''[[Marinicella]]'', ''[[Methylohalomonas]]'', ''[[Methylonatrum]]'', ''[[Plasticicumulans]]'', ''[[Pseudohongiella]]'', ''[[Sedimenticola]]'', ''[[Thiohalobacter]]'', ''[[Thiohalomonas]]'', ''[[Thiohalorhabdus]]'', ''[[Thiolapillus]]'', and ''[[Wohlfahrtiimonas]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bacterio.net/-classifphyla.html#alkalimonas |accessdate=13 January 2017 |title=Classification of domains and phyla - Hierarchical classification of prokaryotes (bacteria) - ''Gammaproteobacteria'' |publisher=List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Betaproteobacteria]] |
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*''[[Proteobacteria]]'' |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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==External links== |
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* {{MeshName|Gammaproteobacteria}} |
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{{Bacteria classification}} |
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{{Gram-negative proteobacterial bacterial diseases}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q134668}} |
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[[Category:Proteobacteria]] |
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[[Category:Gammaproteobacteria| ]] |
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Revision as of 18:31, 17 May 2018
{{Gram-negative proteobacter