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''Methylobacterium extorquens'' is a [[Gram-negative]] [[bacterium]]. Methylobacterium often appear pink, and are classified as pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs, or [[Pink-Pigmented Facultative Methylotrophs|PPFMs]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal| |
''Methylobacterium extorquens'' is a [[Gram-negative]] [[bacterium]]. Methylobacterium often appear pink, and are classified as pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs, or [[Pink-Pigmented Facultative Methylotrophs|PPFMs]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Lidstrom|first1=Mary E.|last2=Chistoserdova|first2=Ludmila|date=2002-04-01|title=Plants in the Pink: Cytokinin Production by Methylobacterium|url=https://jb.asm.org/content/184/7/1818|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|language=en|volume=184|issue=7|pages=1818|doi=10.1128/JB.184.7.1818.2002|issn=0021-9193|pmid=11889085|pmc=134909}}</ref> The [[wild type]] has been known to use both methane and multiple carbon compounds as energy sources.<ref name=":0" /> Specifically, ''M. extorquens'' has been observed to use primarily methanol and [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095556816?result=4&rskey=JZOYGl#:~:text=any%20(real%20or%20hypothetical)%20organic,of%20Biochemistry%20and%20Molecular%20Biology%20%C2%BB C<sub>1</sub> compounds] as substrates in their energy cycles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Belkhelfa|first1=Sophia|last2=Roche|first2=David|last3=Dubois|first3=Ivan|last4=Berger|first4=Anne|last5=Delmas|first5=Valérie A.|last6=Cattolico|first6=Laurence|last7=Perret|first7=Alain|last8=Labadie|first8=Karine|last9=Perdereau|first9=Aude C.|last10=Darii|first10=Ekaterina|last11=Pateau|first11=Emilie|date=2019|title=Continuous Culture Adaptation of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 and TK 0001 to Very High Methanol Concentrations|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|language=en|volume=10|page=1313|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2019.01313|pmid=31281294|pmc=6595629}}</ref> |
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== Genetic Structure == |
== Genetic Structure == |
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After isolation from soil, ''M. extorquens'' was found to have a single [[chromosome]] measuring 5.71-[[Megabase|Mb]].<ref>{{Cite journal| |
After isolation from soil, ''M. extorquens'' was found to have a single [[chromosome]] measuring 5.71-[[Megabase|Mb]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Belkhelfa|first1=Sophia|last2=Labadie|first2=Karine|last3=Cruaud|first3=Corinne|last4=Aury|first4=Jean-Marc|last5=Roche|first5=David|last6=Bouzon|first6=Madeleine|last7=Salanoubat|first7=Marcel|last8=Döring|first8=Volker|date=February 2018|title=Complete Genome Sequence of the Facultative Methylotroph Methylobacterium extorquens TK 0001 Isolated from Soil in Poland|journal=Genome Announcements|language=en|volume=6|issue=8|doi=10.1128/genomeA.00018-18|pmid=29472323|pmc=5824006}}</ref> The bacterium itself contains 70 [[Gene|genes]] over eight [[Chromosome regions|regions]] of the chromosome that are used for its metabolism of methanol.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dourado|first1=Manuella Nóbrega|last2=Aparecida Camargo Neves|first2=Aline|last3=Santos|first3=Daiene Souza|last4=Araújo|first4=Welington Luiz|date=2015|title=Biotechnological and Agronomic Potential of Endophytic Pink-Pigmented Methylotrophic Methylobacterium spp.|journal=BioMed Research International|volume=2015|page=909016|doi=10.1155/2015/909016|issn=2314-6133|pmc=4377440|pmid=25861650}}</ref> Within a section of the chromosome, of ''M. extorquens'' AM1 are two [https://jb.asm.org/content/198/8/1317 xoxF] genes that enable it to grow in methanol.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dourado|first1=Manuella Nóbrega|last2=Aparecida Camargo Neves|first2=Aline|last3=Santos|first3=Daiene Souza|last4=Araújo|first4=Welington Luiz|date=2015|title=Biotechnological and Agronomic Potential of Endophytic Pink-Pigmented Methylotrophic Methylobacterium spp.|journal=BioMed Research International|volume=2015|page=909016|doi=10.1155/2015/909016|issn=2314-6133|pmc=4377440|pmid=25861650}}</ref> |
