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Coordinates: 50°08.2′N 125°21.2′W / 50.1367°N 125.3533°W / 50.1367; -125.3533
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Added infobox, reworked intro, converted relevant US customary units to metric, removed image of the strait's namesake ship, added history section with subsections, and added a multiple image box to the Explosion subsection.
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{{Infobox landform
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{{coord|50|08.2|N|125|21.2|W|region:CA_type:isle|display=title}}
| water = yes
[[File:Ripple-rock-canada-1958.jpg|thumb|The moment of the explosion from a hilltop.]]
| name = Ripple Rock
'''Ripple Rock''' is an underwater mountain that had two peaks (9 feet and 21 feet below the surface) in the [[Seymour Narrows]] of the [[Discovery Passage]] in [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]],<ref>{{BCGNIS|19876|Ripple Rock}}</ref> a part of the marine trade route from [[Vancouver]] and coastal points north. The nearest town is [[Campbell River, British Columbia|Campbell River]]. Only 2.7&nbsp;metres (9&nbsp;feet) underwater at low tide, it was a marine hazard in what the explorer [[George Vancouver]] described as "one of the vilest stretches of water in the world."<ref>Vancouver, ''A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World 1791–1795'' (1798)</ref><ref>http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/19876.html</ref> The hazard was not only hitting the rock but also big, dangerous eddies caused by tidal currents round the rock.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QuEDAAAAMBAJ | page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QuEDAAAAMBAJ/page/n121 120] |title = Popular Mechanics|publisher = Hearst Magazines|date = June 1956}}</ref> Ships using the strait preferred to wait until [[slack tide]].
| other_name =
| photo = Out P833 - Aerial view of Ripple Rock prior to blasting in the Seymour Narrows.jpg
| photo_width = 260px
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption = Aerial view of Ripple Rock in 1957. Note the large, turbulent eddies that formed in its wake during low tide.
| map = British Columbia
| map_width = 260px
| map_caption = Location in British Columbia
| map_alt =
| relief = yes
| label =
| label_position =
| mark =
| marker_size =
| location = [[Seymour Narrows]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]]
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'''Ripple Rock''' ({{lang-fr|Roche Ripple}})<ref>{{BCGNIS|19876|Ripple Rock}}</ref> is an underwater mountain located in the [[Seymour Narrows]] of the [[Discovery Passage]] in [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]]. It had two peaks (2.74 metres and 6.4 metres below the surface at [[low tide]]) that produced large, dangerous eddies from the strong tidal currents that flowed around them at low tide. Ships transiting the strait preferred to wait until [[slack tide]] in order to safely bypass the rock.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QuEDAAAAMBAJ | page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QuEDAAAAMBAJ/page/n121 120] |title = Popular Mechanics|publisher = Hearst Magazines|date = June 1956}}</ref>


Its top was removed by a planned explosion on 5 April 1958.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/04/06/archives/canadians-destroy-rock-periling-ships-in-1375ton-blast-canada.html|title=Canadians Destroy Rock Periling Ships In 1,375-Ton Blast|date=April 6, 1958|work=New York Times|page=1|accessdate=9 August 2010|location=CAMPBELL RIVER, B. C.}}</ref> This is a [[Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)|National Historic Event]] in Canada. The Ripple Rock explosion was seen throughout Canada, live on [[CBC Television]]. It was one of the first live coast-to-coast television broadcasts of an event in Canada.<ref>[http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/applied_science/clips/3654/ B.C.'s deadly Ripple Rock blown up, CBC Broadcast Date: April 5, 1958]</ref>
The hazardous nature of the rock prompted the [[Canadian government]] to remove the top of the mountain in a controlled explosion on 5 April 1958.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/04/06/archives/canadians-destroy-rock-periling-ships-in-1375ton-blast-canada.html|title=Canadians Destroy Rock Periling Ships In 1,375-Ton Blast|date=April 6, 1958|work=New York Times|page=1|accessdate=9 August 2010|location=CAMPBELL RIVER, B. C.}}</ref> The event was one of the first live coast-to-coast television broadcasts of an event in Canada<ref>[http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/applied_science/clips/3654/ B.C.'s deadly Ripple Rock blown up, CBC Broadcast Date: April 5, 1958]</ref> and was designated a [[Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)|National Historic Event]] of Canada.


