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'''GNSS reflectometry''' involves making measurements from the reflections from the Earth of navigation signals from [[GNSS|Global Navigation Satellite Systems]] such as [[GPS]]. The idea of using reflected GNSS signal for earth observation became more and more popular in the mid-1990s at [[NASA Langley Research Center|NASA Langley research centre]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Komjathy|first=A.|last2=Maslanik|first2=J.|last3=Zavorotny|first3=V.U.|last4=Axelrad|first4=P.|last5=Katzberg|first5=S.J.|date=2000|title=Sea ice remote sensing using surface reflected GPS signals |
'''GNSS reflectometry''' involves making measurements from the reflections from the Earth of navigation signals from [[GNSS|Global Navigation Satellite Systems]] such as [[GPS]]. The idea of using reflected GNSS signal for earth observation became more and more popular in the mid-1990s at [[NASA Langley Research Center|NASA Langley research centre]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Komjathy|first=A.|last2=Maslanik|first2=J.|last3=Zavorotny|first3=V.U.|last4=Axelrad|first4=P.|last5=Katzberg|first5=S.J.|date=2000|title=Sea ice remote sensing using surface reflected GPS signals|journal=IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120)|location=Honolulu, HI, USA|publisher=IEEE|volume=7|pages=2855–2857|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2000.860270|isbn=978-0-7803-6359-5}}</ref> and is also known as ''GPS reflectometry''. Research applications of GNSS-R are found in |
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* Altimetry <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Semmling|first=A. M.|last2=Wickert|first2=J.|last3=Schön|first3=S.|last4=Stosius|first4=R.|last5=Markgraf|first5=M.|last6=Gerber|first6=T.|last7=Ge|first7=M.|last8=Beyerle|first8=G.|date=2013-07-15|title=A zeppelin experiment to study airborne altimetry using specular Global Navigation Satellite System reflections: A ZEPPELIN EXPERIMENT TO STUDY AIRBORNE ALTIMETRY |
* Altimetry <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Semmling|first=A. M.|last2=Wickert|first2=J.|last3=Schön|first3=S.|last4=Stosius|first4=R.|last5=Markgraf|first5=M.|last6=Gerber|first6=T.|last7=Ge|first7=M.|last8=Beyerle|first8=G.|date=2013-07-15|title=A zeppelin experiment to study airborne altimetry using specular Global Navigation Satellite System reflections: A ZEPPELIN EXPERIMENT TO STUDY AIRBORNE ALTIMETRY|journal=Radio Science|language=en|volume=48|issue=4|pages=427–440|doi=10.1002/rds.20049}}</ref> |
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* Oceanography (Wave Height and Wind Speed)<ref name="reflect" /> |
* Oceanography (Wave Height and Wind Speed)<ref name="reflect" /> |
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* Cryosphere monitoring<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rivas|first=M.B.|last2=Maslanik|first2=J.A.|last3=Axelrad|first3=P.|date=2009-09-22|title=Bistatic Scattering of GPS Signals Off Arctic Sea Ice |
* Cryosphere monitoring<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rivas|first=M.B.|last2=Maslanik|first2=J.A.|last3=Axelrad|first3=P.|date=2009-09-22|title=Bistatic Scattering of GPS Signals Off Arctic Sea Ice|journal=IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing|volume=48|issue=3|pages=1548–1553|doi=10.1109/tgrs.2009.2029342|issn=0196-2892}}</ref> |
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* Soil moisture monitoring |
* Soil moisture monitoring |
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GNSS reflectometry is [[Passive radar|passive sensing]] that takes advantage of and relies on separate active sources - the satellites generating the navigation signals. For this, the GNSS receiver measures the signal delay from the satellite (the [[pseudorange]] measurement) and the rate of change of the range between satellite and observer (the [[Doppler effect|Doppler]] measurement). The surface area of the reflected GNSS signal also provides the two parameters time delay and frequency change. As a result, the [[Delay Doppler Map]] (DDM) can be obtained as GNSS-R observable. The shape and power distribution of the signal within the DDM is dictated by two reflecting surface conditions: its [[Dielectric|dielectric properties]] and its [[Surface roughness|roughness state]]. Further derivation of geophysical information rely on these measurements. |
GNSS reflectometry is [[Passive radar|passive sensing]] that takes advantage of and relies on separate active sources - the satellites generating the navigation signals. For this, the GNSS receiver measures the signal delay from the satellite (the [[pseudorange]] measurement) and the rate of change of the range between satellite and observer (the [[Doppler effect|Doppler]] measurement). The surface area of the reflected GNSS signal also provides the two parameters time delay and frequency change. As a result, the [[Delay Doppler Map]] (DDM) can be obtained as GNSS-R observable. The shape and power distribution of the signal within the DDM is dictated by two reflecting surface conditions: its [[Dielectric|dielectric properties]] and its [[Surface roughness|roughness state]]. Further derivation of geophysical information rely on these measurements. |
