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The '''Crown of Abkhazia'''
The '''Crown of Abkhazia'''

<br />


== Nomenclature ==
== Nomenclature ==
Line 71: Line 69:


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==

=== Religion ===
=== Religion ===
{{Expand section|date=February 2019}}
{{Expand section|date=February 2019}}In the early 9th century [[Catholicate of Abkhazia|Abkhazian Church]] broke away from [[Constantinople]] and recognized the authority of the [[List of heads of the Georgian Orthodox Church#Catholicoi of Kartli (467%E2%80%931010)|Catholicate of Mtskheta]]; language of the church in Abkhazia shifted from [[Greek language|Greek]] to [[Georgian language|Georgian]], as Byzantine power decreased and doctrinal differences disappeared.<ref>{{harvnb|Rapp|2007|p=145}}</ref> In the first hald of the 10th century King [[George II of Abkhazia]] founded [[Martvili Monastery|Ckhondidi Cathedral]] to counter the Greek Cathedrals, and, by virtue of this, it was a mainstay of the central state-power against external and internal enemies.<ref name="1987">{{harvnb|Lordkipanidze|Hewitt|1987}}</ref> The [[archbishop]] of Chkondidi was similarly loyal to the Crown.
In the early 9th century [[Catholicate of Abkhazia|Abkhazian Church]] broke away from [[Constantinople]] and recognized the authority of the [[List of heads of the Georgian Orthodox Church#Catholicoi of Kartli (467%E2%80%931010)|Catholicate of Mtskheta]]; language of the church in Abkhazia shifted from [[Greek language|Greek]] to [[Georgian language|Georgian]], as Byzantine power decreased and doctrinal differences disappeared.<ref>{{harvnb|Rapp|2007|p=145}}</ref> In the first hald of the 10th century King [[George II of Abkhazia]] founded [[Martvili Monastery|Ckhondidi Cathedral]] to counter the Greek Cathedrals, and, by virtue of this, it was a mainstay of the central state-power against external and internal enemies.<ref name="1987">{{harvnb|Lordkipanidze|Hewitt|1987}}</ref> The [[archbishop]] of Chkondidi was similarly loyal to the Crown.


In 1072, [[George of Chqondidi]] played important role in a placing of coup in which [[George II of Georgia|George II Georgia]] was forced to cede power to his young and energetic son [[David IV of Georgia]]. David IV united the two offices, the office of the powerful Archbishop and ''[[Mtsignobartukhutsesi]]'' ([[Chancellor|Grand Chancellor]]), in one person soon after the [[Council of Ruisi-Urbnisi]], and gave unprecedented power to his friend and advisor George of Chqondidi. The new chancellor also was given judicial powers and influence in both domestic and foreign affairs. For the following centuries, the Church would remain a crucial feudal institution, whose economical and political power would always be at least equal to that of the main noble families.
In 1072, [[George of Chqondidi]] played important role in a placing of coup in which [[George II of Georgia|George II Georgia]] was forced to cede power to his young and energetic son [[David IV of Georgia]]. David IV united the two offices, the office of the powerful Archbishop and ''[[Mtsignobartukhutsesi]]'' ([[Chancellor|Grand Chancellor]]), in one person soon after the [[Council of Ruisi-Urbnisi]], and gave unprecedented power to his friend and advisor George of Chqondidi. The new chancellor also was given judicial powers and influence in both domestic and foreign affairs. For the following centuries, the Church would remain a crucial feudal institution, whose economical and political power would always be at least equal to that of the main noble families.


=== Culture ===
=== Culture ===
{{Expand section|date=February 2019}}
{{Expand section|date=February 2019}}As it appeared Constantine’s epoch was the period of the cultural renewal of west Georgia. On the borders of 13-14th centuries was built and painted the famous Khobi cathedral. This is the period when in west Georgia began development of [[Palaeologan art]], preceding the paintings of the renaissance period. [[Gelati Monastery|Gelati cathedral]] was repainted using this style. During Constantine, at the end of the 13th century were performed great building and restoring works. The [[Bedia Cathedral]] was rebuilt and repainted. King Constantine played the crucial part in returning for the Orthodox church its possession in [[Jerusalem]] the [[Monastery of the Cross|Monastery of Cross]].
As it appeared Constantine’s epoch was the period of the cultural renewal of west Georgia. On the borders of 13-14th centuries was built and painted the famous Khobi cathedral. This is the period when in west Georgia began development of [[Palaeologan art]], preceding the paintings of the renaissance period. [[Gelati Monastery|Gelati cathedral]] was repainted using this style. During Constantine, at the end of the 13th century were performed great building and restoring works. The [[Bedia Cathedral]] was rebuilt and repainted. King Constantine played the crucial part in returning for the Orthodox church its possession in [[Jerusalem]] the [[Monastery of the Cross|Monastery of Cross]].


