List of wars involving the Philippines: Difference between revisions
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|style="background:#efefef"| '''Victory''' |
|style="background:#efefef"| '''Victory''' |
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*Japanese piracy activity in the area stopped |
*Japanese piracy activity in the area stopped |
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| [[Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa]]<br />[[File:El_teniente_general_Narciso_Clavería_y_Zaldúa,_conde_de_Manila_(Museo_del_Prado).jpg]] |
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| [[Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa]]<br />[[File:Lesser_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_(c.1504-1580).svg|thumb|center|100px]] |
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|- valign=top |
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|style="background:#efefef"|'''[[Cambodian-Spanish War]]'''<br />(1593-1597) |
|style="background:#efefef"|'''[[Cambodian-Spanish War]]'''<br />(1593-1597) |
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*Capture of the ''Santisima Trinidad''. |
*Capture of the ''Santisima Trinidad''. |
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| [[Simón de Anda y Salazar]]<br />[[File:Lesser_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_(1700-1868_and_1834-1930)_Pillars_of_Hercules_Variant.svg|thumb|center|100px]] |
| [[Simón de Anda y Salazar]]<br />[[File:Lesser_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_(1700-1868_and_1834-1930)_Pillars_of_Hercules_Variant.svg|thumb|center|100px]] |
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|- valign=top |
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|style="background:#efefef"|'''[[Balanguingui Expedition]]'''<br />(February 1848)[[File:Bombardment_Balanguingui.jpg|thumb|center|Bombing of the Moro forts.]] |
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|style="background:#efeff"|{{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]] |
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|style="background:#efeff"|[[Piracy in the Sulu Sea|Moro pirates]] |
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|style="background:#efefef"| '''Victory''' |
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*Trade in the [[Sulu Sea]] resumes. |
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|- valign=top |
|- valign=top |
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|style="background:#efefef"|'''[[Cochinchina Campaign]]'''<br />(September 1858–June 1862)[[File:Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|center|Capture of Saigon by the French and Spanish expeditionary forces.]] |
|style="background:#efefef"|'''[[Cochinchina Campaign]]'''<br />(September 1858–June 1862)[[File:Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|center|Capture of Saigon by the French and Spanish expeditionary forces.]] |
Revision as of 09:52, 8 June 2020
![]() | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (November 2014) |
History of the Philippines |
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Timeline |
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This is a list of direct armed conflicts involving the Philippines since its founding during Spanish colonial times.
List
Colonial Philippines (1571–1898)
Philippine Revolution (1896–1898)
Conflict | Filipino People and Allies | Spanish Colonial Government | Results | Leader of the Revolutionary Government |
---|---|---|---|---|
Philippine Revolution | ||||
Philippine Revolution (1896–1898) ![]() ![]() |
1896–97 1898 1896–1898 |
1896–1897 1898 |
Peace Treaty (1897)
Victory (1898)
|
Andres Bonifacio (until 1897) ![]() Emilio Aguinaldo (since 1897) ![]() |
Cry of Pugad Lawin (August 23, 1896) ![]() |
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Start of the Revolution
|
Andres Bonifacio![]() |
Battle of Pasong Tamo (August 28–29, 1896) ![]() |
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Defeat
|
Andres Bonifacio![]() |
Battle of Manila of 1896 (August 29, 1896) |
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Defeat | Andres Bonifacio![]() |
Battle of Noveleta (August 30, 1896) |
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Victory | Andres Bonifacio![]() |
First Cry of Cavite (August 31, 1896) |
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Victory
|
Andres Bonifacio![]() |
Kawit revolt (August 31, 1896) |
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Victory | Andres Bonifacio![]() |
Battle of Imus (September 1–3, 1896) |
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Victory
|
Andres Bonifacio |
Cry of Nueva Ecija (September 2–5, 1896) |
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Tactical Victory Strategic Defeat
|
Andres Bonifacio![]() |
Battles of Batangas (October 23, 1896) |
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Defeat | Andres Bonifacio![]() |
Battle of San Mateo and Montalban (August 29, 1896) |
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Defeat
|
Andres Bonifacio![]() |
Battle of Binakayan-Dalahikan (November 9–11, 1896) |
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Victory
|
Andres Bonifacio![]() |
Revolution in Laguna (November 15–16, 1896) ![]() |
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Defeat
|
Andres Bonifacio![]() |
Battle of Pateros (December 31, 1896 – January 3, 1897) |
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1st Phase: Victory (December 31, 1896)
2nd Phase: Inconclusive (January 1–2, 1987)
|
Andres Bonifacio![]() |
Battle of Kakarong de Sili (January 1, 1897) |
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|
![]() |
Defeat | Andres Bonifacio![]() |
Cry of Tarlac (January 24, 1897) |
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Victory | Andres Bonifacio![]() |
Cavite Offensive of 1897 (February 15 – March 24, 1897) |
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Defeat
|
Andres Bonifacio![]() |
Battle of Zapote Bridge (February 17, 1897) ![]() |
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Victory | Andres Bonifacio![]() |
Retreat to Montalban (August 1897) |
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Defeat | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Raid at Paombong (August 31, 1897) |
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Victory | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Aliaga (September 5–6, 1897) |
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Victory
|
Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Pact of Biak-na-Bato (December 14, 1897) ![]() |
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Peace Treaty w/ General Amnesty Provisions:
Results:
|
Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Calamba (May 1898) |
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Victory | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898) ![]() |
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Victory
|
Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Alapan (May 28, 1898) ![]() |
![]() |
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Victory
|
Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Tayabas (May 28 – June 15, 1898) |
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Victory
|
Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Siege of Baler (July 1, 1898 – June 2, 1899) ![]() ![]() |
![]() (until January 1899) ![]() (from January 1899) |
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Victory
|
Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Mock Battle of Manila (August 13, 1898) ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Siege of Masbate (August 19, 1898) |
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Victory
|
Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Philippine-American War (1899–1913)
Conflict | Filipino People | United States | Results | President of República Filipina |
---|---|---|---|---|
Philippine-American War | ||||
Philippine–American War February 4, 1899 – July 2, 1902 ![]() ![]() |
1899–1902![]() Limited Foreign Support: 1902–1906 |
1899–1902![]() 1902–1906 |
Defeat
|
Emilio Aguinaldo (until 1901) ![]() Miguel Malvar (1901–1902) ![]() |
Moro Rebellion (1899–1913) ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
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Defeat
|
Sultan of Sulu Various Moro Leaders |
Battle of Manila (February 4–5, 1899) ![]() |
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Defeat
|
Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Caloocan (February 10, 1899) ![]() |
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Defeat | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Second Battle of Caloocan (February 22–24, 1899) ![]() |
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Defeat | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Balantang (March 10, 1899) |
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Victory
|
Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Marilao River (March 27, 1899) |
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Defeat | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Capture of Malolos (March 31, 1899) ![]() |
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Defeat
|
Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Santa Cruz (April 9–10, 1899) |
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Defeat | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Pagsanjan (April 11, 1899) |
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Defeat | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Paete (April 12, 1899) ![]() |
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Defeat | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Quingua (April 23, 1899) ![]() |
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1st Phase: Victory
2nd Phase: Defeat
|
Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battles of Bagbag and Pampanga Rivers (April 25–27, 1899) |
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Defeat
|
Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Santo Tomas (May 4, 1899) ![]() |
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Defeat | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Zapote River (June 13, 1899) ![]() |
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Defeat | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Olongapo (September 18–23, 1899) |
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Defeat | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of San Jacinto (November 11, 1899) |
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Defeat | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Tirad Pass[5] (December 2, 1899) ![]() |
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Strategic Victory Tactical Defeat
|
Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Paye (December 19, 1899) ![]() |
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Initial Victory
|
Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Cagayan de Misamis (April 7, 1900) |
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Defeat | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Siege of Catubig (April 15–19, 1900) |
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Victory
|
Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Agusan Hill (May 14, 1900) |
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Defeat | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Makahambus Hill (June 4, 1900) |
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Victory | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Pulang Lupa (September 13, 1900) |
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Victory | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Mabitac (September 17, 1900) |
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Victory | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Battle of Lonoy (March 5, 1901) |
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Defeat | Emilio Aguinaldo![]() |
Balangiga massacre (September 28, 1901) ![]() |
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Victory | Miguel Malvar![]() |
Battle of Bayan (May 2–3, 1902) ![]() |
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Defeat | Sultan of Sulu Various Moro Leaders |
Hassan uprising (October 1903 – March 1904) |
![]() ![]() |
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Defeat | Sultan of Sulu Various Moro Leaders |
Battle of Taraca (April 1904) |
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Defeat | Sultan of Sulu Various Moro Leaders |
Battle of Dolores River (December 12, 1904) |
Pulajanes | ![]() |
Victory | Sultan of Sulu Various Moro Leaders |
First Battle of Bud Dajo (May 5–8, 1906) ![]() |
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Defeat | Sultan of Sulu Various Moro Leaders |
Second Battle of Bud Dajo (December 18–26, 1911) |
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Defeat
|
Sultan of Sulu Various Moro Leaders |
Battle of Bud Bagsak (June 11–15, 1913) ![]() |
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Defeat | Sultan of Sulu Various Moro Leaders |
Second World War – Pacific Theater (1941–1945)
Conflict | Filipino People and Allies | Empire of Japan and Filipino Collaborators | Results | President of the Commonwealth |
---|---|---|---|---|
Second World war | ||||
Japanese invasion of the Philippines (1941–1942) Japanese occupation of the Philippines (1942–1944) Allied liberation of the Philippines (1944–1945) ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() (Co-belligerent) |
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Defeat
Occupation
Victory
|
Manuel L. Quezon (until 1944) ![]() Sergio Osmeña (since 1944) ![]() |
Battle of Bataan (January 7 – April 9, 1942) ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
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Defeat
|
Manuel L. Quezon![]() |
Battle of Corregidor (May 5–6, 1942) ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
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Defeat
|
Manuel L. Quezon![]() |
Philippine resistance movement (1942–1945) ![]() |
![]()
|
![]()
|
Victory
|
Manuel L. Quezon (until 1944) ![]() Sergio Osmeña (since 1944) ![]() |
The Great Raid (Raid at Cabanatuan) (January 30, 1945) ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
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Allied victory
|
Sergio Osmeña![]() |
Battle for the Recapture of Bataan (January 31 – February 21, 1945) |
![]() ![]() |
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Allied victory
|
Sergio Osmeña![]() |
Battle of Manila (February 3 – March 3, 1945) ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
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Allied victory
|
Sergio Osmeña![]() |
Battle for the Recapture of Corregidor (February 16–26, 1945) ![]() |
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Victory | Sergio Osmeña![]() |
Los Baños Raid (February 23, 1945) ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
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Allied victory
|
Sergio Osmeña![]() |
Battle of Bessang Pass (June 14, 1945) |
![]() ![]() |
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Victory | Sergio Osmeña![]() |
Cold War (1947–1991)
Conflict | Philippines and Allies | Communist Bloc | Results | President of the Philippines |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cold War-era | ||||
Hukbalahap Rebellion (1942–1954) ![]() |
![]() (until 1946) ![]() (since 1946) Supported by: |
![]() Supported by:
|
Victory
|
Manuel L. Quezon (until 1944) ![]() Sergio Osmeña (1944–1946) ![]() Manuel Roxas (1946–1948) ![]() Elpidio Quirino (1948–1953) ![]() Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1954) ![]() |
Korean War (1950–1953) ![]() • North Korean and Chinese forces • South Korean, American, Commonwealth, Filipino and other United Nations forces |
![]()
|
![]() |
Stalemate
|
Elpidio Quirino![]() |
Operation Tomahawk (March 23, 1951) |
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![]() ![]() |
Victory | Elpidio Quirino![]() |
Battle of Yultong (April 22–23, 1951) |
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Victory
|
Elpidio Quirino![]() |
Battle of the Imjin River (April 22–25, 1951) ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Disputed
|
Elpidio Quirino![]() |
Battle of Heartbreak Ridge (September 13 – October 15, 1951) |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
Victory | Elpidio Quirino![]() |
Battle of Hill Eerie (March 21 – July 18, 1952) |
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Victory | Elpidio Quirino![]() |
Vietnam War (1964–1973) ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Allied Defeat
Paris Peace Accords lead to withdrawal of American forces from Indochina. Communist governments take power in South Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. |
Ferdinand Marcos![]() |
CPP-NPA-NDF rebellion (1969–present)
Conflict | Government | Communists | Results | President of the Philippines |
---|---|---|---|---|
CPP-NPA-NDF Rebellion | ||||
CPP-NPA-NDF rebellion (March 29, 1969 – present)[7] ![]() |
![]() Supported by: |
![]() Supported by: |
Indefinite Ceasefire declared | Ferdinand Marcos (1969–1986) ![]() Corazon Aquino (1986–1992) ![]() Fidel Ramos (1992–1998) ![]() Joseph Estrada (1998–2001) ![]() Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–2010) ![]() Benigno Aquino III (2010–2016) ![]() Rodrigo Duterte (2016–present) ![]() |
Battle of Macalangit (September 9–12, 2007) |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo![]() |
Moro insurgency (1969–present)
Conflict | Government | Secessionist/Jihadists | Results | President of the Philippines |
---|---|---|---|---|
Moro Insurgency | ||||
Moro insurgency (March 29, 1969 – February 22, 2019) ![]() ![]() |
![]() Supported by: |
Bangsamoro:![]() (until 1996) ![]() (until 2014) Jihadist groups: |
Cessation of armed conflict between the Government and MNLF/MILF
|
Ferdinand Marcos (1969–1986) ![]() Corazon Aquino (1986–1992) ![]() Fidel Ramos (1992–1998) ![]() Joseph Estrada (1998–2001) ![]() Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–2010) ![]() Benigno Aquino III (2010–2016) ![]() Rodrigo Duterte (2016–present) ![]() |
Battle of Jolo (February 4–11, 1974) |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Ferdinand Marcos![]() |
Patikul massacre (October 10, 1977) ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Defeat
|
Ferdinand Marcos![]() |
Pata Island massacre (February 12, 1981) |
![]() |
![]() |
Defeat | Ferdinand Marcos![]() |
2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (February 15 – July 9, 2000) ![]() |
![]() |
![]()
|
Victory | Joseph Estrada![]() |
Battle of Camp Abubakar (July 1–9, 2000) ![]() |
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![]() |
Victory | Joseph Estrada![]() |
Siege of Lamitan (June 2, 2001) |
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![]() |
Victory
|
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo![]() |
2001 Misuari rebellion (November 19–22, 2001) ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo![]() |
Operation Enduring Freedom in the Philippines (January 15, 2002 – February 24, 2015) ![]() |
![]()
|
Jihadist groups:
|
Victory
|
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2002–2010) ![]() Benigno Aquino III (2010–2015) ![]() |
2007 Basilan beheading incident (July 10–11, 2007) |
![]() |
![]() ![]() (suspected) |
Victory | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo![]() |
Zamboanga City crisis (September 9–28, 2013) |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Benigno Aquino III![]() |
Operation Darkhorse (January 27 – February 2, 2014) |
![]() ![]() (support) |
![]() |
Victory
|
Benigno Aquino III![]() |
2014 Battle of Basilan (April 11–30, 2014) |
![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
Victory | Benigno Aquino III![]() |
Mamasapano clash (January 25, 2015) ![]() |
![]()
|
![]()
|
Defeat | Benigno Aquino III![]() |
February 2016 Butig clash (February 20, 2016) |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory | Benigno Aquino III![]() |
Battle of Tipo-Tipo (April 9–14, 2016) |
![]() |
![]() |
Both sides suffer heavy casualties | Benigno Aquino III (2016) ![]() Rodrigo Duterte (2016–present) ![]() |
November 2016 Butig clash (November 26, 2016) |
![]() ![]() (Relief Aid) |
![]() |
Victory | Rodrigo Duterte![]() |
2017 Bohol clashes (April 11 – May 15, 2017) |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Rodrigo Duterte![]() |
Marawi City crisis (May 23 – October 23, 2017) ![]() ![]() |
![]()
|
![]() |
Victory
|
Rodrigo Duterte![]() |
Contemporary-era (1986–present)
Conflict | Government | Insurgents | Results | President of the Philippines |
---|---|---|---|---|
Contemporary-era | ||||
1986-1990 Philippine coup attempts (1986–1990) |
![]() Supported by: |
![]()
|
Victory
|
Corazon Aquino![]() |
1989 Philippine coup attempt (December 1–9, 1989) |
![]() ![]() |
![]() Soldiers of the Filipino People |
Victory
|
Corazon Aquino![]() |
1990 Mindanao crisis (October 4–6, 1990) |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Corazon Aquino![]() |
Oakwood mutiny (July 27, 2003) |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo![]() |
Oplan HACKLE (February 22–24, 2006) |
![]() |
![]() File:NPA.png New People's Army |
Victory | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo![]() |
Manila Peninsula siege (November 29, 2007) |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo![]() |
Gallery
-
Inauguration of the First Republic
-
Soldiers at the Siege of Baler
-
Philippine Army in the Philippine–American War, (at the battle of Paceo - 1900)
-
Filipino soldiers outside Manila, 1899.
-
The coffins of fallen American soldiers, 1906.
-
A World War II Propaganda poster of the Philippine Army of its Resistance against the Japanese Invasion. (1941)
-
Korean War (1950s)
-
The massacred villagers of Phong Nhi (Vietnam war).
-
a Moro insurgent of the Islamic (Moro) insurgency at Mindanao.
-
Philippine Marine Private Damaranan rushes up a small ditch to engage role-playing enemy forces while Staff Sgt. John Ross of 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit provides communication during amphibious landing training of Balikatan Exercise.
See also
References
- Notes
- ^ Gardner, Robert (April 20, 1995). "Manila – A History". Philippine Journeys. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
- ^ a b c d Aguinaldo 1899, Chapter 2
- ^ a b c Agoncillo 1990, p. 184
- ^ Halstead 1898, p. 126.
- ^ Jerry Keenan (2001), Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American & Philippine–American Wars, ABC-CLIO, p. 311, ISBN 978-1-57607-093-2
- ^ "How Chinese guerrillas fought for Philippine freedom". ABS-CBN News. February 19, 2016.
- ^ "The Never Ending War in the Wounded Land: The New People's Army on Samar". University of Calgary. November 12, 2013.
- Bibliography
- Anderson, Benedict (2005), Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination, London: Verso, ISBN 1-84467-037-6
- Agoncillo, Teodoro C. (1990) [1960], History of the Filipino People (8th ed.), Quezon City: Garotech Publishing, ISBN 971-8711-06-6
{{citation}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Aguinaldo y Famy, Emilio (1899), "Chapter II. The Treaty of Biak-na-bató", True Version of the Philippine Revolution, Authorama: Public Domain Books, retrieved February 7, 2008
- Aguinaldo y Famy, Emilio (1899), "Chapter III. Negotiations", True Version of the Philippine Revolution, Authorama: Public Domain Books, retrieved December 26, 2007
- Alvarez, Santiago V.; Malay, Paula Carolina S. (1992), The katipunan and the revolution: memoirs of a general: with the original Tagalog text, Ateneo de Manila University Press, ISBN 978-971-550-077-7, Translated by Paula Carolina S. Malay
- Batchelor, Bob (2002), The 1900s : American popular culture through history, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-313-31334-9
- Blanchard, William H. (1996), Neocolonialism American Style, 1960-2000 (illustrated ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-313-30013-4
- Blair, Emma; Robertson, James (1903–1909), The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, vol. 1–55, Cleveland
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Bowring, Sir John (1859), A Visit to the Philippine Islands, London: Smith, Elder and Co.
- Constantino, Renato (1975), The Philippines: a past revisited, Self-published, Tala Pub. Services
- de Moya, Francisco Javier (1883), Las Islas Filipinas en 1882 (in Spanish), vol. 1–55, Madrid
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Dav, Chaitanya (2007), Crimes Against Humanity: A Shocking History of U.s. Crimes Since 1776, AuthorHouse, ISBN 978-1-4343-0181-9
- Díaz Arenas, Rafaél (1838), Memoria sobre el comercio y navegacion de las islas Filipinas (in Spanish), Cádiz, Spain
- Gatbonton, Esperanza B., ed. (2000), The Philippines After The Revolution 1898–1945, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, ISBN 971-814-004-2
- Custodio, Teresa Ma; Dalisay, Jose Y. (1998), Reform and Revolution, Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People, vol. 5, Asia Publishing Company Limited, ISBN 962-258-228-1
- Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005), The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898-1899, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972), retrieved March 26, 2008 (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara)
- Halili, Maria Christine N. (2004). Philippine History. Manila: Rex Book Store. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Halstead, Murat (1898), "XII. The American Army in Manila", The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico
- Jagor, Feodor (1873), Travels in the Philippines (in German), Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung,
An English translation under this title was printed in London, 1875, by Chapman and Hall.
{{citation}}
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