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A novel feature of the spacecraft's [[Nose cone#Hypersonic|reentry module]] was the use of a natural material, [[Impregnation resin|impregnated]] oak, as the [[Atmospheric entry#Ablative|ablative material]] for its [[heat shield]].<ref name=Astronautix1>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/fsw.htm|title=Chinese FSW reconnaissance sa < Ditellite|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=2016-01-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116181654/http://astronautix.com/craft/fsw.htm|archive-date=2010-01-16|df=}}</ref>
A novel feature of the spacecraft's [[Nose cone#Hypersonic|reentry module]] was the use of a natural material, [[Impregnation resin|impregnated]] oak, as the [[Atmospheric entry#Ablative|ablative material]] for its [[heat shield]].<ref name=Astronautix1>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/fsw.htm|title=Chinese FSW reconnaissance sa < Ditellite|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=2016-01-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116181654/http://astronautix.com/craft/fsw.htm|archive-date=2010-01-16|df=}}</ref>


This achievement of landing technology (third in the world after the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]) was the basis for the second Chinese crewed space program (period of 1978-1980), the third crewed program Project 863 (the late 1980s), and the current [[Shenzhou program]] (since 1992).{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
The achievement of a recoverable satellite landing technology placed China in third after the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]] in the global [[Space Race|space race]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=1996-07-01|title=Development of China's Recoverable Satellites (Translation)|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA310527.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-17|website=USA DTIC.mil}}</ref> It was the basis for the second Chinese crewed space program (period of 1978-1980), the third crewed program Project 863 (the late 1980s), and the current [[Shenzhou program]] (since 1992).{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 06:54, 17 October 2020

The Fanhui Shi Weixing (simplified Chinese: 返回式卫星; traditional Chinese: 返回式衛星; pinyin: Fǎnhuí Shì Wèixīng; lit. 'recoverable satellite') is a series of Chinese recoverable reconnaissance satellites. The satellites were used for both military and civilian observation needs, with a total of 26 flights. The first flight was FSW-0 on 1969-06-01 and the last SJ-8 on 2006-09-09.

Four models of the satellites were introduced: FSW-0, FSW-1, FSW-2, and the most modern being FSW-3. All satellites were put into orbit using the Long March rockets, most of them by the CZ-2C type.

A novel feature of the spacecraft's reentry module was the use of a natural material, impregnated oak, as the ablative material for its heat shield.[1]

The achievement of a recoverable satellite landing technology placed China in third after the Soviet Union and the United States in the global space race.[2] It was the basis for the second Chinese crewed space program (period of 1978-1980), the third crewed program Project 863 (the late 1980s), and the current Shenzhou program (since 1992).[citation needed]

History

Development of the satellite first began in the early 1970s. On 26th of November 1975, China launched the first FSW satellite from Jiuquan in Inner-Mongolia. The satellite finished its mission successfully on 29th of November 1975 and returned to Earth safely, landing within the Liuzhi Special District (六枝特区) of the Guizhou Province.[3] This was the first atmospheric re-entry mission to have been undertaken by an Asian country, and China became the third country to have recovered a satellite after its mission.[4] Up until 2003, China launched a total of 22 of this kind of satellite for climate, geographical, and agricultural purposes

Variants

The FSW-0 was the first generation of China's returnable satellites. The primary use was for the inspection of national land and natural resources. First-generation satellites all carried prism-scan panoramic cameras. It did not have a complete orbit control system, so its decay or attenuation of orbit was fast, and it had a relatively short orbital duration. Its accuracy for landing or return location was relatively low.

The FSW-1 generation carried more powerful cameras and was mainly used for drawing maps. The image resolution was as high as 10m. The next two generations were called "FSW-2" and "FSW-3".