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 23:28, 4 March 2019

Crown of Abkhazia
Abkhazia [A]
778–1466
Flag of Georgiano/sandbox/Abkhazia
StatusComposite monarchy
CapitalKutaisi
Common languagesGeorgian (official)
Religion
Georgian Orthodox (state religion)
GovernmentMonarchy
King, King of Kings 
• 778–811
Leon II (first)
• 1789–1810
Solomon II (last)
Historical eraHigh Middle Ages
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Lazica
Kingdom of Imereti
Kingdom of Georgia

The Crown of Abkhazia

Nomenclature

Throughout of history, the term Abkhazian obtained several meanings, from Abasgian it broadened to the concept of western Georgian in 8th century, and to generally "Georgian" in 10th century. Only after dissolution of united Georgian monarchy in 15th century, the term reduced its meaning and implied only an inhabitants of the Principality of Abkhazia.[1] 18th century Georgian geographer, historian and cartographer Vakhushti Bagrationi, when narrating about western Georgia, observes that this is a land that was first called Egrisi (i.e. Lazica), then Abkhazia, and then Imereti.[1]

History

Origin

Main article: Kingdom of Abkhazia

Union of the two kingdoms under Bagrat III

In 978, the Bagratid prince Bagrat, nephew (sister's son) of the heirless Theodosius III of Abkhazia, occupied the Abkhazian throne with the help of his adoptive father David III of Tao. Bagrat's descent from both Bagratid and Abkhazian dynasties made him an acceptable choice for the nobles of the realm who were growing weary of internecine quarrels. In 1008, Bagrat succeeded on the death of his natural father Gurgen as the "King of Iberia". Thus, these two kingdoms unified through dynastic succession, in practice laying the foundation for the unified Georgian monarchy, styled then as the Kingdom of Georgia, while the royal title - "King of Abkhazia" remained at the top of list of titles of Georgian monarchs.[2] In foreign sources "Abkhazian" was used generally in the meaning of Georgian, and "Abkhazia" as designating Georgia.

Mongol invasions

In 1235-1242 Georgia was captured by the Mongols. But west Georgia i.e. Abkhazia avoided the destroying hostile invasions. Queen Rusudan was soon forced to accept the sovereignty of the Mongol Khan in 1242/3.[3] Following the death of Queen Rusudan in 1245, an interregnum began during which the Mongols divided Georgia into eight tumens. Thus western Georgia was divided between two parts, territories of Tskhumi, Odishi and Svaneti went to Tsotne Dadiani, while, Racha and Argveti, went to the Kakhaberisdze family. The western Georgia, suffered no Mongol presence and few Mongol taxes. The other six dumnas were made destitute by elaborate Mongol taxation. In 1247 the royal power was restored in Georgia. The Mongolians ascended to the throne simultaneously two kings – David VI of Georgia (son of Rusudan) and David VII of Georgia (son of George IV).[4]

secession from Georgia

Diarchy continued for several years. In 1249/59 David VI rebelled against the Mongols, but after the failure in east Georgia, he established himself in Kutaisi. West Georgian feudal lords accepted the rebelled David VI with great joy and proclaimed the son of Rusudan as the king of Abkhazia. Georgia was split into two parts, David VI (the junior) being enthroned in Likht-imereti (i.e. "the country on that side of the Likhi Range"[5]), became factual successor of Abkhazian kings and David VII (the senior) ruling over rest of Georgia.

After some time, a part of the feudals of West Georgia tried to overthrow David VI and replace him by David VII. Bedan II Dadiani, duke of Odishi sided with David VI and rebellion was suppressed. David VII had to accept with division of Georgia into two parts and temporarily abandoned its claim over Abkhazia/Imereti. David VI was generous not only to Bedan II Daidani, but to the whole Dadiani clan. The king donated to this family the most precious Christian relics and elevated them more than other feudal families. With the support of David VI, Duchy of Odishi became the strongest in west Georgia.

David Narin died in 1293 and was succeeded by his son Constantine I. Vakhushti Bagrationi describes his reign, as the period of permanent anarchy in west Georgia. Against Constantine rebelled his brother Michael, the latter occupied Racha, Lechkhumi and Argveti. Constantine died in 1327 and his brother Michael succeeded to him; who also died two years later.

