Diploma privilege

In the United States, the diploma privilege is a method for lawyers to be admitted to the bar without taking a bar examination. Once used by as many as 32 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, Wisconsin has the longest-running diploma privilege for admission to its state bar. The state of Iowa considered reinstating diploma privilege in 2014. The state of New Hampshire does not have diploma privilege, but its only law school has an alternative licensing program called the Daniel Webster Honors Program that allows a limited number of students who have completed certain curricula and a separate exam to bypass the regular bar exam.[1] Originally used as a method to foster the growth of formal legal education, the privilege started to fall into disuse early in the 20th century, in common with the tightening of requirements in other learned professions. The privilege was abolished in California in 1917. Most recently, West Virginia did away with the privilege in 1988, preceded by Montana and South Dakota in 1983 and Mississippi in 1981.

In 25 states, attorneys who were initially admitted to practice by another state's diploma privilege are eligible for admission to the state bar on motion of the admission committee.

Diploma privilege in Wisconsin

In Wisconsin, J.D. graduates of the two American Bar Association-accredited law schools in the state (Marquette University Law School and the University of Wisconsin Law School) may seek admission to the State Bar of Wisconsin without having to sit for a bar examination. (LLM and SJD graduates of these law schools are not eligible for diploma privilege.)

The diploma privilege in Wisconsin dates to 1870, when it was passed by the Wisconsin State Legislature in the same legislation that established the University of Wisconsin Law School. At that time a law department was established in the State University and a course of study under able instructors was prescribed for students in the law department. The 1870 law provided that graduates of this department should be entitled to admission to the bar upon their certificate of graduation—that is, their law degree. It was offered to encourage future lawyers to get a formal legal education instead of simply "reading law," which was the typical legal training of the time. This has ever since been known as "diploma privilege."

Graduates of out-of-state law schools, even if they are Wisconsin residents, must still take the Wisconsin bar exam to be admitted in Wisconsin. Likewise, graduates of Wisconsin law schools must take the bar exam in many other states in which they are going to practice. A number of U.S. states do not grant reciprocal admission for attorneys who obtained their bar admission through the diploma privilege, requiring those attorneys to take that state's bar exam, regardless of the length of that attorney's practice. The policy reasoning behind diploma privilege is to incentivize Wisconsin residents to attend in-state law schools and to keep Wisconsin residents working in-state. Another policy consideration is preventing "brain drain" in Wisconsin. This theory holds that without the diploma privilege, the smartest from the state will leave Wisconsin for their education or for their career, specifically to nearby Chicago, (The Iowa Bar Association cited similar territorial concerns). Another advantage is that state of Wisconsin subsidizes in-state resident tuition for law students, and therefore incentives them to stay to retain the state's educational investment. It is also claimed that the diploma privilege helps keep youth in Wisconsin.

In Wiesmueller v. Kosobucki, a class action lawsuit certified in the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin in June 2008, the petitioners assert that the Wisconsin diploma privilege discriminates against interstate commerce in violation of the U.S. Constitution's Commerce Clause because it affords a diploma privilege in lieu of a bar examination only to lawyers graduating from Wisconsin's law schools. The suit sought injunctive relief to expand the privilege to all applicants to the Wisconsin Bar who obtain a J.D. degree from any school accredited by the American Bar Association. The district court subsequently dismissed the case for failure to state a cause of action.

On July 9, 2009, the Seventh Circuit reversed the district court's dismissal of the case, saying "we find ourselves in an evidentiary vacuum created by the early termination of the case," and remanded the case to the district court.

Diploma privilege during the COVID-19 pandemic

There has been a renewed interest in diploma privilege as an alternative to the bar examination, which is generally administered in large conference rooms and auditoriums every July and February, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Several legal scholars who study licensure identified "emergency diploma privilege" as an alternative that showed "considerable promise" in a working paper discussing how states may continue to license new lawyers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE), which writes the Uniform Bar Exam (UBE), came out in opposition of diploma privilege in a white paper in which it argued that bar exams ensure lawyer competency. Several legal news outlets criticized the NCBE's position, noting that the NCBE has a conflict of interest as the developer of the UBE and that the NCBE's President and CEO, Judith Gundersen, is a recipient of diploma privilege herself.

On March 27, 2020, New York became the first state to announce the postponement of its July 2020 bar examination as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Several states and territories followed suit by postponing their exams to August, September, or October, while others have looked for alternative options to an in-person examination, including remote examinations or offering diploma privilege to qualified individuals. The NCBE is tracking changes regarding the July 2020 bar exam by each state and territory.

On April 21, 2020, Utah became the first state to grant temporary, emergency diploma privilege during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Utah Supreme Court granted diploma privilege to all individuals who were registered for July 2020 bar examination in Utah and who graduated from an ABA-accredited law school with a first-time bar passage rate at or above 86%. Washington became the second state to grant emergency diploma privilege on June 12, 2020. The Washington Supreme Court granted diploma privilege to all individuals who were registered for the postponed July 2020 bar exam (then scheduled to take place in September) and who graduated from an ABA-accredited law school. The Washington Supreme Court gave individuals the option either to opt for diploma privilege or to take the exam in-person in September to receive a Uniform Bar Exam score. However, some Washington legal employers have told recent graduates that they will not recognize diploma privilege and want them to sit for the test regardless. The Oregon Supreme Court subsequently granted emergency diploma privilege in Oregon to 2020 graduates of ABA-accredited law schools with a first-time bar passage rate at or above 86% on June 29, 2020, in response to requests by the deans of University of Oregon School of Law, Lewis & Clark Law School, and Willamette University College of Law.

A number of petitions for emergency diploma privilege by law school deans, professors, and recent graduates in other states have subsequently grown in response to the success of similar petitions in Washington and Oregon.

External links

• Moran, Beverly. The Wisconsin Diploma Privilege: Try It, You'll Like It, 2000 Wis. L. Rev. 645 (2000).
• Wisconsin Supreme Court Rules, Chapter 40, relating to bar admission
• Reed, Alfred Zantzinger. Training for the Public Profession of the Law (Foundation 1921) pp. 266 (noting the abolition of the diploma privilege in California).
• In re Yanni, 2005 SD 59, ¶ 13, 697 N.W.2d 394, 399 (describing the privilege's abolition in S.D.)