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''M. extorquens'' AM1 genome encodes a 47.5 kb gene of unknown function. This gene encodes an over 15,000 residue-long polypeptide along with three unique compounds that are not expressed.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal| |
''M. extorquens'' AM1 genome encodes a 47.5 kb gene of unknown function. This gene encodes an over 15,000 residue-long polypeptide along with three unique compounds that are not expressed.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Vuilleumier|first1=Stéphane|last2=Chistoserdova|first2=Ludmila|last3=Lee|first3=Ming-Chun|last4=Bringel|first4=Françoise|last5=Lajus|first5=Aurélie|last6=Zhou|first6=Yang|last7=Gourion|first7=Benjamin|last8=Barbe|first8=Valérie|last9=Chang|first9=Jean|last10=Cruveiller|first10=Stéphane|last11=Dossat|first11=Carole|date=2009-05-18|title=Methylobacterium Genome Sequences: A Reference Blueprint to Investigate Microbial Metabolism of C1 Compounds from Natural and Industrial Sources|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=4|issue=5|pages=e5584|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005584|issn=1932-6203|pmc=2680597|pmid=19440302|bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5584V}}</ref> The microbe uses the ''mxa'' gene<ref>{{Cite web|title=MX1 Gene - GeneCards {{!}} MX1 Protein {{!}} MX1 Antibody|url=https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=MX1|access-date=2020-11-02|website=www.genecards.org}}</ref> as a way to dehydrogenate methanol and use it as an energy source.<ref name=":2" /> |
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== Chemical Usage == |
== Chemical Usage == |
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''Methylobacterium extorquens'' uses primarily C<sub>1</sub> and C<sub>2</sub> compounds to grow.<ref>{{Cite journal| |
''Methylobacterium extorquens'' uses primarily C<sub>1</sub> and C<sub>2</sub> compounds to grow.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dourado|first1=Manuella Nóbrega|last2=Aparecida Camargo Neves|first2=Aline|last3=Santos|first3=Daiene Souza|last4=Araújo|first4=Welington Luiz|date=2015|title=Biotechnological and Agronomic Potential of Endophytic Pink-Pigmented Methylotrophic Methylobacterium spp.|journal=BioMed Research International|volume=2015|page=909016|doi=10.1155/2015/909016|issn=2314-6133|pmc=4377440|pmid=25861650}}</ref> Utilizing compounds with few carbon-carbon bonds allows the bacterium to successfully grow in environments with methanol, such as on the surface of leaves whose stomata emit methanol.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nemecek-Marshall|first1=M.|last2=MacDonald|first2=R. C.|last3=Franzen|first3=J. J.|last4=Wojciechowski|first4=C. L.|last5=Fall|first5=R.|date=1995-08-01|title=Methanol Emission from Leaves (Enzymatic Detection of Gas-Phase Methanol and Relation of Methanol Fluxes to Stomatal Conductance and Leaf Development)|url=http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/108/4/1359|journal=Plant Physiology|language=en|volume=108|issue=4|pages=1359–1368|doi=10.1104/pp.108.4.1359|issn=0032-0889|pmc=157513|pmid=12228547}}</ref> The ability to use methanol as both a carbon and energy source was show to be advantageous when colonizing ''Medicago'' ''truncatula.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sy|first1=Abdoulaye|last2=Timmers|first2=Antonius C. J.|last3=Knief|first3=Claudia|last4=Vorholt|first4=Julia A.|date=2005-11-01|title=Methylotrophic Metabolism Is Advantageous for Methylobacterium extorquens during Colonization of Medicago truncatula under Competitive Conditions|url=https://aem.asm.org/content/71/11/7245|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|language=en|volume=71|issue=11|pages=7245–7252|doi=10.1128/AEM.71.11.7245-7252.2005|issn=0099-2240|pmid=16269765|pmc=1287603}}</ref> |
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H<sub>4</sub>MPT-dependent formaldehyde oxidation was first isolated in ''M. extroquens'' AM1 and has been used to define if an organism is utilizing methylotrophic metabolism.<ref name=":2" /> |
H<sub>4</sub>MPT-dependent formaldehyde oxidation was first isolated in ''M. extroquens'' AM1 and has been used to define if an organism is utilizing methylotrophic metabolism.<ref name=":2" /> |
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== Relationships with other Organisms == |
== Relationships with other Organisms == |
