Reverse sexism: Difference between revisions
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In 2009, several academics made statements that indicate, or may indicate, a belief that reverse sexism did not exist.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bearman|first=Steve|last2= Korobov|first2=Neill|last3=Thorne|first3=Avril|date=2009|title=The Fabric of Internalized Sexism|url=http://www.jiss.org/documents/volume_1/issue_1/JISS_2009_1-1_10-47_Fabric_of_Internalized_Sexism.pdf|journal=Journal of Integrated Social Sciences|volume=1|issue=1|pages=14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1177/003172170909000508|title = Developing Social Justice Literacy an Open Letter to Our Faculty Colleagues| journal=Phi Delta Kappan| volume=90| issue=5| pages=345–352|year = 2009|last1 = Sensoy|first1 = Özlem| last2=Diangelo| first2=Robin}}</ref> |
In 2009, several academics made statements that indicate, or may indicate, a belief that reverse sexism did not exist.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bearman|first=Steve|last2= Korobov|first2=Neill|last3=Thorne|first3=Avril|date=2009|title=The Fabric of Internalized Sexism|url=http://www.jiss.org/documents/volume_1/issue_1/JISS_2009_1-1_10-47_Fabric_of_Internalized_Sexism.pdf|journal=Journal of Integrated Social Sciences|volume=1|issue=1|pages=14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1177/003172170909000508|title = Developing Social Justice Literacy an Open Letter to Our Faculty Colleagues| journal=Phi Delta Kappan| volume=90| issue=5| pages=345–352|year = 2009|last1 = Sensoy|first1 = Özlem| last2=Diangelo| first2=Robin}}</ref> |
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For example, Steve Bearman, Neill Korobov and Avril Thorne stated that reverse sexism was not a "meaningful phrase," because "while individual women or women as a whole may enact prejudicial biases towards specific men or toward men as a group, this is done without the backing of a societal system of institutional power."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bearman|first=Steve|last2= Korobov|first2=Neill|last3=Thorne|first3=Avril|date=2009|title=The Fabric of Internalized Sexism|url=http://www.jiss.org/documents/volume_1/issue_1/JISS_2009_1-1_10-47_Fabric_of_Internalized_Sexism.pdf|journal=Journal of Integrated Social Sciences|volume=1|issue=1|pages=14}}</ref> |
For example, in the preamble a study on internalised sexism, Steve Bearman, Neill Korobov and Avril Thorne stated that reverse sexism was not a "meaningful phrase," because "while individual women or women as a whole may enact prejudicial biases towards specific men or toward men as a group, this is done without the backing of a societal system of institutional power." It was not within the scope of this study's aims to methodologically verify if this was the case as its context was one of an assumption made when conducting the research and not the subject of the study.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bearman|first=Steve|last2= Korobov|first2=Neill|last3=Thorne|first3=Avril|date=2009|title=The Fabric of Internalized Sexism|url=http://www.jiss.org/documents/volume_1/issue_1/JISS_2009_1-1_10-47_Fabric_of_Internalized_Sexism.pdf|journal=Journal of Integrated Social Sciences|volume=1|issue=1|pages=14}}</ref> |
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The same year, two assistant professors, Özlem Sensoy and Robin DiAngelo, wrote that reverse sexism does not exist, because the word "sexism" refers to "power relations that are historic and embedded, and these relations do not flip back and forth" and because "the same groups who have historically held systemic power in the US and Canada continue to do so."<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1177/003172170909000508|title = Developing Social Justice Literacy an Open Letter to Our Faculty Colleagues| journal=Phi Delta Kappan| volume=90| issue=5| pages=345–352|year = 2009|last1 = Sensoy|first1 = Özlem| last2=Diangelo| first2=Robin}}</ref> |
The same year, two assistant professors, Özlem Sensoy and Robin DiAngelo, wrote in an open letter to their faculty that reverse sexism does not exist, because the word "sexism" refers to "power relations that are historic and embedded, and these relations do not flip back and forth" and because "the same groups who have historically held systemic power in the US and Canada continue to do so."<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1177/003172170909000508|title = Developing Social Justice Literacy an Open Letter to Our Faculty Colleagues| journal=Phi Delta Kappan| volume=90| issue=5| pages=345–352|year = 2009|last1 = Sensoy|first1 = Özlem| last2=Diangelo| first2=Robin}}</ref> |
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David Benatar's 2012 book, ''Second Sexism: Discrimination Against Men and Boys'', expounded the theory that discrimination against males is often unnoticed and considered less important than discrimination against females.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=0 second sexism : discrimination against men and boys|last=David.|first=Benatar|date=2012|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=9780470674512|location=Malden, MA|oclc=780444609}}</ref> |
David Benatar's 2012 book, ''Second Sexism: Discrimination Against Men and Boys'', expounded the theory that discrimination against males is often unnoticed and considered less important than discrimination against females.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=0 second sexism : discrimination against men and boys|last=David.|first=Benatar|date=2012|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=9780470674512|location=Malden, MA|oclc=780444609}}</ref> |
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Reverse sexism, in a broader sense, refers to sexism directed towards the dominant sex, and in a narrower sense to sexism against men.[1]
