Cloistered Emperor: Difference between revisions
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* '''749''' (''Tenpyō 21, 7th month''): After a 25-year reign, Emperor Shōmu abdicates in favor of his daughter, Princess Takano, who would become Empress Kōken.<ref name="v143">Varley, p. 143.</ref> After abdication, Shōmu took the tonsure, thus becoming the first retired emperor to become a Buddhist priest.<ref name="v143"/> Empress Komyo, following her husband’s example, also took holy vows in becoming a Buddhist nun.<ref name="v143"/> |
* '''749''' (''Tenpyō 21, 7th month''): After a 25-year reign, Emperor Shōmu abdicates in favor of his daughter, Princess Takano, who would become Empress Kōken.<ref name="v143">Varley, p. 143.</ref> After abdication, Shōmu took the tonsure, thus becoming the first retired emperor to become a Buddhist priest.<ref name="v143"/> Empress Komyo, following her husband’s example, also took holy vows in becoming a Buddhist nun.<ref name="v143"/> |
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* '''752''' (''[[Tenpyō-shōhō]] 4, 4th month''): The [[Buddhābhiseka|Eye-Opening Ceremony]], presided over by [[Rōben]] and celebrating the completion of the Great Buddha, is held at [[Tōdai-ji]]. |
* '''752''' (''[[Tenpyō-shōhō]] 4, 4th month''): The [[Buddhābhiseka|Eye-Opening Ceremony]], presided over by [[Rōben]] and celebrating the completion of the Great Buddha, is held at [[Tōdai-ji]].{{sfn|Siyun-zai Rin-siyo|1834|p=143}} |
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* '''October 23, 930''' (''Enchō 8, 29th day of the 9th month'')<!-- 延長八年九月二十九日 -->: Emperor Daigo entered the Buddhist priesthood in the very early morning hours. As a monk, he took the Buddhist name Hō-kongō and, shortly thereafter, he died at the age of 46.{{sfn|Siyun- |
* '''October 23, 930''' (''Enchō 8, 29th day of the 9th month'')<!-- 延長八年九月二十九日 -->: Emperor Daigo entered the Buddhist priesthood in the very early morning hours. As a monk, he took the Buddhist name Hō-kongō and, shortly thereafter, he died at the age of 46.{{sfn|Siyun-zai Rin-siyo|1834|p=134}}<ref>Varley, p. 181.</ref> This monk was buried in the precincts of [[Daigo-ji]], which is why the former-emperor's posthumous name became Daigo''-tennō''.{{sfn|Siyun-zai Rin-siyo|1834|p=134}} |
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| [[Emperor Suzaku|Suzaku]] |
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* '''February 7, 1045''' (''[[Kantoku]] 2, 18th day of the 1st month'')<!-- 寛徳二年一月十八日 -->: The former Emperor Go-Suzaku ordained as a Buddhist monk and died the same day at the age of 37.{{sfn|Siyun- |
* '''February 7, 1045''' (''[[Kantoku]] 2, 18th day of the 1st month'')<!-- 寛徳二年一月十八日 -->: The former Emperor Go-Suzaku ordained as a Buddhist monk and died the same day at the age of 37.{{sfn|Siyun-zai Rin-siyo|1834|p=162}} |
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| [[Emperor Go-Sanjo|Go-Sanjō]] |
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* '''1095''' (''Kahō 2, 8th month''): The emperor was stricken with intermittent fevers; and he ordered prayers to be offered for his return to good health. After Horikawa recovered his health, he was generous and appreciative to the [[Buddhist]] priests who had prayed for his recovery.{{sfn|Siyun- |
* '''1095''' (''Kahō 2, 8th month''): The emperor was stricken with intermittent fevers; and he ordered prayers to be offered for his return to good health. After Horikawa recovered his health, he was generous and appreciative to the [[Buddhist]] priests who had prayed for his recovery.{{sfn|Siyun-zai Rin-siyo|1834|p=176}} |
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* '''1095''' (''Kahō 2, 11th month''): The Buddhist priests of [[Mt. Hiei]] came down from their mountain to protest a dispute with Minamoto Yoshitsuna and other government officials which had led to military action and bloodshed. The priests carried a portable shrine as far as the central hall of [[Enryaku-ji]], where a curse was laid on ''[[daijō-daijin]]'' Fujiwara Moromichi.<ref>Kitagawa, Hiroshi, ''et al.'', eds. (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike,'' pp. 129–130.</ref> |
* '''1095''' (''Kahō 2, 11th month''): The Buddhist priests of [[Mt. Hiei]] came down from their mountain to protest a dispute with Minamoto Yoshitsuna and other government officials which had led to military action and bloodshed. The priests carried a portable shrine as far as the central hall of [[Enryaku-ji]], where a curse was laid on ''[[daijō-daijin]]'' Fujiwara Moromichi.<ref>Kitagawa, Hiroshi, ''et al.'', eds. (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike,'' pp. 129–130.</ref> |
