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|dia6=Gunguluwala<ref>{{cite book |last=Dixon |first=R. M. W. |authorlink=R. M. W. Dixon |title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780|page=xl}}</ref>
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==Classification==
==Classification==
Gunbarlang has been proposed to be included into the ''marne'' group of Gunwinyguan family<ref>{{cite book |last=Evans |first=N. |authorlink=Nicholas Evans (linguist) |title=Bininj Gun-Wok: A Pan-Dialectal Grammar of Mayali, Kunwinjku and Kune |publisher=ANU |year=2003 |page=33}}</ref>, making its closest relatives the Central Gunwinyguan languages [[Bininj Kunwok language|Bininj Kunwok]] and [[Dalabon language|Dalabon]]. The label ''marne'' refers to the phonological shape of the [[benefactive]] [[applicative voice|applicative]] affix common to all three languages (as opposed to the ''bak'' languages to the east, e.g. [[Rembarrnga language|Rembarrnga]], [[Ngandi language|Ngandi]] and [[Nunggubuyu language|Wubuy/Nunggubuyu]]).<ref name="Alpher, Evans & Harvey 2003">Alpher, B., Evans, N. & Harvey, M. 2003. "Proto Gunwinyguan verb suffixes." In Nicholas Evans (ed.), ''The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia: Comparative Studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region'', 305-352. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.</ref>
Gunbarlang has been proposed to be included into the ''marne'' group of Gunwinyguan family<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bininj Gun-Wok: A Pan-Dialectal Grammar of Mayali, Kunwinjku and Kune |last=Evans |first=N. |publisher=ANU |year=2003 |page=33 |hdl=1885/53188 |author-link=Nicholas Evans (linguist) |hdl-access=free}}</ref>, making its closest relatives the Central Gunwinyguan languages [[Bininj Kunwok language|Bininj Kunwok]] and [[Dalabon language|Dalabon]]. The label ''marne'' refers to the phonological shape of the [[benefactive]] [[applicative voice|applicative]] affix common to all three languages (as opposed to the ''bak'' languages to the east, e.g. [[Rembarrnga language|Rembarrnga]], [[Ngandi language|Ngandi]] and [[Nunggubuyu language|Wubuy/Nunggubuyu]]).<ref name="Alpher, Evans & Harvey 2003">Alpher, B., Evans, N. & Harvey, M. 2003. "Proto Gunwinyguan verb suffixes." In Nicholas Evans (ed.), ''The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia: Comparative Studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region'', 305-352. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.</ref>


==Geographic distribution==
==Geographic distribution==
Some Gunbarlang speakers live in [[Warruwi]] on [[Goulburn Islands|South Goulburn Island]] and [[Maningrida, Northern Territory|Maningrida]]. Historically, it was also spoken in [[Gunbalanya, Northern Territory|Gunbalanya]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=J. K. |title=Preliminary grammar of Gunbalang |year=1969}}</ref>
Some Gunbarlang speakers live in [[Warruwi]] on [[Goulburn Islands|South Goulburn Island]] and [[Maningrida, Northern Territory|Maningrida]]. Historically, it was also spoken in [[Gunbalanya, Northern Territory|Gunbalanya]].<ref>{{harvnb|Harris|1969}}</ref>


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Gunbarlang is a [[polysynthetic language]] with complex verb morphology. It includes polypersonal agreement, [[Incorporation (linguistics)|incorporation]], and a number of derivational affixes. Word order in a (transitive) clause is SVO or SOV.<ref>{{cite book |last=Coleman |first=C. |title=A Grammar of Gunbalang with Special Reference to Grammatical Relations |year=1982}}</ref>
Gunbarlang is a [[polysynthetic language]] with complex verb morphology. It includes polypersonal agreement, [[Incorporation (linguistics)|incorporation]], and a number of derivational affixes. Word order in a (transitive) clause is SVO or SOV.<ref>{{harvnb|Coleman|1982}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kapitonov|2019}}</ref>


===Morphosyntax===
===Morphosyntax===
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====Verbal====
====Verbal====
The verb includes obligatory agreement with its core arguments in the form of bound pronouns. The subject/agent prefix precedes the object prefix. Subject prefixes form four mood series: positive indicative, "non-performative", future/intentional, and potential.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dixon |first=R. M. W. |authorlink=R. M. W. Dixon |title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780|page=338}}</ref>
The verb includes obligatory agreement with its core arguments in the form of bound pronouns. The subject/agent prefix precedes the object prefix. Subject prefixes form four mood series: positive indicative, "non-performative", future/intentional, and potential.<ref>{{harvnb|Dixon|2002|page=338}}</ref>


The verb features derivational affixes, such as benefactive, directional, and TAM.
The verb features derivational affixes, such as benefactive, directional, and TAM.


