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Coordinates: 16°14′2″S 69°43′30″W / 16.23389°S 69.72500°W / -16.23389; -69.72500
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| map_size = 250px
| map_size = 250px
| altitude_m = 3860
| altitude_m = 3860
| altitude_ref = <ref name=":0" />
| altitude_ref = {{sfn|Haas|Llave|2015}}
| relief = yes
| relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|16|14|2|S|69|43|30|W|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|16|14|2|S|69|43|30|W|display=inline,title}}
| location =
| location =
| region = {{PER}}<br /> Ilave River Basin, [[Puno Region|Puno]]<ref name=":0" />
| region = Ilave Basin, [[Lake Titicaca]] Basin, Andean [[Altiplano]]{{sfn|Haas|Llave|2015}}
| type = open-air seasonal residential site
| type = open-air seasonal residential site
| part_of =
| part_of =
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| builder =
| builder =
| material =
| material =
| built = 8,000 [[Before Present|BP]]<ref name=":0" />
| built = 8,000 [[Before Present|BP]]{{sfn|Haas|Llave|2015}}
| abandoned = 6,700 BP<ref name=":0" />
| abandoned = 6,700 BP{{sfn|Haas|Llave|2015}}
| epochs = Middle to Late Archaic periods
| epochs = Middle to Late Archaic periods
| cultures =
| cultures =
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| notes =
| notes =
}}
}}
'''Soro Mik'aya Patjxa''' is an [[archaeological site]] located in the Ilave River basin in the region of [[Puno Region|Puno]], [[Peru]], about {{convert|30|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west of the current shoreline of [[Lake Titicaca]]. It was a seasonal residential site consistently occupied by hunter-gatherers over a period of over a thousand years.
'''Soro Mik'aya Patjxa''' is a high-altitude archaeological site located in the Ilave Basin in Peru, about {{convert|30|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west of the current shoreline of [[Lake Titicaca]]. Soro Mik'aya Patjxa was a seasonal residential site that was reused consistently by hunter-gatherers over a period of over a thousand years.


==Description==
==Description==
Situated on a [[fluvial terrace]] at 3860 m of elevation, the site was first identified by [[Mark Aldenderfer]] in 1995.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Haas|first=W. Randall|last2=Llave|first2=Carlos Viviano|date=|year=2015|title=Hunter-gatherers on the eve of agriculture: investigations at Soro Mik’aya Patjxa, Lake Titicaca Basin, Peru, 8000–6700 BP|url=|journal=Antiquity|publisher=Antiquity Publications|volume=89|issue=348|pages=1297–1312|doi=10.15184/aqy.2015.100|issn=0003-598X|via=}}</ref> The excavated portion of Soro Mik'aya Patjxa consists of one [[Stratigraphy (archaeology)|cultural layer]] of interest. 13 pits were excavated at the site.<ref name=":0" /> The site was occupied at least 1,500 years before the advent of low-level agriculture in the region at around 5,000 [[Before Present|BP]].<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last=Watson|first=James T.|last2=Haas|first2=Randall|date=2017-06-05|title=Dental evidence for wild tuber processing among Titicaca Basin foragers 7000 ybp|url=|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|publisher=Wiley|volume=164|issue=1|pages=117–130|doi=10.1002/ajpa.23261|issn=0002-9483|via=}}</ref>
Situated on a [[fluvial terrace]], the site was first identified by [[Mark Aldenderfer]] in 1995.{{sfn|Haas|Llave|2015|p=1299}} The excavated portion of Soro Mik'aya Patjxa consists of one [[Stratigraphy (archaeology)|cultural layer]] of interest. 13 pits were excavated at the site.{{sfn|Haas|Llave|2015|p=1300}} The site was occupied at least 1,500 years before the advent of low-level agriculture in the region at around 5,000 [[Before Present|BP]].{{sfn|Watson|Haas|2017|p=4}}


==Artifacts==
==Artefacts==
Over 80,000 [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] were recovered at the site. They mainly consist of [[lithic flake]], while the rest include bones, [[ground stone]]s, charred plant remains, mineral pigments ([[red ocher]]) and ceramic [[sherd]]s.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{cite journal|last=Haas|first=Randall|last2=Stefanescu|first2=Ioana C.|last3=Garcia-Putnam|first3=Alexander|last4=Aldenderfer|first4=Mark S.|last5=Clementz|first5=Mark T.|last6=Murphy|first6=Melissa S.|last7=Llave|first7=Carlos Viviano|last8=Watson|first8=James T.|displayauthors=2|date=|year=2017|title=Humans permanently occupied the Andean highlands by at least 7 ka|url=http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/4/6/170331|journal=[[Royal Society Open Science]]|publisher=The Royal Society|volume=4|issue=6|pages=|doi=10.1098/rsos.170331|issn=2054-5703|via=}}</ref> As the ceramic sherds were found to stylistically post-date 1,000 AD, the sherds are considered to be intrusive.<ref name=":0" />
Over 80,000 [[Artifact (archaeology)|artefacts]] were recovered at the site. The artefact assemblage at Soro Mik'aya Patjxa consists primarily of flaked lithics, and also includes bones, [[ground stone]]s, charred plant remains, pigment stones ([[red ocher]]) and ceramic [[sherd]]s.{{sfn|Haas|Llave|2015|p=1302}}{{sfn|Haas|Stefanescu|Garcia-Putnam|Aldenderfer|2017|p=Supplementary}} As the ceramic sherds were found to stylistically post-date 1,000 AD, the sherds are considered to be intrusive.{{sfn|Haas|Llave|2015|p=1302}}


==Human remains==
==Human remains==
The remains of 16 individuals were recovered from pit burials at the site. Five of the crania from the site exhibit signs of [[artificial cranial deformation|intentional cranial modification]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Isotope analysis|Isotopic analysis]], estimates of travel distance to nearby lower elevation areas, demographic profiling, and the evidence for the high use of local lithic materials suggest that people at Soro Mik'aya Patjxa were permanent inhabitants of a high-elevation environment.<ref name=":2" />
The remains of 16 individuals were recovered from pit burials at the site. Five of the crania from the site exhibit signs of [[artificial cranial deformation|intentional cranial modification]].{{sfn|Haas|Llave|2015|p=1304}} [[Isotope analysis|Isotopic analysis]], estimates of travel distance to nearby lower elevation areas, demographic profiling, and the evidence for the high use of local lithic materials suggest that the individuals at Soro Mik'aya Patjxa were permanent inhabitants of a high-altitude environment.{{sfn|Haas|Stefanescu|Garcia-Putnam|Aldenderfer|2017|}}


==Diet==
==Diet==
It is likely that people at Soro Mik'aya Patjxa heavily relied on hunting large, terrestrial mammals and on intensive processing and consumption of plants.<ref name=":0" /> [[Projectile point]]s dominate the lithic flake findings at Soro Mik'aya Patjxa.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, animal remains mostly consist of large mammals, most likely [[taruca]] and [[vicuña]]. [[Guinea pig]], [[Orestias (fish)|carache fish]] and [[viscacha]] were also identified from the small animal remains at the site. The majority of the animal bones recovered from the site shows evidence of burning.<ref name=":0" />
The people at Soro Mik'aya Patjxa likely relied heavily on hunting large, terrestrial mammals and intensive processing and consumption of plants.{{sfn|Haas|Llave|2015|p=1310}} [[Projectile point]]s dominate the flaked lithic assemblage at Soro Mik'aya Patjxa.{{sfn|Haas|Llave|2015|p=1309-1310}} Additionally, the faunal assemblage is dominated by large mammals, most likely coming from ''[[Hippocamelus antisensis]]'' and the [[vicuña]]. The remains of [[guinea pig]], ''[[Lagidium viscacia]]'' and [[Orestias (fish)|carache fish]] were also identified from the small faunal remains at the site. The majority of the faunal bones recovered from the site shows evidence of burning.{{sfn|Haas|Llave|2015|p=1310}}


The presence of large quantities of ground stones at the site and dental wear analysis indicate that the consumption of plants was an important part of the diet at Soro Mik'aya Patjxa. Only one of the 251 teeth recovered from the site shows evidence for [[dental caries]], a low rate which is typical of hunter-gatherers. Dental wear analysis suggests a diet typical of terrestial hunter-gatherers.<ref name=":1" /> Dental wear analysis also reveals evidence for lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth (LSAMAT), a condition which has been linked with the intensive consumption of [[tubers]] by hunter-gatherers.<ref name=":1" />
The presence of large quantities of ground stones at the site and dental wear analysis indicate that the consumption of plants was an important part of the diet at Soro Mik'aya Patjxa. Only one of the 251 teeth recovered from the site shows evidence for [[dental caries]], a low rate which is typical of hunter-gatherers. Dental wear analysis suggests a diet typical of terrestial hunter-gatherers.{{sfn|Watson|Haas|2017|p=9-10}} Dental wear analysis also reveals evidence for lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth (LSAMAT), a condition which has been linked with the intensive consumption of [[tubers]] by hunter-gatherers.{{sfn|Watson|Haas|2017}}


==Archaeogenetics==
==Archaeogenetics==
In 2018, researchers successfully sequenced the genome from ''SMP5'', a 50-55 male directly dated to around 6800 BP. ''SMP5'' shares a genetic component with later ancient DNA samples from the Lake Titicaca region, a component that is also found in modern Andean populations. When compared against modern populations, ''SMP5'' shows closest genetic affinity for the [[Quechua people]] and the [[Aymara people]]. Unlike later ancient individuals sequenced from the Lake Titicaca region, ''SMP5'', along with ''USR1'' from the [[Upward Sun River site]], ''[[Anzick-1]]'', [[Kennewick man]], and the individual tested from the [[Saqqaq culture]], shows a genetic affinity for modern [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia|Siberian populations]], especially the [[Yakuts]].<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last=Lindo|first=John|last2=Haas|first2=Randall|last3=Hofman|first3=Courtney|last4=Apata|first4=Mario|last5=Moraga|first5=Mauricio|last6=Verdugo|first6=Ricardo A.|last7=Watson|first7=James T.|last8=Viviano Llave|first8=Carlos|last9=Witonsky|first9=David|displayauthors=2|date=|year=2018|title=The genetic prehistory of the Andean highlands 7000 years BP though European contact|url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/11/eaau4921|journal=Science Advances|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)|volume=4|issue=11|pages=|biorxiv=381905|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aau4921|issn=2375-2548|via=|last10=Beall|first10=Cynthia|last11=Warinner|first11=Christina|last12=Novembre|first12=John|last13=Aldenderfer|first13=Mark|last14=Di Rienzo|first14=Anna}}</ref>
In 2018, researchers successfully sequenced the genome from ''SMP5'', a 50-55 male directly dated to around 6800 BP. ''SMP5'' shares a genetic component with later ancient DNA samples from the Lake Titicaca region, a component that is also found in modern Andean populations. When compared against modern populations, ''SMP5'' shows closest genetic affinity for the [[Quechua people]] and the [[Aymara people]]. Unlike later ancient individuals sequenced from the Lake Titicaca region, ''SMP5'', along with ''USR1'' from the [[Upward Sun River site]], ''[[Anzick-1]]'', [[Kennewick man]], and the individual tested from the [[Saqqaq culture]], shows a genetic affinity for modern [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia|Siberian populations]], especially the [[Yakuts]].{{sfn|Lindo|Haas|Hofman|Apata|2018}}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 65: Line 65:


==References==
==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|20em}}


===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|2}}

* {{cite journal | last=Lindo | first=John | last2=Haas | first2=Randall | last3=Hofman | first3=Courtney | last4=Apata | first4=Mario | last5=Moraga | first5=Mauricio | last6=Verdugo | first6=Ricardo A. | last7=Watson | first7=James T. | last8=Viviano Llave | first8=Carlos | last9=Witonsky | first9=David | last10=Beall | first10=Cynthia | last11=Warinner | first11=Christina | last12=Novembre | first12=John | last13=Aldenderfer | first13=Mark | last14=Di Rienzo | first14=Anna | title=The genetic prehistory of the Andean highlands 7000 years BP though European contact | journal=Science Advances | publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) | volume=4 | issue=11 | year=2018 | issn=2375-2548 | doi=10.1126/sciadv.aau4921 | url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/11/eaau4921 | biorxiv=381905 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | last=Haas | first=W. Randall | last2=Llave | first2=Carlos Viviano | title=Hunter-gatherers on the eve of agriculture: investigations at Soro Mik’aya Patjxa, Lake Titicaca Basin, Peru, 8000–6700 BP | journal=Antiquity | publisher=Antiquity Publications | volume=89 | issue=348 | year=2015 | issn=0003-598X | doi=10.15184/aqy.2015.100 | pages=1297–1312 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | last=Haas | first=Randall | last2=Stefanescu | first2=Ioana C. | last3=Garcia-Putnam | first3=Alexander | last4=Aldenderfer | first4=Mark S. | last5=Clementz | first5=Mark T. | last6=Murphy | first6=Melissa S. | last7=Llave | first7=Carlos Viviano | last8=Watson | first8=James T. | title=Humans permanently occupied the Andean highlands by at least 7 ka | journal=[[Royal Society Open Science]] | publisher=The Royal Society | volume=4 | issue=6 | year=2017 | issn=2054-5703 | doi=10.1098/rsos.170331 |url=http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/4/6/170331| ref=harv}}[[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)] license.
* {{cite journal | last=Watson | first=James T. | last2=Haas | first2=Randall | title=Dental evidence for wild tuber processing among Titicaca Basin foragers 7000 ybp | journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology | publisher=Wiley | volume=164 | issue=1 | date=2017-06-05 | issn=0002-9483 | doi=10.1002/ajpa.23261 | pages=117–130 | ref=harv}}
{{refend}}


{{Archaeological sites in Peru}}
{{Archaeological sites in Peru}}

Revision as of 03:54, 12 November 2018

Soro Mik'aya Patjxa
Location in Peru
Location in Peru
Location in Peru
RegionIlave Basin, Lake Titicaca Basin, Andean Altiplano[1]
Coordinates16°14′2″S 69°43′30″W / 16.23389°S 69.72500°W / -16.23389; -69.72500
Altitude3,860 m (12,664 ft)[1]
Typeopen-air seasonal residential site
Area2,800 m2 (30,139 sq ft)
History
Founded8,000 BP[1]
Abandoned6,700 BP[1]
PeriodsMiddle to Late Archaic periods
Associated withhunter–gatherers

Soro Mik'aya Patjxa is a high-altitude archaeological site located in the Ilave Basin in Peru, about 30 km (19 mi) west of the current shoreline of Lake Titicaca. Soro Mik'aya Patjxa was a seasonal residential site that was reused consistently by hunter-gatherers over a period of over a thousand years.

Description

Situated on a fluvial terrace, the site was first identified by Mark Aldenderfer in 1995.[2] The excavated portion of Soro Mik'aya Patjxa consists of one cultural layer of interest. 13 pits were excavated at the site.[3] The site was occupied at least 1,500 years before the advent of low-level agriculture in the region at around 5,000 BP.[4]

Artefacts

Over 80,000 artefacts were recovered at the site. The artefact assemblage at Soro Mik'aya Patjxa consists primarily of flaked lithics, and also includes bones, ground stones, charred plant remains, pigment stones (red ocher) and ceramic sherds.[5][6] As the ceramic sherds were found to stylistically post-date 1,000 AD, the sherds are considered to be intrusive.[5]

Human remains

The remains of 16 individuals were recovered from pit burials at the site. Five of the crania from the site exhibit signs of intentional cranial modification.[7] Isotopic analysis, estimates of travel distance to nearby lower elevation areas, demographic profiling, and the evidence for the high use of local lithic materials suggest that the individuals at Soro Mik'aya Patjxa were permanent inhabitants of a high-altitude environment.[8]

Diet

The people at Soro Mik'aya Patjxa likely relied heavily on hunting large, terrestrial mammals and intensive processing and consumption of plants.[9] Projectile points dominate the flaked lithic assemblage at Soro Mik'aya Patjxa.[10] Additionally, the faunal assemblage is dominated by large mammals, most likely coming from Hippocamelus antisensis and the vicuña. The remains of guinea pig, Lagidium viscacia and carache fish were also identified from the small faunal remains at the site. The majority of the faunal bones recovered from the site shows evidence of burning.[9]

The presence of large quantities of ground stones at the site and dental wear analysis indicate that the consumption of plants was an important part of the diet at Soro Mik'aya Patjxa. Only one of the 251 teeth recovered from the site shows evidence for dental caries, a low rate which is typical of hunter-gatherers. Dental wear analysis suggests a diet typical of terrestial hunter-gatherers.[11] Dental wear analysis also reveals evidence for lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth (LSAMAT), a condition which has been linked with the intensive consumption of tubers by hunter-gatherers.[12]

Archaeogenetics

In 2018, researchers successfully sequenced the genome from SMP5, a 50-55 male directly dated to around 6800 BP. SMP5 shares a genetic component with later ancient DNA samples from the Lake Titicaca region, a component that is also found in modern Andean populations. When compared against modern populations, SMP5 shows closest genetic affinity for the Quechua people and the Aymara people. Unlike later ancient individuals sequenced from the Lake Titicaca region, SMP5, along with USR1 from the Upward Sun River site, Anzick-1, Kennewick man, and the individual tested from the Saqqaq culture, shows a genetic affinity for modern Siberian populations, especially the Yakuts.[13]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Haas & Llave 2015.
  2. ^ Haas & Llave 2015, p. 1299.
  3. ^ Haas & Llave 2015, p. 1300.
  4. ^ Watson & Haas 2017, p. 4.
  5. ^ a b Haas & Llave 2015, p. 1302.
  6. ^ Haas et al. 2017, p. Supplementary.
  7. ^ Haas & Llave 2015, p. 1304.
  8. ^ Haas et al. 2017.
  9. ^ a b Haas & Llave 2015, p. 1310.
  10. ^ Haas & Llave 2015, p. 1309-1310.
  11. ^ Watson & Haas 2017, p. 9-10.
  12. ^ Watson & Haas 2017.
  13. ^ Lindo et al. 2018.

Bibliography

  • Lindo, John; Haas, Randall; Hofman, Courtney; Apata, Mario; Moraga, Mauricio; Verdugo, Ricardo A.; Watson, James T.; Viviano Llave, Carlos; Witonsky, David; Beall, Cynthia; Warinner, Christina; Novembre, John; Aldenderfer, Mark; Di Rienzo, Anna (2018). "The genetic prehistory of the Andean highlands 7000 years BP though European contact". Science Advances. 4 (11). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). bioRxiv 381905. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau4921. ISSN 2375-2548. {{cite journal}}: Check |biorxiv= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Haas, W. Randall; Llave, Carlos Viviano (2015). "Hunter-gatherers on the eve of agriculture: investigations at Soro Mik'aya Patjxa, Lake Titicaca Basin, Peru, 8000–6700 BP". Antiquity. 89 (348). Antiquity Publications: 1297–1312. doi:10.15184/aqy.2015.100. ISSN 0003-598X. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Haas, Randall; Stefanescu, Ioana C.; Garcia-Putnam, Alexander; Aldenderfer, Mark S.; Clementz, Mark T.; Murphy, Melissa S.; Llave, Carlos Viviano; Watson, James T. (2017). "Humans permanently occupied the Andean highlands by at least 7 ka". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (6). The Royal Society. doi:10.1098/rsos.170331. ISSN 2054-5703. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.
  • Watson, James T.; Haas, Randall (2017-06-05). "Dental evidence for wild tuber processing among Titicaca Basin foragers 7000 ybp". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 164 (1). Wiley: 117–130. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23261. ISSN 0002-9483. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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