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GNSS-Reflectometry works as a [[Bistatic radar|bi-static radar]], where transmitter and receiver and separated by a significant distance. Since in GNSS-Reflectometry one receiver simultaneously can track multiple transmitters (i.e. GNSS satellites), the system also has nature of [[Multistatic radar|multi-static radar.]] The receiver of the reflected GNSS signal can be of different kind: Stationary stations, ship measurements, air planes or satellites, like the [[UK-DMC|UK-DMC satellite]], part of the [[Disaster Monitoring Constellation]] built by [[Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd]]. It carried a secondary reflectometry payload that has demonstrated the feasibility of receiving and measuring GPS signals reflected from the surface of the Earth's oceans from its track in [[low Earth orbit]] to determine wave motion and windspeed.<ref name="reflect">{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1109/TGRS.2005.845643|title = Detection and Processing of bistatically reflected GPS signals from low Earth orbit for the purpose of ocean remote sensing|journal = IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing|volume = 43|issue = 6|pages = 1229–1241|year = 2005|last1 = Gleason|first1 = S.|last2 = Hodgart|first2 = S.|last3 = Yiping Sun|last4 = Gommenginger|first4 = C.|last5 = MacKin|first5 = S.|last6 = Adjrad|first6 = M.|last7 = Unwin|first7 = M.}}</ref><ref>M. P. Clarizia ''et al.'', [http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2009/2008GL036292.shtml Analysis of GNSS-R delay-Doppler maps from the UK-DMC satellite over the ocean], [[Geophysical Research Letters]], 29 January 2009.</ref> |
GNSS-Reflectometry works as a [[Bistatic radar|bi-static radar]], where transmitter and receiver and separated by a significant distance. Since in GNSS-Reflectometry one receiver simultaneously can track multiple transmitters (i.e. GNSS satellites), the system also has nature of [[Multistatic radar|multi-static radar.]] The receiver of the reflected GNSS signal can be of different kind: Stationary stations, ship measurements, air planes or satellites, like the [[UK-DMC|UK-DMC satellite]], part of the [[Disaster Monitoring Constellation]] built by [[Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd]]. It carried a secondary reflectometry payload that has demonstrated the feasibility of receiving and measuring GPS signals reflected from the surface of the Earth's oceans from its track in [[low Earth orbit]] to determine wave motion and windspeed.<ref name="reflect">{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1109/TGRS.2005.845643|bibcode = 2005ITGRS..43.1229G|title = Detection and Processing of bistatically reflected GPS signals from low Earth orbit for the purpose of ocean remote sensing|journal = IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing|volume = 43|issue = 6|pages = 1229–1241|year = 2005|last1 = Gleason|first1 = S.|last2 = Hodgart|first2 = S.|last3 = Yiping Sun|last4 = Gommenginger|first4 = C.|last5 = MacKin|first5 = S.|last6 = Adjrad|first6 = M.|last7 = Unwin|first7 = M.}}</ref><ref>M. P. Clarizia ''et al.'', [http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2009/2008GL036292.shtml Analysis of GNSS-R delay-Doppler maps from the UK-DMC satellite over the ocean], [[Geophysical Research Letters]], 29 January 2009.</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 17:58, 27 February 2020
GNSS reflectometry involves making measurements from the reflections from the Earth of navigation signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems such as GPS. The idea of using reflected GNSS signal for earth observation became more and more popular in the mid-1990s at NASA Langley research centre[1] and is also known as GPS reflectometry. Research applications of GNSS-R are found in
- Altimetry [2]
- Oceanography (Wave Height and Wind Speed)[3]
- Cryosphere monitoring[1][4]
- Soil moisture monitoring
GNSS reflectometry is passive sensing that takes advantage of and relies on separate active sources - the satellites generating the navigation signals. For this, the GNSS receiver measures the signal delay from the satellite (the pseudorange measurement) and the rate of change of the range between satellite and observer (the Doppler measurement). The surface area of the reflected GNSS signal also provides the two parameters time delay and frequency change. As a result, the Delay Doppler Map (DDM) can be obtained as GNSS-R observable. The shape and power distribution of the signal within the DDM is dictated by two reflecting surface conditions: its dielectric properties and its roughness state. Further derivation of geophysical information rely on these measurements.