Reunification

West Georgia was practically left without a king and anarchy seized it. Then the nobility appealed to George V, the king of East Georgia. In 1330 George V entered the West Georgia with the numerous troops and headed to Kutaisi. Prince Bagrat, the son of Michael, did not dare to oppose him and handed him Kutaisi. Georgia was unified again. George V appointed Duke of Odishi, Mamia I Dadiani as a amirspasalar (commander-in-chief) of Western Georgia. Between the 14-15th centuries the main trade ports of Georgia - Poti and Tskhumi were within the boundaries of Odishi. This strengthened the international significance of Duchy of Odishi.

Timurid invasions

The Turco-Mongol Timurid Empire (1370-1405) invaded Georgia in 1386. During one of his campaigns in Georgia, Timur destroyed the Georgian capital Tbilisi, left a garrison there, and laid siege to Gori where George VII of Georgia had entrenched. The king made a bold sortie westward, but having failed to thwart the enemy’s advance at the fortresses of Dzami and Savaneti, fled to the inaccessible forests of western Georgia where the armies of the Islamic ruler could not penetrate. Timur turned back in fury and thoroughly pillaged the rest of Georgia.

After the first invasion of Georgia by Timur, in the west part of the country appeared the throne seekers trying to restore the Kingdom of Imereti. The initiative was shown from the off-springs of king Michael and the officials appointed by the king. In 1387, the great-grandson of David I – Alexander I was crowned in Gelati, but couldn’t receive the support of west Georgian nobility. After the death of Alexander his brother George I tried to occupy the Georgian throne, but west Georgian nobles refused to obey him as well. Then George I marched out against the Vameq I Dadiani in 1392, but was defeated.

As a result of internal struggles in Kingdom of Georgia, the highlanders of the west Caucasus refused to obey Georgian monarchs and started their raids and piracy on the Black Sea. The amirspasalar (commander-in-chief) of West Georgian army Vameq I Dadiani, was one of the first to face highlander tribes.[B] At the end of the fourtheen century, Vameq undertook great campaign against north Caucasian tribes and devastated Circassia up to the Azov Sea.

Fall of the Kingdom of Georgia

Main article: Georgian civil war of 1463-1491

Legacy

Religion

In the early 9th century Abkhazian Church broke away from Constantinople and recognized the authority of the Catholicate of Mtskheta; language of the church in Abkhazia shifted from Greek to Georgian, as Byzantine power decreased and doctrinal differences disappeared.[6] In the first hald of the 10th century King George II of Abkhazia founded Ckhondidi Cathedral to counter the Greek Cathedrals, and, by virtue of this, it was a mainstay of the central state-power against external and internal enemies.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). The archbishop of Chkondidi was similarly loyal to the Crown.

In 1072, George of Chqondidi played important role in a placing of coup in which George II Georgia was forced to cede power to his young and energetic son David IV of Georgia. David IV united the two offices, the office of the powerful Archbishop and Mtsignobartukhutsesi (Grand Chancellor), in one person soon after the Council of Ruisi-Urbnisi, and gave unprecedented power to his friend and advisor George of Chqondidi. The new chancellor also was given judicial powers and influence in both domestic and foreign affairs. For the following centuries, the Church would remain a crucial feudal institution, whose economical and political power would always be at least equal to that of the main noble families.

Culture

As it appeared Constantine’s epoch was the period of the cultural renewal of west Georgia. On the borders of 13-14th centuries was built and painted the famous Khobi cathedral. This is the period when in west Georgia began development of Palaeologan art, preceding the paintings of the renaissance period. Gelati cathedral was repainted using this style. During Constantine, at the end of the 13th century were performed great building and restoring works. The Bedia Cathedral was rebuilt and repainted. King Constantine played the crucial part in returning for the Orthodox church its possession in Jerusalem the Monastery of Cross.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ formely known as Egrisi (Lazica), later known as Imereti
  2. ^ The Georgians called them the Jiks and Kashags, while the west Europeans knew them as the Zychians and Circassians.

References

  1. ^ a b THE ABKHAZIANS AND ABKHAZIA M. Lordkipanidze
  2. ^ Principal Stages of Ethnical Development of the Georgian Nation from Ancient Times to the Phase of Nation Formation, George Anchabadze
  3. ^ Ronald Grigor Suny. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press, p. 40 ISBN 0-253-20915-3.
  4. ^ 1951-, Gamaxaria, Jemal. Beradze, T. (Tamaz) Gvancʻelaże, Tʻeimuraz, (2011). Abkhazia : from ancient times till the present days ; assays [sic] from the history of Georgia. Ministry of Education and Culture of Abkhazia. ISBN 9789941039287. OCLC 773370318. {{cite book}}: |last= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Society., Hakluyt. Works issued by the Hakluyt Society. The Hakluyt Society. OCLC 609884842.
  6. ^ Rapp 2007, p. 145
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