TAS2R1: Difference between revisions
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'''Taste receptor type 2 member 1 (TAS2R1/T2R1)''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''TAS2R1'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid10761934">{{cite journal | vauthors = Adler E, Hoon MA, Mueller KL, Chandrashekar J, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS | title = A novel family of mammalian taste receptors | journal = Cell | volume = 100 | issue = 6 | pages = 693–702 | date = Apr 2000 | pmid = 10761934 | pmc = | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80705-9 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10766242">{{cite journal | vauthors = Matsunami H, Montmayeur JP, Buck LB | title = A family of candidate taste receptors in human and mouse | journal = Nature | volume = 404 | issue = 6778 | pages = 601–4 | date = Apr 2000 | pmid = 10766242 | pmc = | doi = 10.1038/35007072 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TAS2R1 taste receptor, type 2, member 1| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=50834| accessdate = }}</ref> It belongs to the [[G protein-coupled receptor]] (GPCR) family and is related to [[GPCR family A|class A]]-like GPCRs, they contain 7 transmembrane helix bundles and short N-terminus loop.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Di Pizio|first=Antonella|title=Comparing Class A GPCRs to bitter taste receptors|date=2016|url= |
'''Taste receptor type 2 member 1 (TAS2R1/T2R1)''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''TAS2R1'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid10761934">{{cite journal | vauthors = Adler E, Hoon MA, Mueller KL, Chandrashekar J, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS | title = A novel family of mammalian taste receptors | journal = Cell | volume = 100 | issue = 6 | pages = 693–702 | date = Apr 2000 | pmid = 10761934 | pmc = | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80705-9 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10766242">{{cite journal | vauthors = Matsunami H, Montmayeur JP, Buck LB | title = A family of candidate taste receptors in human and mouse | journal = Nature | volume = 404 | issue = 6778 | pages = 601–4 | date = Apr 2000 | pmid = 10766242 | pmc = | doi = 10.1038/35007072 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TAS2R1 taste receptor, type 2, member 1| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=50834| accessdate = }}</ref> It belongs to the [[G protein-coupled receptor]] (GPCR) family and is related to [[GPCR family A|class A]]-like GPCRs, they contain 7 transmembrane helix bundles and short N-terminus loop.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Di Pizio|first=Antonella|title=Comparing Class A GPCRs to bitter taste receptors|date=2016|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.10.005|work=Methods in Cell Biology|pages=401–427|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780128035955|access-date=2019-07-09|last2=Levit|first2=Anat|last3=Slutzki|first3=Michal|last4=Behrens|first4=Maik|last5=Karaman|first5=Rafik|last6=Niv|first6=Masha Y.}}</ref> Furthermore, TAS2R1 is member of the 25 known human bitter taste receptors, which enable the [[Bitter taste evolution|perception of bitter taste]] in the mouth cavity. Increasing evidence indicates a functional role of TAS2Rs in extra-oral tissues.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Lu|first=Ping|last2=Zhang|first2=Cheng-Hai|last3=Lifshitz|first3=Lawrence M.|last4=ZhuGe|first4=Ronghua|date=2017-01-04|title=Extraoral bitter taste receptors in health and disease|url=https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201611637|journal=The Journal of General Physiology|volume=149|issue=2|pages=181–197|doi=10.1085/jgp.201611637|issn=0022-1295|pmc=5299619}}</ref> |
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== Expression and function == |
== Expression and function == |
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In addition, TAS2Rs were found to be expressed in extra-oral tissues, e.g. brain, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, etc.<ref name=":1" /> So far, less is known about their function however, for example it was shown that: |
In addition, TAS2Rs were found to be expressed in extra-oral tissues, e.g. brain, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, etc.<ref name=":1" /> So far, less is known about their function however, for example it was shown that: |
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* TAS2Rs mediate relaxation of airway smooth muscles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deshpande|first=Deepak A|last2=Wang|first2=Wayne C H|last3=McIlmoyle|first3=Elizabeth L|last4=Robinett|first4=Kathryn S|last5=Schillinger|first5=Rachel M|last6=An|first6=Steven S|last7=Sham|first7=James S K|last8=Liggett|first8=Stephen B|date=2010-10-24|title=Bitter taste receptors on airway smooth muscle bronchodilate by localized calcium signaling and reverse obstruction|url= |