FSW-0 FSW-1 FSW-2 FSW-3
Satellite Mass (kg) 1800 2100 2800~3100
Satellite Volume (m3) 7.6 7.6 12.8
Return Load (kg) 260 260 400
Launch Load (kg) 340 450 500~600
Mission Duration (day) 3~5 8 15~17
Microgravity Gradient (g) 10−3~10−5 10−3~10−5 10−3~10−5
Orbital Inclination (°) 57~68 57~70 57~70
Periapsis (km) 172~180 200~210 175~200
Apoapsis (km) 400~500 300~400 300~400
Orbit Period (min) ~90 ~90 ~90
Launch Rocket Type Long March C Long March C Long March D Long March C or D

Crewed flights

Due to the lack of information about the origins of FSW and China's second crewed space program (announced in 1978 with the open publishing of details including photos, but was then abruptly cancelled in 1980), it was speculated the first model FSW-0 was designed initially for crewed use as spacecraft rather than the first crewed Shuguang program that was aborted in the early 1970s.[5]

The West suggested after dozens of mostly successful launches of FB-1 and CZ-2 rockets, and four successful annual launches of FSW—the last of which on 26 January 1978, was claimed as a dress rehearsal. China made their first attempt to launch a crewed version of FSW spacecraft in December 1978 (or on 7 January 1979, according to another unconfirmed source) but due to a failure including the loss of an astronaut, this program was closed and the FSW satellite—which was redesigned for un-crewed missions as subsequent models—was only retrieved from orbit in 1982.[6]

Launches

Name Launch Date (y/m/d) Return Date (y/m/d) Launch Load (kg) Return Load (kg) Apsis (km) Apogee (km) Period (min) Angle(°)
FSW-0-1 1974/11/5 failed 1790 - - - - -
FSW-0-2 1975/11/26 1975/11/29 1790 600 181 495 91.2 63.0
FSW-0-3 1976/12/7 1976/12/10 1790 600 172 492 91.2 59.5
FSW-0-4 1978/1/26 1978/1/29 1810 650 169 488 91.2 57.0
FSW-0-5 1982/9/9 1982/9/14 1780 610 177 407 90.2 63.0
FSW-0-6 1983/8/19 1983/8/24 1840 630 175 404 90.2 63.3
FSW-0-7 1984/9/12 1984/9/17 1810 620 178 415 90.3 68.0
FSW-0-8 1985/10/21 1985/10/26 1810 620 175 409 90.2 63.0
FSW-0-9 1986/10/6 1986/10/11 1770 610 176 402 90.2 57.0
FSW-0-10 1987/8/5 1987/8/10 1810 650 172 410 90.2 63.0
FSW-1-1 1987/9/9 1987/9/17 2070 610 208 323 89.7 63.0
FSW-1-2 1988/8/5 1988/8/13 2130 640 208 326 89.7 62.8
FSW-1-3 1990/10/5 1990/10/13 2080 650 206 308 89.6 57.1
FSW-2-1 1992/8/9 1992/8/25 2590 640 175 353 89.1 63.1
FSW-1-4 1992/10/6 1992/10/13 2060 600 211 315 89.8 63.0
FSW-1-5 1993/10/8 return failed 2100 (650) 214 317 89.6 56.9
FSW-2-2 1994/7/3 1994/7/18 2760 770 178 333 89.5 62.9
FSW-2-3 1996/10/20 1996/11/4 2970 770 176 354 89.7 63.0
FSW-3-1 2003/11/3 2003/11/21
FSW-3-2 2004/8/29 2004/9/25
FSW-3-3 2004/9/27 2004/10/15
FSW-3-4 2005/8/2 2005/8/29
FSW-3-5 2005/8/29 2005/10/17
SJ-8 2006/9/9 2006/9/24 3000 173 336 89.60 63.0

References

  1. ^ "Chinese FSW reconnaissance sa < Ditellite". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2010-01-16. Retrieved 2016-01-12.
  2. ^ "Development of China's Recoverable Satellites (Translation)" (PDF). USA DTIC.mil. 1996-07-01. Retrieved 2020-10-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ 1975年：第一颗返回式卫星发射 (Year 1975: The Launch of the First Returnable Satellite; from www.gmw.cn)
  4. ^ 返回式卫星 (China's First Returnable FSW-2 and the current FSW-3.)
  5. ^ "Chinese Manned Capsule 1978". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2012-08-28. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
  6. ^ "Chinese Manned Space Program: Behind Closed Doors". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2012-08-28. Retrieved 2009-05-13. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-08-28. Retrieved 2009-05-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Bibliography

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