==Etymology==
It was so named in 1862 by Captain Richards, RN,<ref name="Walbran1909">{{cite book|author=John T. Walbran|title=British Columbia Coast Names, 1592-1906, to which are Added a Few Names in Adjacent United States Territory: Their Origin and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAY1AQAAMAAJ|year=1909|publisher=Government printing bureau}}</ref> because its summits were about at sea level and made a prominent [[standing wave]] in the fast tidal current of the strait.
Ripple Rock was so named in 1862 by Captain Richards, RN,<ref name="Walbran1909">{{cite book|author=John T. Walbran|title=British Columbia Coast Names, 1592-1906, to which are Added a Few Names in Adjacent United States Territory: Their Origin and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAY1AQAAMAAJ|year=1909|publisher=Government printing bureau}}</ref> because its summits were about at sea level and made a prominent [[standing wave]] in the fast tidal current of the strait.


==Background==
==History==
⚫
{{refimprove|section|date=April 2017}}
[[File:USS Saranac (1848).jpg|thumb|right|USS Saranac]]
The rock was first noted by explorer [[George Vancouver]] in 1791, describing it as "one of the vilest stretches of water in the world."<ref>Vancouver, ''A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World 1791–1795'' (1798)</ref><ref>http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/19876.html</ref>


The first known large ship to fall prey to Ripple Rock was the [[Paddle steamer|sidewheel steamer]] ''[[USS Saranac (1848)|Saranac]]'' in 1875, as it was heading north to Alaska.<ref>{{cite book|title=Naval Institute Proceedings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UI7AAAAIAAJ|year=1959|publisher=United States Naval Institute.}}</ref> At least 20 large and 100 smaller vessels were badly damaged or sunk between then and 1958. At least 110 people drowned in these accidents.
The first known large ship to fall prey to Ripple Rock was the [[Paddle steamer|sidewheel steamer]] ''[[USS Saranac (1848)|Saranac]]'' in 1875, as it was heading north to Alaska.<ref>{{cite book|title=Naval Institute Proceedings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UI7AAAAIAAJ|year=1959|publisher=United States Naval Institute.}}</ref> At least 20 large and 100 smaller vessels were badly damaged or sunk between then and 1958. At least 110 people drowned in these accidents.


===Demolition proposals===
==Planning==
⚫
{{refimprove|section|date=April 2017}}
In the 1860s a plan was started to link [[Vancouver Island]] to the mainland at [[Bute Inlet]], using Ripple Rock as a mid-support for the bridge. This plan continued through the years, and caused political opposition to destroying Ripple Rock, until it was decided to destroy the rock to improve safety for mariners.<ref name="Mindenhall2012">{{cite book|author=Dorothy Mindenhall|title=Unbuilt Victoria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yfEg0W4lTUC&pg=PA150|date=12 May 2012|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-4597-0175-5|pages=150–}}</ref>
In the 1860s a plan was started to link [[Vancouver Island]] to the mainland at [[Bute Inlet]], using Ripple Rock as a mid-support for the bridge. This plan continued through the years, and caused political opposition to destroying Ripple Rock, until it was decided to destroy the rock to improve safety for mariners.<ref name="Mindenhall2012">{{cite book|author=Dorothy Mindenhall|title=Unbuilt Victoria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yfEg0W4lTUC&pg=PA150|date=12 May 2012|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-4597-0175-5|pages=150–}}</ref>