* TAS2Rs mediate relaxation of airway smooth muscles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deshpande|first=Deepak A|last2=Wang|first2=Wayne C H|last3=McIlmoyle|first3=Elizabeth L|last4=Robinett|first4=Kathryn S|last5=Schillinger|first5=Rachel M|last6=An|first6=Steven S|last7=Sham|first7=James S K|last8=Liggett|first8=Stephen B|date=2010-10-24|title=Bitter taste receptors on airway smooth muscle bronchodilate by localized calcium signaling and reverse obstruction|url=https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2237|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=16|issue=11|pages=1299–1304|doi=10.1038/nm.2237|issn=1078-8956|pmc=3066567}}</ref> |
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* TAS2R43 is involved in secretion of gastric acid in the stomach.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liszt|first=Kathrin Ingrid|last2=Ley|first2=Jakob Peter|last3=Lieder|first3=Barbara|last4=Behrens|first4=Maik|last5=Stöger|first5=Verena|last6=Reiner|first6=Angelika|last7=Hochkogler|first7=Christina Maria|last8=Köck|first8=Elke|last9=Marchiori|first9=Alessandro|date=2017-07-10|title=Caffeine induces gastric acid secretion via bitter taste signaling in gastric parietal cells|url= |
* TAS2R43 is involved in secretion of gastric acid in the stomach.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liszt|first=Kathrin Ingrid|last2=Ley|first2=Jakob Peter|last3=Lieder|first3=Barbara|last4=Behrens|first4=Maik|last5=Stöger|first5=Verena|last6=Reiner|first6=Angelika|last7=Hochkogler|first7=Christina Maria|last8=Köck|first8=Elke|last9=Marchiori|first9=Alessandro|date=2017-07-10|title=Caffeine induces gastric acid secretion via bitter taste signaling in gastric parietal cells|url=https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703728114|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=30|pages=E6260–E6269|doi=10.1073/pnas.1703728114|issn=0027-8424|pmc=5544304}}</ref> |
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==== Extra-oral roles of TAS2R1 ==== |
==== Extra-oral roles of TAS2R1 ==== |
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* TAS2R1, TAS2R4, TAS2R10, TAS2R38 and TAS2R49 were found to be down-regulated in [[breast cancer]] cells<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Nisha|last2=Chakraborty|first2=Raja|last3=Bhullar|first3=Rajinder Pal|last4=Chelikani|first4=Prashen|date=April 2014|title=Differential expression of bitter taste receptors in non-cancerous breast epithelial and breast cancer cells|url= |
* TAS2R1, TAS2R4, TAS2R10, TAS2R38 and TAS2R49 were found to be down-regulated in [[breast cancer]] cells<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Nisha|last2=Chakraborty|first2=Raja|last3=Bhullar|first3=Rajinder Pal|last4=Chelikani|first4=Prashen|date=April 2014|title=Differential expression of bitter taste receptors in non-cancerous breast epithelial and breast cancer cells|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.140|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|volume=446|issue=2|pages=499–503|doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.140|issn=0006-291X}}</ref>''.'' |
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* TAS2R1, causes vasoconstrictor responses in the [[Pulmonary circulation|pulmonary circuit]] and relaxation in the airways<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Upadhyaya|first=Jasbir D.|last2=Singh|first2=Nisha|last3=Sikarwar|first3=Anurag S.|last4=Chakraborty|first4=Raja|last5=Pydi|first5=Sai P.|last6=Bhullar|first6=Rajinder P.|last7=Dakshinamurti|first7=Shyamala|last8=Chelikani|first8=Prashen|date=2014-10-23|title=Dextromethorphan Mediated Bitter Taste Receptor Activation in the Pulmonary Circuit Causes Vasoconstriction|url= |
* TAS2R1, causes vasoconstrictor responses in the [[Pulmonary circulation|pulmonary circuit]] and relaxation in the airways<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Upadhyaya|first=Jasbir D.|last2=Singh|first2=Nisha|last3=Sikarwar|first3=Anurag S.|last4=Chakraborty|first4=Raja|last5=Pydi|first5=Sai P.|last6=Bhullar|first6=Rajinder P.|last7=Dakshinamurti|first7=Shyamala|last8=Chelikani|first8=Prashen|date=2014-10-23|title=Dextromethorphan Mediated Bitter Taste Receptor Activation in the Pulmonary Circuit Causes Vasoconstriction|url=https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110373|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=9|issue=10|pages=e110373|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0110373|issn=1932-6203}}</ref>''.'' |
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== Structure of TAS2R1 receptor == |
== Structure of TAS2R1 receptor == |