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* '''1096''' (''Kahō 3, 9th day of the 11th month''): Former Emperor Shirakawa entered the Buddhist priesthood at the age of 44 and received the [[Dharma name]] '''Yūkan''' (融観).{{fact|date=November 2020}} On the occasion of his daughter's death, Shirakawa entered a monastery under the name of Yūkan (融観); and thus, he became a ''hō-ō'' (法皇), which is the title accorded to a former emperor who has become a monk. |
* '''1096''' (''Kahō 3, 9th day of the 11th month''): Former Emperor Shirakawa entered the Buddhist priesthood at the age of 44 and received the [[Dharma name]] '''Yūkan''' (融観).{{fact|date=November 2020}} On the occasion of his daughter's death, Shirakawa entered a monastery under the name of Yūkan (融観); and thus, he became a ''hō-ō'' (法皇), which is the title accorded to a former emperor who has become a monk. |
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* '''''[[Eiji]] 1''''', in the 3rd month (1141): The former emperor Toba accepted the tonsure and became a Buddhist monk at the age of 39 years.{{sfn|Siyun- |
* '''''[[Eiji]] 1''''', in the 3rd month (1141): The former emperor Toba accepted the tonsure and became a Buddhist monk at the age of 39 years.{{sfn|Siyun-zai Rin-siyo|1834|p=185}} |
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* '''''[[Kōji (first)|Kōji]] 2''''', in the 1st month (1143): [[Cloistered Emperor]] [[Emperor Toba|Toba]]-in, now known by the title ''Daijō [[Hōō]]'', visited his mother.{{fact|date=November 2020}} |
* '''''[[Kōji (first)|Kōji]] 2''''', in the 1st month (1143): [[Cloistered Emperor]] [[Emperor Toba|Toba]]-in, now known by the title ''Daijō [[Hōō]]'', visited his mother.{{fact|date=November 2020}} |
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Revision as of 20:03, 27 November 2020
A cloistered emperor (太上法皇, daijō hōō, also pronounced dajō hōō) was a Japanese emperor who abdicated and entered the Buddhist monastic community by receiving the Pravrajya rite. The term can also be shortened to Hōō (法皇, lit. "Dharma emperor").
Cloistered emperors sometimes acted as Daijō Tennō (retired emperors), therefore maintaining effective power. This title was first assumed by Emperor Shōmu and was later used by many other emperors who "took the tonsure", signifying a decision to become a Buddhist monk.[1]
List of retired emperors who became monks
Name as Emperor | Acceded | Abdicated | Took Buddhist vows | Died | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shōmu | 724 | 749 | 749 | 756 |
|
Heizei | 806 | 809 | 810 | 824 | |
Seiwa | 858 | 876 | 878 | 881 |
|
Yōzei | 876 | 884 | 949 | 949 | |
Uda | 887 | 897 | 900 | 931 | Uda entered the Buddhist priesthood at age 34 in 900.[citation needed] Having founded the temple at Ninna-ji, Uda made it his new home after his abdication. His Buddhist name was Kongō Kaku.[citation needed] He was sometimes called "the Cloistered Emperor of Teiji(亭子の帝)," because the name of the Buddhist hall where he resided after becoming a priest was called Teijiin.[citation needed] |
Daigo | 897 | 930 | 930 | 930 |
|
Suzaku | 930 | 946 | 952 | 952 | |
En'yū | 969 | 984 | 985 | 991 |
|
Kazan | 984 | 986 | 986 | 1008 |
|
Ichijō | 986 | 1011 | 1011 | 1011 |
|
Sanjō | 1011 | 1016 | 1017 | 1017 |
|
Go-Suzaku | 1036 | 1045 | 1045 | 1045 | |
Go-Sanjō | 1068 | 1073 | 1073 | 1073 |
|
Shirakawa | 1073 | 1087 | 1096 | 1129 |
|
Toba | 1107 | 1123 | 1141 | 1156 |
|
Go-Shirakawa | 1155 | 1158 | 1169 | 1192 |
|
Kameyama | 1259 | 1274 | 1289 | 1305 | |
Go-Uda | 1274 | 1287 | 1307 | 1324 | |
Fushimi | 1287 | 1298 | 1313 | 1317 | |
Hanazono | 1308 | 1318 | 1335 | 1348 |
|
Kōmyō (North) | 1336 | 1348 | 1355 | 1380 |
|
Go-Mizunoo | 1611 | 1629 | 1651 | 1680 | Called "Enjō Dōkaku Hōō" |
Reigen | 1663 | 1687 | 1713 | 1732 |
|
Edo period
The last cloistered emperor was Emperor Reigen, in the Edo period.
See also
Notes
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1963). Vicissitudes of Shinto, p. 27.
- ^ Siyun-zai_Rin-siyo 1834, p. 73.
- ^ Siyun-zai_Rin-siyo 1834, p. 41.
- ^ a b c Varley, p. 143.
- ^ Siyun-zai Rin-siyo 1834, p. 143.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 318.
- ^ a b Siyun-zai Rin-siyo 1834, p. 134.
- ^ Varley, p. 181.
- ^ Siyun-zai Rin-siyo 1834, p. 162.
- ^ Siyun-zai Rin-siyo 1834, p. 176.
- ^ Kitagawa, Hiroshi, et al., eds. (1975). The Tale of the Heike, pp. 129–130.
- ^ Siyun-zai Rin-siyo 1834, p. 185.
References
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869. Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 36644
- _____________. (1963). Vicissitudes of Shinto. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 36655
- Siyun-zai Rin-siyo (1834). Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon [Annals of the Emperors of Japan] (in French). Paris: Parbury, Allen, and Company.