As early as 1931, a marine commission recommended removing Ripple Rock,<ref>{{cite book|title=Canadian Geographical Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5E6AQAAIAAJ|year=1957|publisher=Royal Canadian Geographical Society.}}</ref> but it was not until 1942 that the government authorized attempts to remove it and issued the first contract to do so.<ref>{{cite book|title=The popular science monthly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OM-4AAAAIAAJ|year=1958}}</ref>
As early as 1931, a marine commission recommended removing Ripple Rock,<ref>{{cite book|title=Canadian Geographical Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5E6AQAAIAAJ|year=1957|publisher=Royal Canadian Geographical Society.}}</ref> but it was not until 1942 that the government authorized attempts to remove it and issued the first contract to do so.<ref>{{cite book|title=The popular science monthly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OM-4AAAAIAAJ|year=1958}}</ref>


===Early attempts===
The first attempts at planting explosive charges on Ripple Rock were made with floating drilling barges with the goal of blasting the rock into pieces. The first, in 1943, was secured with six 3.8&nbsp;cm steel cables<ref name="DickieStanley1946">{{cite book|author1=Alexander J. Dickie|author2=Frank A. Stanley|title=Pacific Marine Review: The National Magazine of Shipping|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NlAfAQAAMAAJ|year=1946}}</ref> attached to anchors that altogether weighed 998&nbsp;metric tons.<ref name="Corporation1958"/> This approach was abandoned when one cable broke on average every 48&nbsp;hours.<ref name="Corporation1958">{{cite book|author=Bonnier Corporation|title=Popular Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wSUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA111|date=March 1958|publisher=Bonnier Corporation|pages=111–|issn=0161-7370}}</ref> Another attempt in 1945, involving two large overhead steel lines was similarly abandoned after only 93 (out of 1,500 planned) controlled explosions were successful.{{dubious|date=January 2019}}
The first attempts at planting explosive charges on Ripple Rock were made with floating drilling barges with the goal of blasting the rock into pieces. The first, in 1943, was secured with six 3.8&nbsp;cm steel cables<ref name="DickieStanley1946">{{cite book|author1=Alexander J. Dickie|author2=Frank A. Stanley|title=Pacific Marine Review: The National Magazine of Shipping|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NlAfAQAAMAAJ|year=1946}}</ref> attached to anchors that altogether weighed 998&nbsp;metric tons.<ref name="Corporation1958"/> This approach was abandoned when one cable broke on average every 48&nbsp;hours.<ref name="Corporation1958">{{cite book|author=Bonnier Corporation|title=Popular Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wSUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA111|date=March 1958|publisher=Bonnier Corporation|pages=111–|issn=0161-7370}}</ref> Another attempt in 1945, involving two large overhead steel lines was similarly abandoned after only 93 (out of 1,500 planned) controlled explosions were successful.{{dubious|date=January 2019}}


In 1953, the [[National Research Council of Canada]] commissioned a feasibility study on the idea of planting a large explosive charge underneath the peaks by drilling vertical and horizontal shafts from Maud Island in the sound. Based on the study, this approach was recommended. [[Dolmage and Mason Consulting Engineers]] were retained to plan the project, and three firms, Northern Construction Company, J.W. Stewart Limited and Boyles Brothers Drilling Company, were granted the contract, which cost in excess of 3 million Canadian dollars (equivalent to ${{Inflation|CA|3,000,000|1953|2018|fmt=c}} CAD in 2018).
In 1953, the [[National Research Council of Canada]] commissioned a feasibility study on the idea of planting a large explosive charge underneath the peaks by drilling vertical and horizontal shafts from Maud Island in the sound. Based on the study, this approach was recommended. [[Dolmage and Mason Consulting Engineers]] were retained to plan the project, and three firms, Northern Construction Company, J.W. Stewart Limited and Boyles Brothers Drilling Company, were granted the contract, which cost in excess of 3 million Canadian dollars (equivalent to ${{Inflation|CA|3,000,000|1953|2018|fmt=c}} CAD in 2018).