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Many bacteria within the [[Methylobacterium]] genus live in different [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/biotic biotic] environments such as soils, dust, and plant leaves.<ref>{{Cite journal| |
Many bacteria within the [[Methylobacterium]] genus live in different [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/biotic biotic] environments such as soils, dust, and plant leaves.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sy|first1=Abdoulaye|last2=Timmers|first2=Antonius C. J.|last3=Knief|first3=Claudia|last4=Vorholt|first4=Julia A.|date=November 2005|title=Methylotrophic Metabolism Is Advantageous for Methylobacterium extorquens during Colonization of Medicago truncatula under Competitive Conditions|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|language=en|volume=71|issue=11|pages=7245|doi=10.1128/AEM.71.11.7245-7252.2005|issn=7245-7252|pmid=16269765|pmc=1287603}}</ref> Some of these bacteria have been found in [[Symbiosis|symbiotic]] relationships with the plants they inhabit in which they provide fixed nitrogen or produce [[Vitamin B12|vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sy|first1=Abdoulaye|last2=Timmers|first2=Antonius C. J.|last3=Knief|first3=Claudia|last4=Vorholt|first4=Julia A.|date=November 2005|title=Methylotrophic Metabolism Is Advantageous for Methylobacterium extorquens during Colonization of Medicago truncatula under Competitive Conditions|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|language=en|volume=71|issue=11|pages=7245|doi=10.1128/AEM.71.11.7245-7252.2005|issn=7245-7252|pmid=16269765|pmc=1287603}}</ref> ''M. extroquens'' also produces [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5821746_PhyR_Is_Involved_in_the_General_Stress_Response_of_Methylobacterium_extorquens_AM1 PhyR] which plants use to regulate [[Environmental stress|stress response]], allowing the plant to survive in different conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gourion|first1=Benjamin|last2=Francez-Charlot|first2=Anne|last3=Vorholt|first3=Julia A.|date=2008-02-01|title=PhyR Is Involved in the General Stress Response of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1|url=https://jb.asm.org/content/190/3/1027|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|language=en|volume=190|issue=3|pages=1027–1035|doi=10.1128/JB.01483-07|issn=0021-9193|pmid=18024517|pmc=2223570}}</ref> In addition to PhyR, the bacterium can produce a hormone related to overall plant and root growth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dourado|first1=Manuella Nóbrega|last2=Aparecida Camargo Neves|first2=Aline|last3=Santos|first3=Daiene Souza|last4=Araújo|first4=Welington Luiz|date=2015|title=Biotechnological and Agronomic Potential of Endophytic Pink-Pigmented Methylotrophic Methylobacterium spp.|journal=BioMed Research International|volume=2015|page=909016|doi=10.1155/2015/909016|issn=2314-6133|pmc=4377440|pmid=25861650}}</ref> |
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''M. extroquens'' has been found having a [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualistic relationship]] with strawberries.<ref name=":1">{{Citation| |
''M. extroquens'' has been found having a [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualistic relationship]] with strawberries.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last1=Siegmund|first1=Barbara|title=Chapter 26 - The Effect of Methylobacteria Application on Strawberry Flavor Investigated by GC-MS and Comprehensive GC×GC-qMS|date=2014-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012398549100026X|work=Flavour Science|pages=141–145|editor-last=Ferreira|editor-first=Vicente|place=San Diego|publisher=Academic Press|language=en|isbn=978-0-12-398549-1|access-date=2020-09-21|last2=Leitner|first2=Erich|editor2-last=Lopez|editor2-first=Ricardo}}</ref> Ultimately, ''M. extroquens'' is used to oxidize 1,2-propanediol to lactaldehyde, which is later used in chemical reactions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nasopoulou|first1=Constantina|last2=Pohjanen|first2=Johanna|last3=Koskimäki|first3=Janne J.|last4=Zabetakis|first4=Ioannis|last5=Pirttilä|first5=Anna Maria|date=2014-08-15|title=Localization of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) and Methylobacterium extorquens genes of strawberry flavor biosynthesis in strawberry tissue by in situ hybridization|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24973582/|journal=Journal of Plant Physiology|volume=171|issue=13|pages=1099–1105|doi=10.1016/j.jplph.2014.03.018|issn=1618-1328|pmid=24973582}}</ref> If introduced to blooming plants, [[furaneol]] production increases, changing the way the strawberry tastes.<ref name=":1" /> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 21:55, 9 November 2020