Reverse sexism has been compared by sociologists to reverse racism, and "reverse ethnocentrism," in that both can be a response to affirmative action policies that are designed to combat institutionalized sexism and racism, and are a form of backlash, through which members of majority categories (e.g., men, whites, or Anglos) assert that they are being discriminated against.[2][3] In more rigid forms, this stance assumes that the historic imbalance in favor of men in the contemporary era is no longer applicable,[4] or that women are now viewed as the superior gender or sex.[5]
The concept of reverse sexism has been popularized as part of a backlash against feminism, whose proponents tend to believe that the feminist movement has rearranged society as a whole in such a way that it now benefits women and oppresses men.[6]
History of reverse sexism
The concept of reverse sexism was first documented during the 1960s at the same time as the emergence of the women's liberation and feminist movements. A men's liberation movement was formed, led by psychologists who argued that femininity and masculinity were socially formed behaviors and not the result of genes. The men's liberation movement tried to balance the two ideas that men were responsible for oppressing women, but also being oppressed themselves by strict gender roles.[7][8][9]
In the mid-1970s, the movement began to focus on the oppression of men and less on the effects of sexism on women. This shift was influenced by author Warren Farrell, who wrote The Myth of Male Power. He emphasized how male gender roles disadvantaged men by forbidding them from being seen as caring or having emotion.[10]
In the 1980s, a new men's rights movement began to form which focused only on the ways that sex roles discriminated against men rather than the oppression it inflicted on both genders. Author Herb Goldberg claimed that the U.S. was a "matriarchal society" because women allegedly have the power to transgress gender roles and assume masculine and feminine roles, while men are still constrained to the purely masculine role.[11]
In 2009, several academics made statements that indicate, or may indicate, a belief that reverse sexism did not exist.[12][13]
For example, in the preamble a study on internalised sexism, Steve Bearman, Neill Korobov and Avril Thorne stated that reverse sexism was not a "meaningful phrase," because "while individual women or women as a whole may enact prejudicial biases towards specific men or toward men as a group, this is done without the backing of a societal system of institutional power." It was not within the scope of this study's aims to methodologically verify if this was the case as its context was one of an assumption made when conducting the research and not the subject of the study.[14]
The same year, two assistant professors, Özlem Sensoy and Robin DiAngelo, wrote in an open letter to their faculty that reverse sexism does not exist, because the word "sexism" refers to "power relations that are historic and embedded, and these relations do not flip back and forth" and because "the same groups who have historically held systemic power in the US and Canada continue to do so."[15]
David Benatar's 2012 book, Second Sexism: Discrimination Against Men and Boys, expounded the theory that discrimination against males is often unnoticed and considered less important than discrimination against females.[16]
See also
References
- ^ Neely, Carol Thomas (1981). Feminist modes of shakespearean criticism: Compensatory, justificatory, transformational. pp. 3–15.
- ^ Zack, Naomi (2016). Race/Sex: Their Sameness, Difference and Interplay. p. 46.
- ^ Ward, Amanda (2013). Handbook of Social Psychology. p. 496.
- ^ Sociological Abstracts: Supplement — Issues 67-77. 1977. p. 202.
- ^ Collins, Georgia (1984). Women, art, and education. p. 14.
- ^ Leidholdt, Dorchen; Raymond, Janice G. (1990). The Sexual Liberals and the Attack on Feminism (PDF). p. 165.
- ^ "The Double-Bind of the Middle Class Male: Men's Liberation and the Male Sex Role". Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 11 (4): 547–561. Autumn 1980.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Messner, Michael A. (June 1998). "The Limits of "The Male Sex Role": An Analysis of the Men's Liberation and Men's Rights Movements' Discourse". Gender and Society. 12 (3): 255–276.
- ^ "Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity". Theory and Society. 14 (5): 551–604. September 1985.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Pendergast, Sara; Pendergast, Tom, eds. (2000). "Men's Movement". St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Vol. 3. Detroit, Michigan: St. James Press. pp. 344–345.
- ^ Coston, Bethany M.; Kimmel, Michael (2013). "White Men as the New Victims: Reverse Discrimination Cases and the Men's Rights Movement". Nevada Law Journal. 13: 368–385 – via HeinOnline.
- ^ Bearman, Steve; Korobov, Neill; Thorne, Avril (2009). "The Fabric of Internalized Sexism" (PDF). Journal of Integrated Social Sciences. 1 (1): 14.
- ^ Sensoy, Özlem; Diangelo, Robin (2009). "Developing Social Justice Literacy an Open Letter to Our Faculty Colleagues". Phi Delta Kappan. 90 (5): 345–352. doi:10.1177/003172170909000508.
- ^ Bearman, Steve; Korobov, Neill; Thorne, Avril (2009). "The Fabric of Internalized Sexism" (PDF). Journal of Integrated Social Sciences. 1 (1): 14.
- ^ Sensoy, Özlem; Diangelo, Robin (2009). "Developing Social Justice Literacy an Open Letter to Our Faculty Colleagues". Phi Delta Kappan. 90 (5): 345–352. doi:10.1177/003172170909000508.
- ^ David., Benatar (2012). 0 second sexism : discrimination against men and boys. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9780470674512. OCLC 780444609.