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Based on a recent [[Homology modeling|homology model]] from [http://bitterdb.agri.huji.ac.il/Receptor.php?mode_organism=default&id=1 BitterDB]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wiener|first=Ayana|last2=Shudler|first2=Marina|last3=Levit|first3=Anat|last4=Niv|first4=Masha Y.|date=2011-09-22|title=BitterDB: a database of bitter compounds|url= |
Based on a recent [[Homology modeling|homology model]] from [http://bitterdb.agri.huji.ac.il/Receptor.php?mode_organism=default&id=1 BitterDB]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wiener|first=Ayana|last2=Shudler|first2=Marina|last3=Levit|first3=Anat|last4=Niv|first4=Masha Y.|date=2011-09-22|title=BitterDB: a database of bitter compounds|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr755|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=40|issue=D1|pages=D413–D419|doi=10.1093/nar/gkr755|issn=1362-4962}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dagan-Wiener|first=Ayana|last2=Di Pizio|first2=Antonella|last3=Nissim|first3=Ido|last4=Bahia|first4=Malkeet S|last5=Dubovski|first5=Nitzan|last6=Margulis|first6=Eitan|last7=Niv|first7=Masha Y|date=2018-10-24|title=BitterDB: taste ligands and receptors database in 2019|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky974|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=47|issue=D1|pages=D1179–D1185|doi=10.1093/nar/gky974|issn=0305-1048}}</ref> several conserved [[Structural motif|motifs]], which are counterparts to Class A GPCRs<ref name=":0" /> were found: |
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* Transmembrane helix 1: N<sup>1.50</sup>xxI<sup>1.53</sup> |
* Transmembrane helix 1: N<sup>1.50</sup>xxI<sup>1.53</sup> |
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* Transmembrane helix 7: H<sup>7.49</sup>S<sup>7.50</sup>xxL<sup>7.53</sup> |
* Transmembrane helix 7: H<sup>7.49</sup>S<sup>7.50</sup>xxL<sup>7.53</sup> |
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<small>Numbering is according to the Balleros-Weinstein</small><ref>{{Citation|last=Ballesteros|first=Juan A.|title=[19] Integrated methods for the construction of three-dimensional models and computational probing of structure-function relations in G protein-coupled receptors|date=1995|url= |
<small>Numbering is according to the Balleros-Weinstein</small><ref>{{Citation|last=Ballesteros|first=Juan A.|title=[19] Integrated methods for the construction of three-dimensional models and computational probing of structure-function relations in G protein-coupled receptors|date=1995|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/s1043-9471(05)80049-7|work=Methods in Neurosciences|pages=366–428|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780121852955|access-date=2019-07-09|last2=Weinstein|first2=Harel}}</ref> <small>system.</small> |
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Unlike in Class A GPCRs, in transmembrane helix 4 no DRY<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rovati|first=G. E.|last2=Capra|first2=V.|last3=Neubig|first3=R. R.|date=2007-01-12|title=The Highly Conserved DRY Motif of Class A G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Beyond the Ground State|url= |
Unlike in Class A GPCRs, in transmembrane helix 4 no DRY<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rovati|first=G. E.|last2=Capra|first2=V.|last3=Neubig|first3=R. R.|date=2007-01-12|title=The Highly Conserved DRY Motif of Class A G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Beyond the Ground State|url=https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.106.029470|journal=Molecular Pharmacology|volume=71|issue=4|pages=959–964|doi=10.1124/mol.106.029470|issn=0026-895X}}</ref> motif was found as well as position 6.50 is not conserved. |
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== ''TAS2R1'' gene == |
== ''TAS2R1'' gene == |
Revision as of 18:18, 9 September 2019
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Aliases | TAS2R1, T2R1, TRB7, taste 2 receptor member 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
External IDs | OMIM: 604796; MGI: 2681253; HomoloGene: 10480; GeneCards: TAS2R1; OMA:TAS2R1 - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Taste receptor type 2 member 1 (TAS2R1/T2R1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R1 gene.[5][6][7] It belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and is related to class A-like GPCRs, they contain 7 transmembrane helix bundles and short N-terminus loop.[8] Furthermore, TAS2R1 is member of the 25 known human bitter taste receptors, which enable the perception of bitter taste in the mouth cavity. Increasing evidence indicates a functional role of TAS2Rs in extra-oral tissues.[9]
Expression and function
Extra-oral roles of TAS2Rs
Bitter taste receptors are expressed in taste receptor cells, which organized into taste buds on the papillae of the tongue and palate epithelium.
In addition, TAS2Rs were found to be expressed in extra-oral tissues, e.g. brain, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, etc.[9] So far, less is known about their function however, for example it was shown that:
- TAS2Rs mediate relaxation of airway smooth muscles.[10]
- TAS2R43 is involved in secretion of gastric acid in the stomach.[11]
Extra-oral roles of TAS2R1
- TAS2R1, TAS2R4, TAS2R10, TAS2R38 and TAS2R49 were found to be down-regulated in breast cancer cells[12].
- TAS2R1, causes vasoconstrictor responses in the pulmonary circuit and relaxation in the airways[13].
Structure of TAS2R1 receptor
Based on a recent homology model from BitterDB[14][15] several conserved motifs, which are counterparts to Class A GPCRs[8] were found:
- Transmembrane helix 1: N1.50xxI1.53
- Transmembrane helix 2: L2.46xxxR2.50
- Transmembrane helix 3: F3.49Y3.50xxK3.53
- Transmembrane helix 5: P5.50
- Transmembrane helix 6: F6.44xxxY6.46
- Transmembrane helix 7: H7.49S7.50xxL7.53
Numbering is according to the Balleros-Weinstein[16] system.
Unlike in Class A GPCRs, in transmembrane helix 4 no DRY[17] motif was found as well as position 6.50 is not conserved.
TAS2R1 gene
This gene encodes a member of a family of candidate taste receptors that are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and that are specifically expressed by taste receptor cells of the tongue and palate epithelia. This intronless taste receptor gene encodes a 7-transmembrane receptor protein, functioning as a bitter taste receptor.
SNPs
In T2R1 two SNPs are known in R111H and R206W (dbSNP).
Transcription Factors
So far, AML1a, AP-1, AREB6, FOXL1, IRF-7A, Lmo2, NF-E2, NF-E2 p45 were found as the top transcription factor binding sites by QIAGEN in the TAS2R1 gene promoter.
Mutagenesis data
Several mutations have been shown to influence binding of a ligand to TAS2R1 (based on BitterDB):
Receptor region | BW number | Residue | Reference |
TM1 | 1.5 | N24 | doi: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00472 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.246983 |
TM1 | 1.53 | I27 | doi: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00472 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.246983 |
TM2 | 2.5 | R55 | doi: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00472 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.246983 |
TM2 | 2.56 | F61 | doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.246983 |
TM2 | 2.61 | N66 | doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00063 doi: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00472 doi: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.10.005 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.246983 |
ECL1 | E74 | doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00063 | |
TM3 | 3.32 | L85 | doi: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.10.005 doi: 10.3109/10799893.2011.578141 |
TM3 | 3.33 | L86 | doi: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.10.005 doi: 10.3109/10799893.2011.578141 |
TM3 | 3.36 | N89 | doi: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.10.005 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.246983 doi: doi: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00472 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.246983 |
TM3 | 3.37 | E90 | doi: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.10.005 doi: 10.3109/10799893.2011.578141 |
TM3 | 3.41 | W94 | doi: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00472 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.246983 |
TM3 | 3.46 | L99 | doi: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00472 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.246983 |
TM5 | 5.46 | E182 | doi: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.10.005 doi: 10.3109/10799893.2011.578141 |
TM5 | 5.61 | L197 | doi: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00472 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.246983 |
TM5 | 5.64 | S200 | doi: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00472 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.246983 |
TM5 | 5.65 | L201 | doi: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00472 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.246983 |
TM7 | 7.39 | I263 | doi: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.10.005 doi: 10.3109/10799893.2011.578141 |
TM7 | 7.49 | H273 | doi: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00472 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.246983 |
TM7 | 7.53 | L277 | doi: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00472 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.246983 |
TM7 | 7.54 | I278 | doi: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00472 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.246983 |
Ligands
Up to now, 39 ligands for T2R1 were identified (BitterDB), among them L-amino acids, peptides, humulones, small molecules etc.
See also
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000169777 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000045267 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Adler E, Hoon MA, Mueller KL, Chandrashekar J, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (Apr 2000). "A novel family of mammalian taste receptors". Cell. 100 (6): 693–702. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80705-9. PMID 10761934.
- ^ Matsunami H, Montmayeur JP, Buck LB (Apr 2000). "A family of candidate taste receptors in human and mouse". Nature. 404 (6778): 601–4. doi:10.1038/35007072. PMID 10766242.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: TAS2R1 taste receptor, type 2, member 1".