| Methylobacterium extorquens | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Binomial name | |
| Methylobacterium extorquens (Urakami and Komagata 1984)
Bousfield and Green 1985 | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Bacillus extorquens Bassalik 1913 | |
Methylobacterium extorquens is a Gram-negative bacterium. Methylobacterium often appear pink, and are classified as pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs, or PPFMs.[2] The wild type has been known to use both methane and multiple carbon compounds as energy sources.[2] Specifically, M. extorquens has been observed to use primarily methanol and C1 compounds as substrates in their energy cycles.[3]
Genetic Structure
After isolation from soil, M. extorquens was found to have a single chromosome measuring 5.71-Mb.[4] The bacterium itself contains 70 genes over eight regions of the chromosome that are used for its metabolism of methanol.[5] Within a section of the chromosome, of M. extorquens AM1 are two xoxF genes that enable it to grow in methanol.[6]
M. extorquens AM1 genome encodes a 47.5 kb gene of unknown function. This gene encodes an over 15,000 residue-long polypeptide along with three unique compounds that are not expressed.[7] The microbe uses the mxa gene[8] as a way to dehydrogenate methanol and use it as an energy source.[7]
Chemical Usage
Methylobacterium extorquens uses primarily C1 and C2 compounds to grow.[9] Utilizing compounds with few carbon-carbon bonds allows the bacterium to successfully grow in environments with methanol, such as on the surface of leaves whose stomata emit methanol.[10] The ability to use methanol as both a carbon and energy source was show to be advantageous when colonizing Medicago truncatula.[11]
H4MPT-dependent formaldehyde oxidation was first isolated in M. extroquens AM1 and has been used to define if an organism is utilizing methylotrophic metabolism.[7]
Relationships with other Organisms
Many bacteria within the Methylobacterium genus live in different biotic environments such as soils, dust, and plant leaves.[12] Some of these bacteria have been found in symbiotic relationships with the plants they inhabit in which they provide fixed nitrogen or produce vitamin B12.[13] M. extroquens also produces PhyR which plants use to regulate stress response, allowing the plant to survive in different conditions.[14] In addition to PhyR, the bacterium can produce a hormone related to overall plant and root growth.[15]
M. extroquens has been found having a mutualistic relationship with strawberries.[16] Ultimately, M. extroquens is used to oxidize 1,2-propanediol to lactaldehyde, which is later used in chemical reactions.[17] If introduced to blooming plants, furaneol production increases, changing the way the strawberry tastes.[16]
References
- ^ a b LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de
- ^ a b Lidstrom, Mary E.; Chistoserdova, Ludmila (2002-04-01). "Plants in the Pink: Cytokinin Production by Methylobacterium". Journal of Bacteriology. 184 (7): 1818. doi:10.1128/JB.184.7.1818.2002. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 134909. PMID 11889085.
- ^ Belkhelfa, Sophia; Roche, David; Dubois, Ivan; Berger, Anne; Delmas, Valérie A.; Cattolico, Laurence; Perret, Alain; Labadie, Karine; Perdereau, Aude C.; Darii, Ekaterina; Pateau, Emilie (2019). "Continuous Culture Adaptation of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 and TK 0001 to Very High Methanol Concentrations". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 1313. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01313. PMC 6595629. PMID 31281294.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Belkhelfa, Sophia; Labadie, Karine; Cruaud, Corinne; Aury, Jean-Marc; Roche, David; Bouzon, Madeleine; Salanoubat, Marcel; Döring, Volker (February 2018). "Complete Genome Sequence of the Facultative Methylotroph Methylobacterium extorquens TK 0001 Isolated from Soil in Poland". Genome Announcements. 6 (8). doi:10.1128/genomeA.00018-18. PMC 5824006. PMID 29472323.
