Romani people in France: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox ethnic group |
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| group = French Romanis |
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| population =est. 20,000 - 400,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/security/situation-roma-france-crisis-proportions-report/article-150507 |title=Situation of Roma in France at crisis proportions - report |publisher=EurActiv |date= |accessdate=2015-09-27}}</ref> |
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| popplace = [[Alsace]], [[Aquitaine]], [[Île-de-France]], [[Languedoc-Roussillon]], [[Lorraine (region)|Lorraine]], [[Midi-Pyrénées]], [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]], [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], [[Rhône-Alpes]] |
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| langs = [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Sinte Romani|Sinti-Manouche]], [[Erromintxela language|Erromintxela]] |
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| rels = |
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| related = [[Romani people]] |
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}} |
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{{Romani people}} |
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'''Romani people in France''', generally known in spoken [[French language|French]] as "gitans", "tsiganes" or "manouches", are an [[ethnic group]] which originated in [[North India|Northern]] [[India]]. The exact numbers of [[Romani people]] in France are not known, with estimates varying from 20,000 to 400,000. At least 12,000 Romani are estimated to live in unofficial urban camps throughout the country, with French authorities often attempting to close down these encampments. In 2009, the French government sent more than 10,000 foreign Romani back to Romania and Bulgaria.<ref name="BBC Q&A"/> |
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==Origin== |
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The Romani people originate from [[North India|Northern]] [[India]],{{sfn|Hancock|2002 |p= [https://books.google.com/?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PR20 xx] | ps =: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romanian groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’}}<ref name="IsabelMendizabal">{{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982212012602 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039|first=Isabel|last=Mendizabal |display-authors=etal |title=Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data|journal=Current Biology|date=6 December 2012|accessdate=12 December 2012|volume=22|pages=2342–2349|pmid=23219723}}</ref><ref name="Comas">{{cite news|author=Sindya N. Bhanoo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0|title=Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India|publisher=New York Times|date=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref>''Current Biology''.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=AS61CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&dq=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Roma%20Rajasthan%20Punjab&f=false |title=Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives |author=K. Meira Goldberg |author2=Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum |author3=Michelle Heffner Hayes |year=2015 |isbn=9780786494705}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA147&dq=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Roma%20Rajastan%20Penjab&f=false |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |author=Simon Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo |year=1999 |isbn=9781858286358}}</ref> presumably from the northwestern Indian states [[Rajasthan]]<ref name="books.google.ca">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=AS61CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&dq=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Roma+Rajasthan+Punjab&f=false|title=Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives|first1=K. Meira|last1=Goldberg|first2=Ninotchka Devorah|last2=Bennahum|first3=Michelle Heffner|last3=Hayes|date=6 October 2015|publisher=McFarland|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA147&dq=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab&f=false|title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East|first1=Simon|last1=Broughton|first2=Mark|last2=Ellingham|first3=Richard|last3=Trillo|date=16 August 1999|publisher=Rough Guides|via=Google Books}}</ref> and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="books.google.ca"/> |
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The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines.<ref name="mluvnice">{{Citation | last1 = Šebková | first1 = Hana | last2 = Žlnayová | first2 = Edita | year = 1998 | url = http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | title = Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) | place = Ústí nad Labem | publisher = Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem | page = 4 | ISBN = 80-7044-205-0 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | archivedate = 4 March 2016 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> |
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More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. It shares many phonetic features with [[Marwari (language)|Marwari]], while its grammar is closest to [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="hub1995">{{cite journal|first=Milena|last=Hübschmannová|title=Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku|journal=Bulletin Muzea romské kultury|issue=4/1995|year= 1995 |publisher= Muzeum romské kultury|place=Brno|quote=Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.}}</ref> |
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Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal"/><ref name="Comas"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html|title=5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma|work=Live Science}}</ref> |
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According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of [[North India|northern]] [[India]], traditionally referred to collectively as the [[Ḍoma]], are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Rai | first1 = N | last2 = Chaubey | first2 = G | last3 = Tamang | first3 = R | last4 = Pathak | first4 = AK | last5 = Singh | first5 = VK |display-authors=etal | year = 2012 | url = http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 | title = The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | number = 11 | page = e48477 | DOI = 10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 | pmid=23209554 | pmc=3509117}}</ref> |
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==Population== |
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In France the [[Romani people]] are typically classified into three groups: |
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* "Roms", referring to Romani who come from territories from eastern Europe |
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* "Manouches", also known as "Sinté" (in Germany and Holland: [[Sinti]]), who often have familial ties in Germany and Italy |