- ^ a b Di Pizio, Antonella; Levit, Anat; Slutzki, Michal; Behrens, Maik; Karaman, Rafik; Niv, Masha Y. (2016), "Comparing Class A GPCRs to bitter taste receptors", Methods in Cell Biology, Elsevier, pp. 401–427, ISBN 9780128035955, retrieved 2019-07-09
{{citation}}
: no-break space character in|title=
at position 18 (help) - ^ a b Lu, Ping; Zhang, Cheng-Hai; Lifshitz, Lawrence M.; ZhuGe, Ronghua (2017-01-04). "Extraoral bitter taste receptors in health and disease". The Journal of General Physiology. 149 (2): 181–197. doi:10.1085/jgp.201611637. ISSN 0022-1295. PMC 5299619.
- ^ Deshpande, Deepak A; Wang, Wayne C H; McIlmoyle, Elizabeth L; Robinett, Kathryn S; Schillinger, Rachel M; An, Steven S; Sham, James S K; Liggett, Stephen B (2010-10-24). "Bitter taste receptors on airway smooth muscle bronchodilate by localized calcium signaling and reverse obstruction". Nature Medicine. 16 (11): 1299–1304. doi:10.1038/nm.2237. ISSN 1078-8956. PMC 3066567.
- ^ Liszt, Kathrin Ingrid; Ley, Jakob Peter; Lieder, Barbara; Behrens, Maik; Stöger, Verena; Reiner, Angelika; Hochkogler, Christina Maria; Köck, Elke; Marchiori, Alessandro (2017-07-10). "Caffeine induces gastric acid secretion via bitter taste signaling in gastric parietal cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (30): E6260–E6269. doi:10.1073/pnas.1703728114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5544304.
- ^ Singh, Nisha; Chakraborty, Raja; Bhullar, Rajinder Pal; Chelikani, Prashen (April 2014). "Differential expression of bitter taste receptors in non-cancerous breast epithelial and breast cancer cells". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 446 (2): 499–503. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.140. ISSN 0006-291X.
- ^ Upadhyaya, Jasbir D.; Singh, Nisha; Sikarwar, Anurag S.; Chakraborty, Raja; Pydi, Sai P.; Bhullar, Rajinder P.; Dakshinamurti, Shyamala; Chelikani, Prashen (2014-10-23). "Dextromethorphan Mediated Bitter Taste Receptor Activation in the Pulmonary Circuit Causes Vasoconstriction". PLoS ONE. 9 (10): e110373. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110373. ISSN 1932-6203.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Wiener, Ayana; Shudler, Marina; Levit, Anat; Niv, Masha Y. (2011-09-22). "BitterDB: a database of bitter compounds". Nucleic Acids Research. 40 (D1): D413–D419. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr755. ISSN 1362-4962.
- ^ Dagan-Wiener, Ayana; Di Pizio, Antonella; Nissim, Ido; Bahia, Malkeet S; Dubovski, Nitzan; Margulis, Eitan; Niv, Masha Y (2018-10-24). "BitterDB: taste ligands and receptors database in 2019". Nucleic Acids Research. 47 (D1): D1179–D1185. doi:10.1093/nar/gky974. ISSN 0305-1048.
{{cite journal}}
: no-break space character in|last2=
at position 3 (help) - ^ Ballesteros, Juan A.; Weinstein, Harel (1995), "[19] Integrated methods for the construction of three-dimensional models and computational probing of structure-function relations in G protein-coupled receptors", Methods in Neurosciences, Elsevier, pp. 366–428, ISBN 9780121852955, retrieved 2019-07-09
- ^ Rovati, G. E.; Capra, V.; Neubig, R. R. (2007-01-12). "The Highly Conserved DRY Motif of Class A G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Beyond the Ground State". Molecular Pharmacology. 71 (4): 959–964. doi:10.1124/mol.106.029470. ISSN 0026-895X.
Further reading
- Kinnamon SC (2000). "A plethora of taste receptors". Neuron. 25 (3): 507–10. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81054-5. PMID 10774719.
- Margolskee RF (2002). "Molecular mechanisms of bitter and sweet taste transduction". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.R100054200. PMID 11696554.
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: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Montmayeur JP, Matsunami H (2002). "Receptors for bitter and sweet taste". Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12 (4): 366–71. doi:10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00345-8. PMID 12139982.
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This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.