- ^ Dourado, Manuella Nóbrega; Aparecida Camargo Neves, Aline; Santos, Daiene Souza; Araújo, Welington Luiz (2015). "Biotechnological and Agronomic Potential of Endophytic Pink-Pigmented Methylotrophic Methylobacterium spp". BioMed Research International. 2015: 909016. doi:10.1155/2015/909016. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 4377440. PMID 25861650.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Dourado, Manuella Nóbrega; Aparecida Camargo Neves, Aline; Santos, Daiene Souza; Araújo, Welington Luiz (2015). "Biotechnological and Agronomic Potential of Endophytic Pink-Pigmented Methylotrophic Methylobacterium spp". BioMed Research International. 2015: 909016. doi:10.1155/2015/909016. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 4377440. PMID 25861650.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Vuilleumier, Stéphane; Chistoserdova, Ludmila; Lee, Ming-Chun; Bringel, Françoise; Lajus, Aurélie; Zhou, Yang; Gourion, Benjamin; Barbe, Valérie; Chang, Jean; Cruveiller, Stéphane; Dossat, Carole (2009-05-18). "Methylobacterium Genome Sequences: A Reference Blueprint to Investigate Microbial Metabolism of C1 Compounds from Natural and Industrial Sources". PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5584. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5584V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005584. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2680597. PMID 19440302.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "MX1 Gene - GeneCards | MX1 Protein | MX1 Antibody". www.genecards.org. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
- ^ Dourado, Manuella Nóbrega; Aparecida Camargo Neves, Aline; Santos, Daiene Souza; Araújo, Welington Luiz (2015). "Biotechnological and Agronomic Potential of Endophytic Pink-Pigmented Methylotrophic Methylobacterium spp". BioMed Research International. 2015: 909016. doi:10.1155/2015/909016. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 4377440. PMID 25861650.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Nemecek-Marshall, M.; MacDonald, R. C.; Franzen, J. J.; Wojciechowski, C. L.; Fall, R. (1995-08-01). "Methanol Emission from Leaves (Enzymatic Detection of Gas-Phase Methanol and Relation of Methanol Fluxes to Stomatal Conductance and Leaf Development)". Plant Physiology. 108 (4): 1359–1368. doi:10.1104/pp.108.4.1359. ISSN 0032-0889. PMC 157513. PMID 12228547.
- ^ Sy, Abdoulaye; Timmers, Antonius C. J.; Knief, Claudia; Vorholt, Julia A. (2005-11-01). "Methylotrophic Metabolism Is Advantageous for Methylobacterium extorquens during Colonization of Medicago truncatula under Competitive Conditions". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71 (11): 7245–7252. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.11.7245-7252.2005. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 1287603. PMID 16269765.
- ^ Sy, Abdoulaye; Timmers, Antonius C. J.; Knief, Claudia; Vorholt, Julia A. (November 2005). "Methylotrophic Metabolism Is Advantageous for Methylobacterium extorquens during Colonization of Medicago truncatula under Competitive Conditions". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71 (11): 7245. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.11.7245-7252.2005. ISSN 7245-7252. PMC 1287603. PMID 16269765.
- ^ Sy, Abdoulaye; Timmers, Antonius C. J.; Knief, Claudia; Vorholt, Julia A. (November 2005). "Methylotrophic Metabolism Is Advantageous for Methylobacterium extorquens during Colonization of Medicago truncatula under Competitive Conditions". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71 (11): 7245. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.11.7245-7252.2005. ISSN 7245-7252. PMC 1287603. PMID 16269765.
- ^ Gourion, Benjamin; Francez-Charlot, Anne; Vorholt, Julia A. (2008-02-01). "PhyR Is Involved in the General Stress Response of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1". Journal of Bacteriology. 190 (3): 1027–1035. doi:10.1128/JB.01483-07. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 2223570. PMID 18024517.
- ^ Dourado, Manuella Nóbrega; Aparecida Camargo Neves, Aline; Santos, Daiene Souza; Araújo, Welington Luiz (2015). "Biotechnological and Agronomic Potential of Endophytic Pink-Pigmented Methylotrophic Methylobacterium spp". BioMed Research International. 2015: 909016. doi:10.1155/2015/909016. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 4377440. PMID 25861650.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Siegmund, Barbara; Leitner, Erich (2014-01-01), Ferreira, Vicente; Lopez, Ricardo (eds.), "Chapter 26 - The Effect of Methylobacteria Application on Strawberry Flavor Investigated by GC-MS and Comprehensive GC×GC-qMS", Flavour Science, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 141–145, ISBN 978-0-12-398549-1, retrieved 2020-09-21
- ^ Nasopoulou, Constantina; Pohjanen, Johanna; Koskimäki, Janne J.; Zabetakis, Ioannis; Pirttilä, Anna Maria (2014-08-15). "Localization of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) and Methylobacterium extorquens genes of strawberry flavor biosynthesis in strawberry tissue by in situ hybridization". Journal of Plant Physiology. 171 (13): 1099–1105. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2014.03.018. ISSN 1618-1328. PMID 24973582.
External links
- Methylobacterium J.P. Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
- Methylobacterium extorquens NCBI
- Type strain of Methylobacterium extorquens at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase