Socrates (Voltaire)

Socrates (French: Socrate) is a 1759 French play in three acts written by Voltaire. It is set in Ancient Greece during the events just before the trial and death of Greek philosopher Socrates. It is heavy with satire specifically at government authority and organized religion. The main characters besides the titular role is that of the priest Anitus, his entourage, Socrates' wife Xantippe, several judges, and some children Socrates has adopted as his own.

Like more historical accounts by Herodotus, Plato, and Xenophon, the playwright shows Socrates as a moral individual charged with baseless accusations by a conspiracy of corrupt Athenians or Athenian officials although Voltaire implies that the wrongdoers are a select few.

Unlike the historical account, Socrates deals with several judges, whereas his real life counterpart receives his punishment of death by hemlock by a jury of 500 Athenians. The presence or mention of Socrates' best-known students such as Plato, Antisthenes, Aristippus, and others are replaced by unnamed disciples, delivering only a few token lines at the end of the play. Socrates is also portrayed as a monotheist and a victim of religious persecution, an interpretation that is not generally shared by modern scholars and historians.

Generally, this is not the most well-known of his works in comparison with Letters on the English which Voltaire published in 1734 or the Dictionnaire philosophique published earlier in 1764. However, hints of his contempt for government and religion are apparent here which later influenced the leaders of the American Revolution and the French Revolution.

Further readings

• Berland, K. J. H. (1990). "Dialogue into Drama: Socrates in Eighteenth-Century Verse Dramas" (PDF). In Redmond, James (ed.). Drama and Philosophy. Themes in Drama. Vol. 12. Cambridge University Press. pp. 127–141. ISBN 0-521-38381-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 Aug 2020.
• Davis, Rose Mary (1934). "Thomson and Voltaire's Socrate". Publications of the Modern Language Association of America. 49 (2): 560–565. JSTOR 458176.
• Gouldbourne, Russell (2006). "Voltaire, the drame and l'infâme: Socrate, L'Ecossaise, Le Droit du seigneur and Saül". Voltaire Comic Dramatist. Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Vol. 2006:03. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. pp. 184–246. ISBN 978-0-7294-0875-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 Aug 2020.
• Goulbourne, Russell (2016) [2007]. "Voltaire's Socrates". In Trapp, Michael (ed.). Socrates from Antiquity to the Enlightenment. Publications for the Centre for Hellenic Studies, King's College. Vol. 9. London: Routledge. pp. 229–247. doi:10.4324/9781315242798. ISBN 978-0-7546-4124-7.
• Trousson, Raymond (1967). "Voltaire et le 'sage au nez épaté'". Socrate devant Voltaire, Diderot, et Rousseau: La conscience en face du mythe (in French). Paris: Lettres Modernes, Minard.
• Trousson, Raymond; Voltaire (2009). "Socrate: Edition critique". In Cronk, Nicholas (ed.). Writings of 1758–1760. Les Œuvres complètes de Voltaire (in French). Vol. 49B. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. pp. 265–346. ISBN 978-0-7294-0968-1.

External links

• Thomson, James (1877) [1759]. "Socrate: Ouvrage dramatique en trois actes". In Moland, Louis E.D. (ed.). Théâtre. IV. Œuvres complètes de Voltaire, Nouvelle édition (in French). Vol. 5. Translated by Fatema, Sibrand. Paris: Garnier Frères. pp. 359–396. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014650785.
• Voltaire (2013). Socrates. Translated by Morlock, Frank J. Project Gutenberg. 4683.
• Voltaire (1760). Socrates, A Tragedy of Three Acts. London: R. and J. Dodsley – via Google Books.