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* "Gitans", who trace their familial ties to [[Romani people in Spain]]<ref>Liégeois, Jean-Pierre. ''Roma, tsiganes, voyageurs''. Council of Europe, 1994.</ref> |
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The term "Romanichel" is considered [[pejorative]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Romanichel+france+pejorative&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMo8KEqNbVAhXFhlQKHS9yDQgQ6AEIIzAA#v=onepage&q=Romanichel+france+pejorative&f=false|title=Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies)|first=Donald|last=Kenrick|date=5 July 2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|via=Google Books}}</ref> and "Bohémien" is outdated. The French [[National Gendarmerie]] tends to refer to "MENS" ("Minorités Ethniques Non-Sédentarisées"),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2010/10/13/la-gendarmerie-nie-l-existence-du-fichier-mens_1425469_3224.html|title=La gendarmerie nie l'existence du fichier sur les Roms|date=13 October 2010|publisher=|via=Le Monde}}</ref> an [[civil service|administrative]] term meaning "Travelling [[Minority Group|Ethnic Minorities]]". This term is not considered neutral or correct{{who|date=September 2017}}, because broadly a majority of French Romani have homes like other minorities, and are not more "travelling" than others. |
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The exact numbers of Romani people in France are not known, with estimates varying from 20,000 to 400,000. The French Romani rights group [[FNASAT]] reports that at least 12,000 Romani, who have immigrated from Romania and Bulgaria, live in unofficial urban camps throughout the country. French authorities often attempt to close down these encampments. In 2009, the government sent more than 10,000 Romani back to Romania and Bulgaria.<ref name="BBC Q&A">{{cite news | title = Q&A: France Roma expulsions | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11027288 | publisher = BBC News | date = 19 August 2010 | accessdate = 22 August 2010}}</ref> |
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In 2009, the European Committee of Social Rights found France had violated the European Social Charter (rights to housing, right to protection against poverty and social exclusion, right of the family to protection) in respect to Romani population from foreign countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Complaints/CC51Merits_en.pdf |format=PDF |title=European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC) v. France |
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|publisher=Coe.int |accessdate=2015-09-27}}</ref> |
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<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> |
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File:Django Reinhardt (Gottlieb 07301).jpg|Guitar player [[Django Reinhardt]]. |
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File:Bain rituel gitan aux Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer.jpg|Ritual bath in [[Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer]], a shrine associated with Romani people. |
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File:Tampon du camp de Montreuil-Bellay.jpg|A seal on a document on the [[Montreuil-Bellay]] "nomad [[concentration camp]]" (1943). |
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</gallery> |
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==Repatriations== |
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{{main article|Deportation of Roma migrants from France}} |
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In 2010 and 2011, the French government organized repatriation flights to send the French Romani to Romania, where they are not from and which language they do not speak. On 12 April a chartered flight carrying 160 Romani left northern France for [[Timisoara]]. As in the 2010 deportations, the French government gave those Romani leaving France €300 each, with €100 for each child. The Romani on the 12 April flight were forced to sign declarations that they would never return to France.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.romea.cz/english/index.php?detail=2007_2336&id=detail) | title= France resumes deportations of Roma people from Romania | date=13 April 2010|work=Czech Press Agency|publisher=Romea.cz|accessdate=25 November 2011}}</ref> On 9 August, the city of [[Marseille]] in southern France forcibly evicted 100 Romani people from their makeshift camp near [[Porte d'Aix]], giving them 24 hours to leave.<ref>{{cite news | last = Ira | first = Kumaran | title = Marseille mayor orders mass expulsion of Roma camp | url = http://www.wsws.org/articles/2011/aug2011/mars-a11.shtml| work = World Socialist Web Site |publisher =International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI)| date = 11 August 2011 | accessdate = 25 November 2011}}</ref> A chartered flight carrying approximately 150 Romani to Romania left the Lyon area on 20 September.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/09/29/france-one-year-new-abuses-against-roma | title=France: One Year On, New Abuses against Roma | date=28 September 2011|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=25 November 2011}}</ref> France’s goal for 2011 was to deport 30,000 Romani to Romania, claiming it was their source country, which it is not.<ref>{{cite news | last = Bran | first = Mirel | title = France's Immigration Chief Revisits the Roma Expulsion Issue, in Romania | url = http://www.worldcrunch.com/france-s-immigration-chief-revisits-roma-expulsion-issue-romania/3921 | work = Le Monde | publisher = [[Worldcrunch]] | date = 12 October 2011 | accessdate = 25 November 2011 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111122161439/http://worldcrunch.com/france-s-immigration-chief-revisits-roma-expulsion-issue-romania/3921 | archivedate = 22 November 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> As of 2012, France sent about 8,000 Romani to Romania and Bulgaria in 2011, after dismantling camps where they were living on the outskirts of cities. The actions prompted controversy and calls for greater inclusion of Romani people.<ref>{{cite web|author=Marian Chiriac |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/france-to-tackle-roma-problem-at-home |title=France, EU, Seek Action on Roma from Romania |publisher=Balkan Insight |date=2013-05-03 |accessdate=2015-09-27}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Cascarots]], a group of Romani in the Basque Country |
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* [[Erromintxela]], a group of Romani in the Basque Country with their own language |
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* [[Gypsy jazz#France]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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* {{commons category-inline|Roma people in France}} |
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{{Romani diaspora}} |
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[[Category:Romani in France| ]] |
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[[Category:Romani minorities|France]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in France]] |
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