Although not planned as a test for nuclear weapons purposes, this large underground explosion at Ripple Rock was of interest to nuclear weapons scientists at the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Atomic Weapons Research Establishment]] at Aldermaston, which sent a delegation to Canada and set up various monitoring instruments to record data from the explosion. Little more is known of their objectives, although there are detailed accounts in two declassified documents in the [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|National Archives]] in London.<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATLN=6&CATID=7697911&SearchInit=4&SearchType=6&CATREF=es+4%2F310 ''ES 4/310 Measurements of ground shock and air blast from the Ripple Rock explosion''. The National Archives, London, 1959.]</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=3671409&CATLN=6&Highlight=&accessmethod=4/ ''FO 371/135561 Technical Conference on detection of nuclear tests''. The National Archives, London, 1958.]</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=-796326&CATLN=7&Highlight=&accessmethod=4/ ''FO 371/135561 Request for information on Ripple Rock explosion''. The National Archives, London, 1958.]</ref>
Although not planned as a test for [[nuclear weapon]]s purposes, this large underground explosion at Ripple Rock was of interest to nuclear weapons scientists at the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Atomic Weapons Research Establishment]] at [[Aldermaston]], which sent a delegation to Canada and set up various monitoring instruments to record data from the explosion. Little more is known of their objectives, although there are detailed accounts in two declassified documents in the [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|National Archives]] in London.<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATLN=6&CATID=7697911&SearchInit=4&SearchType=6&CATREF=es+4%2F310 ''ES 4/310 Measurements of ground shock and air blast from the Ripple Rock explosion''. The National Archives, London, 1959.]</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=3671409&CATLN=6&Highlight=&accessmethod=4/ ''FO 371/135561 Technical Conference on detection of nuclear tests''. The National Archives, London, 1958.]</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=-796326&CATLN=7&Highlight=&accessmethod=4/ ''FO 371/135561 Request for information on Ripple Rock explosion''. The National Archives, London, 1958.]</ref>


==Explosion==
==Explosion==
{{multiple image
[[File:CVA 78-249 - Ripple Rock explosion, cloud forms.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Debris are ejected as a cloud of dust expands across Seymour Narrows immediately following detonation]]
| align = right
| total_width = 450px

| image1 = Ripple-rock-canada-1958.jpg
| alt1 = Ripple Rock immediately following detonation
| caption1 = The blast breaches the water's surface immediately following detonation.

| image2 = CVA 78-249 - Ripple Rock explosion, cloud forms.jpg
| alt2 = Ripple Rock a couple seconds after detonation
| caption2 = Debris are ejected as a cloud of dust expands across Seymour Narrows.

| footer = View of the explosion from the south, looking north, just after 09:31 am local time.
}}
Between November 1955 and April 1958, a three-shift operation involving an average of 75 men worked to build {{convert|500|ft|m|-1}} of vertical shaft from Maud Island, {{convert|2370|ft|m|-1}} of horizontal shaft to the base of Ripple Rock, and two main vertical shafts up into the twin peaks, from which "coyote" shafts were drilled for the explosives. The contract was awarded to two firms for $2,639,000. At the time of the contract it was estimated the tunnels and shafts would not be completed until either 1957 or 1958.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QuEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120 "Blast to end Peril at Ripple Rock] ''Popular Mechanics'', June 1956, pp. 120-121.</ref> 1,270&nbsp;metric tons of [[Nitramex and Nitramon Explosives|Nitramex 2H]] explosive was placed in these shafts, estimated at ten times the amount needed for a similar explosion above water.
Between November 1955 and April 1958, a three-shift operation involving an average of 75 men worked to build {{convert|500|ft|m|-1}} of vertical shaft from Maud Island, {{convert|2370|ft|m|-1}} of horizontal shaft to the base of Ripple Rock, and two main vertical shafts up into the twin peaks, from which "coyote" shafts were drilled for the explosives. The contract was awarded to two firms for $2,639,000. At the time of the contract it was estimated the tunnels and shafts would not be completed until either 1957 or 1958.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QuEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120 "Blast to end Peril at Ripple Rock] ''Popular Mechanics'', June 1956, pp. 120-121.</ref> 1,270&nbsp;metric tons of [[Nitramex and Nitramon Explosives|Nitramex 2H]] explosive was placed in these shafts, estimated at ten times the amount needed for a similar explosion above water.


Revision as of 04:46, 8 October 2020

Ripple Rock
Aerial view of Ripple Rock in 1957. Note the large, turbulent eddies that formed in its wake during low tide.
Aerial view of Ripple Rock in 1957. Note the large, turbulent eddies that formed in its wake during low tide.
Ripple Rock is located in British Columbia
Ripple Rock
Ripple Rock
Location in British Columbia
Coordinates: 50°08.2′N 125°21.2′W / 50.1367°N 125.3533°W / 50.1367; -125.3533
StandortSeymour Narrows, British Columbia, Canada

Ripple Rock (French: Roche Ripple)[1] is an underwater mountain located in the Seymour Narrows of the Discovery Passage in British Columbia, Canada. It had two peaks (2.74 metres and 6.4 metres below the surface at low tide) that produced large, dangerous eddies from the strong tidal currents that flowed around them at low tide. Ships transiting the strait preferred to wait until slack tide in order to safely bypass the rock.[2]

The hazardous nature of the rock prompted the Canadian government to remove the top of the mountain in a controlled explosion on 5 April 1958.[3] The event was one of the first live coast-to-coast television broadcasts of an event in Canada[4] and was designated a National Historic Event of Canada.

Etymology

Ripple Rock was so named in 1862 by Captain Richards, RN,[5] because its summits were about at sea level and made a prominent standing wave in the fast tidal current of the strait.

History

The rock was first noted by explorer George Vancouver in 1791, describing it as "one of the vilest stretches of water in the world."[6][7]

The first known large ship to fall prey to Ripple Rock was the sidewheel steamer Saranac in 1875, as it was heading north to Alaska.[8] At least 20 large and 100 smaller vessels were badly damaged or sunk between then and 1958. At least 110 people drowned in these accidents.

Demolition proposals

In the 1860s a plan was started to link Vancouver Island to the mainland at Bute Inlet, using Ripple Rock as a mid-support for the bridge. This plan continued through the years, and caused political opposition to destroying Ripple Rock, until it was decided to destroy the rock to improve safety for mariners.[9]

As early as 1931, a marine commission recommended removing Ripple Rock,[10] but it was not until 1942 that the government authorized attempts to remove it and issued the first contract to do so.[11]

Early attempts

The first attempts at planting explosive charges on Ripple Rock were made with floating drilling barges with the goal of blasting the rock into pieces. The first, in 1943, was secured with six 3.8 cm steel cables[12] attached to anchors that altogether weighed 998 metric tons.[13] This approach was abandoned when one cable broke on average every 48 hours.[13] Another attempt in 1945, involving two large overhead steel lines was similarly abandoned after only 93 (out of 1,500 planned) controlled explosions were successful.[dubious – discuss]

In 1953, the National Research Council of Canada commissioned a feasibility study on the idea of planting a large explosive charge underneath the peaks by drilling vertical and horizontal shafts from Maud Island in the sound. Based on the study, this approach was recommended. Dolmage and Mason Consulting Engineers were retained to plan the project, and three firms, Northern Construction Company, J.W. Stewart Limited and Boyles Brothers Drilling Company, were granted the contract, which cost in excess of 3 million Canadian dollars (equivalent to $28,585,714 CAD in 2018).

Although not planned as a test for nuclear weapons purposes, this large underground explosion at Ripple Rock was of interest to nuclear weapons scientists at the United Kingdom's Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston, which sent a delegation to Canada and set up various monitoring instruments to record data from the explosion. Little more is known of their objectives, although there are detailed accounts in two declassified documents in the National Archives in London.[14][15][16]

Explosion

Ripple Rock immediately following detonation
The blast breaches the water's surface immediately following detonation.
Ripple Rock a couple seconds after detonation
Debris are ejected as a cloud of dust expands across Seymour Narrows.
View of the explosion from the south, looking north, just after 09:31 am local time.

Between November 1955 and April 1958, a three-shift operation involving an average of 75 men worked to build 500 feet (150 m) of vertical shaft from Maud Island, 2,370 feet (720 m) of horizontal shaft to the base of Ripple Rock, and two main vertical shafts up into the twin peaks, from which "coyote" shafts were drilled for the explosives. The contract was awarded to two firms for $2,639,000. At the time of the contract it was estimated the tunnels and shafts would not be completed until either 1957 or 1958.[17] 1,270 metric tons of Nitramex 2H explosive was placed in these shafts, estimated at ten times the amount needed for a similar explosion above water.

The explosion took place at 9:31:02 am on 5 April 1958. 635,000 metric tons of rock and water were displaced by the explosion, spewing debris at least 300 metres in the air which fell on land on either side of the narrows. The blast increased the clearing at low tide to about 14 metres (45 feet).[18] After this, its two peaks were 13.7 m (45 ft) and 15.2 m (50 ft) underwater.[19]

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police had cleared the area of people within 3 miles of the explosion, and the engineers and TV crew that witnessed the explosion were housed in a bunker.

The explosion was noted as one of the largest non-nuclear planned explosions on record, though Soviet authorities reported a larger explosion in the Ural Mountains to carve a new channel for the Kolonga River and in China to open a copper mine.[citation needed]

Cultural references

Vancouver based punk rock band the Evaporators' 2004 album was named after Ripple Rock and includes a song that details its history and destruction.

The first song recorded about the blasting of Ripple Rock was named "Ripple Rock" and was recorded by Canadian folk and country singer Stu Davis.

In 2008 Campbell River celebrated the 50th anniversary of the blast with a commemorative blast done by a Vancouver special effects company. It took place at 9:31:02 AM, on 5 April 2008.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Ripple Rock". BC Geographical Names.
  2. ^ Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. June 1956. p. 120.
  3. ^ "Canadians Destroy Rock Periling Ships In 1,375-Ton Blast". New York Times. CAMPBELL RIVER, B. C. April 6, 1958. p. 1. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  4. ^ B.C.'s deadly Ripple Rock blown up, CBC Broadcast Date: April 5, 1958
  5. ^ John T. Walbran (1909). British Columbia Coast Names, 1592-1906, to which are Added a Few Names in Adjacent United States Territory: Their Origin and History. Government printing bureau.
  6. ^ Vancouver, A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World 1791–1795 (1798)
  7. ^ http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/19876.html
  8. ^ Naval Institute Proceedings. United States Naval Institute. 1959.
  9. ^ Dorothy Mindenhall (12 May 2012). Unbuilt Victoria. Dundurn. pp. 150–. ISBN 978-1-4597-0175-5.
  10. ^ Canadian Geographical Journal. Royal Canadian Geographical Society. 1957.
  11. ^ The popular science monthly. 1958.
  12. ^ Alexander J. Dickie; Frank A. Stanley (1946). Pacific Marine Review: The National Magazine of Shipping.
  13. ^ a b Bonnier Corporation (March 1958). Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. pp. 111–. ISSN 0161-7370.
  14. ^ ES 4/310 Measurements of ground shock and air blast from the Ripple Rock explosion. The National Archives, London, 1959.
  15. ^ FO 371/135561 Technical Conference on detection of nuclear tests. The National Archives, London, 1958.
  16. ^ FO 371/135561 Request for information on Ripple Rock explosion. The National Archives, London, 1958.
  17. ^ "Blast to end Peril at Ripple Rock Popular Mechanics, June 1956, pp. 120-121.
  18. ^ A video of the Ripple Rock explosion on YouTube
  19. ^ http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/19876.html
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