GNSS-Reflectometry works as a bi-static radar, where transmitter and receiver and separated by a significant distance. Since in GNSS-Reflectometry one receiver simultaneously can track multiple transmitters (i.e. GNSS satellites), the system also has nature of multi-static radar. The receiver of the reflected GNSS signal can be of different kind: Stationary stations, ship measurements, air planes or satellites, like the UK-DMC satellite, part of the Disaster Monitoring Constellation built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. It carried a secondary reflectometry payload that has demonstrated the feasibility of receiving and measuring GPS signals reflected from the surface of the Earth's oceans from its track in low Earth orbit to determine wave motion and windspeed.[3][5]
References
- ^ a b Komjathy, A.; Maslanik, J.; Zavorotny, V.U.; Axelrad, P.; Katzberg, S.J. (2000). "Sea ice remote sensing using surface reflected GPS signals". IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120). 7. Honolulu, HI, USA: IEEE: 2855–2857. doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2000.860270. ISBN 978-0-7803-6359-5.
- ^ Semmling, A. M.; Wickert, J.; Schön, S.; Stosius, R.; Markgraf, M.; Gerber, T.; Ge, M.; Beyerle, G. (2013-07-15). "A zeppelin experiment to study airborne altimetry using specular Global Navigation Satellite System reflections: A ZEPPELIN EXPERIMENT TO STUDY AIRBORNE ALTIMETRY". Radio Science. 48 (4): 427–440. doi:10.1002/rds.20049.
- ^ a b Gleason, S.; Hodgart, S.; Yiping Sun; Gommenginger, C.; MacKin, S.; Adjrad, M.; Unwin, M. (2005). "Detection and Processing of bistatically reflected GPS signals from low Earth orbit for the purpose of ocean remote sensing". IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 43 (6): 1229–1241. Bibcode:2005ITGRS..43.1229G. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2005.845643.
- ^ Rivas, M.B.; Maslanik, J.A.; Axelrad, P. (2009-09-22). "Bistatic Scattering of GPS Signals Off Arctic Sea Ice". IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 48 (3): 1548–1553. doi:10.1109/tgrs.2009.2029342. ISSN 0196-2892.
- ^ M. P. Clarizia et al., Analysis of GNSS-R delay-Doppler maps from the UK-DMC satellite over the ocean, Geophysical Research Letters, 29 January 2009.
Further reading
- Zavorotny, Valery U.; Gleason, Scott; Cardellach, Estel; Camps, Adriano (2014). "Tutorial on Remote Sensing Using GNSS Bistatic Radar of Opportunity". IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine. Vol. 2, no. 4. pp. 8–45. doi:10.1109/MGRS.2014.2374220. ISSN 2168-6831.
- Larson, Kristine M.; Small, Eric E.; Braun, John; Zavorotny, Valery (2014). "Environmental Sensing: A Revolution in GNSS Applications". InsideGNSS. Vol. 9, no. 4. pp. 36–46. ISSN 1559-503X.
- Cardellach, Estel (2015): E-GEM – GNSS-R Earth Monitoring; State of the Art Description Document.
External links
- Reflecting on the future, The Engineer Online, 28 November 2006.
- GNSS Applications and Methods, Artech House, September 2009.