====Nominal====
====Nominal====
Case in not marked on nouns and free pronouns, but bound pronouns follow [[Nominative–accusative language|nominative-accusative]] alignment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dixon |first=R. M. W. |authorlink=R. M. W. Dixon |title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780|page=350}}</ref>
Case in not marked on nouns and free pronouns, but bound pronouns follow [[Nominative–accusative language|nominative-accusative]] alignment.<ref>{{harvnb|Dixon|2002|page=350}}</ref>


Gunbarlang distinguishes five noun classes on demonstratives (M, F, plants, body-parts, and inanimate), but only four on other constituents (collapsing the latter two).<ref>{{cite book |last=Coleman |first=C. |title=A Grammar of Gunbalang with Special Reference to Grammatical Relations |year=1982}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dixon |first=R. M. W. |authorlink=R. M. W. Dixon |title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780|page=478}}</ref>
Gunbarlang distinguishes five noun classes on demonstratives (M, F, plants, body-parts, and inanimate), but only four on other constituents (collapsing the latter two).<ref>{{harvnb|Coleman|1982}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Dixon|2002|page=478}}</ref>


==References==
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==References==
* {{cite book |last=Coleman |first=C. |title=A Grammar of Gunbalang with Special Reference to Grammatical Relations |year=1982 |ref=harv}}
* Kapitonov, I. 2019. [https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/225743 A Grammar of Kunbarlang]. PhD Thesis. The University of Melbourne.
⚫
* {{cite book |last=Dixon |first=R. M. W. |authorlink=R. M. W. Dixon |title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |title=Papers in Australian linguistics no. 4 |last=Harris |first=Joy Kinslow |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |year=1969 |editor-last=Joy Kinslow Harris |series=Pacific Linguistics, Series A 17 |location=Canberra |pages=1–49 |chapter=Preliminary grammar of Gunbalang |editor-last2=Stephen A. Wurm |editor-last3=Donald C. Laycock |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/144554/1/PL-A17.pdf |doi=10.15144/PL-A17 |hdl=1885/144554 |hdl-access=free |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Kapitonov |first=I. |title=A Grammar of Kunbarlang |date=2019 |degree=PhD |publisher=The University of Melbourne |url=https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/225743/main.pdf |hdl=11343/225743 |hdl-access=free |ref=harv}}
{{refend}}


{{Languages of Australia|Macro}}
{{Languages of Australia|Macro}}

Revision as of 15:42, 1 December 2019

Gunbarlang
Warlang
Native toAustralia
RegionArnhem Land
EthnicityGambalang
Extinctby 2016[1]
Arnhem
Dialects
  • Djimbilirri
  • Gurrigurri
  • Gumunggurdu
  • Marrabanggu
  • Marranumbu
  • Gunguluwala[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3wlg
Glottologkunb1251
AIATSIS[3]N69
ELPKunbarlang

Gunbarlang (Kunbarlang) is an Australian Aboriginal language in northern Australia with multiple dialects. Other names are Gungalang and Warlang. Speakers are multilingual in Kunwinjku and Mawng. Most of the Gunbarlang people now speak Kunwinjku.[4]

Classification

Gunbarlang has been proposed to be included into the marne group of Gunwinyguan family[5], making its closest relatives the Central Gunwinyguan languages Bininj Kunwok and Dalabon. The label marne refers to the phonological shape of the benefactive applicative affix common to all three languages (as opposed to the bak languages to the east, e.g. Rembarrnga, Ngandi and Wubuy/Nunggubuyu).[6]

Geographic distribution

Some Gunbarlang speakers live in Warruwi on South Goulburn Island and Maningrida. Historically, it was also spoken in Gunbalanya.[7]

Grammar

Gunbarlang is a polysynthetic language with complex verb morphology. It includes polypersonal agreement, incorporation, and a number of derivational affixes. Word order in a (transitive) clause is SVO or SOV.[8][9]

Morphosyntax

Morphology is primarily agglutinating. Verbal morphology (rather than case marking or syntax) encodes a significant part of grammatical relations.

Verbal

The verb includes obligatory agreement with its core arguments in the form of bound pronouns. The subject/agent prefix precedes the object prefix. Subject prefixes form four mood series: positive indicative, "non-performative", future/intentional, and potential.[10]

The verb features derivational affixes, such as benefactive, directional, and TAM.

Nominal

Case in not marked on nouns and free pronouns, but bound pronouns follow nominative-accusative alignment.[11]

Gunbarlang distinguishes five noun classes on demonstratives (M, F, plants, body-parts, and inanimate), but only four on other constituents (collapsing the latter two).[12][13]

Notes

  1. ^ ABS. "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)". stat.data.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  2. ^ Dixon 2002, p. xl
  3. ^ N69 Gunbarlang at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  4. ^ Gunbarlang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  5. ^ Evans, N. (2003). Bininj Gun-Wok: A Pan-Dialectal Grammar of Mayali, Kunwinjku and Kune. ANU. p. 33. hdl:1885/53188.
  6. ^ Alpher, B., Evans, N. & Harvey, M. 2003. "Proto Gunwinyguan verb suffixes." In Nicholas Evans (ed.), The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia: Comparative Studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region, 305-352. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
  7. ^ Harris 1969
  8. ^ Coleman 1982
  9. ^ Kapitonov 2019
  10. ^ Dixon 2002, p. 338
  11. ^ Dixon 2002, p. 350
  12. ^ Coleman 1982
  13. ^ Dixon 2002, p. 478

References

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