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<ref>Guo Z, Liu X, Krebs KA (March 2009). {{cite web
<ref>Guo Z, Liu X, Krebs KA (March 2009). {{cite web
|author=
|url=http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600r09033/600r09033.pdf
|url=http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600r09033/600r09033.pdf
|title=Perfluorocarboxylic Acid Content in 116 Articles of Commerce
|title=Perfluorocarboxylic Acid Content in 116 Articles of Commerce
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|format=PDF
|format=PDF
|publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]
|publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]
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}}</ref>
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|accessdate=}}</ref>


[[Polychlorotrifluoroethylene]] ([CFClCF<sub>2</sub>]<sub>n</sub>)
[[Polychlorotrifluoroethylene]] ([CFClCF<sub>2</sub>]<sub>n</sub>)
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PFCs persist in the environment as [[persistent organic pollutant]]s, but unlike [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCB]]s, they are not known to degrade by any natural processes due to the strength of the [[carbon–fluorine bond]].<ref>{{cite news
PFCs persist in the environment as [[persistent organic pollutant]]s, but unlike [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCB]]s, they are not known to degrade by any natural processes due to the strength of the [[carbon–fluorine bond]].<ref>{{cite news
|first=Jennifer 8. |last=Lee |authorlink=Jennifer 8. Lee
|first=Jennifer 8. |last=Lee |author-link=Jennifer 8. Lee
|title=E.P.A. Orders Companies to Examine Effects of Chemicals
|title=E.P.A. Orders Companies to Examine Effects of Chemicals
|work=The New York Times |date=15 April 2003 |accessdate=15 May 2009
|work=The New York Times |date=15 April 2003 |accessdate=15 May 2009
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As of 2015, the U.S. Air Force had been testing 82 former and active US military installations for fluorosurfactants contained in fire fighting foam.<ref name=lin>{{cite news|author1=Associated Press|title=Grissom officials: Well tests show no chemical pollution|url=http://wishtv.com/2015/09/17/grissom-officials-well-tests-show-no-chemical-pollution/|accessdate=19 September 2015|work=LIN Television Corporation|date=19 September 2015}}</ref> In 2015, PFCs were found in groundwater at [[Naval Air Station Brunswick]], Maine and [[Grissom Air Reserve Base]], Indiana, and in well water at [[Pease Air Force Base#Environmental issues|Pease Air Force Base]], New Hampshire, where 500 people including children had blood tests as part of a bio-monitoring plan through the state Department of Health and Human Services. The U.S. Department of Defense's research programs have been trying to define nature and extent of PFAS contamination at U.S. military sites, especially in groundwater.<ref>Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) [https://serdp-estcp.org/Tools-and-Training/Webinar-Series/01-28-2016 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Analytical and Characterization Frontiers] webinarslides, January 28, 2016</ref>
As of 2015, the U.S. Air Force had been testing 82 former and active US military installations for fluorosurfactants contained in fire fighting foam.<ref name=lin>{{cite news|author1=Associated Press|title=Grissom officials: Well tests show no chemical pollution|url=http://wishtv.com/2015/09/17/grissom-officials-well-tests-show-no-chemical-pollution/|accessdate=19 September 2015|work=LIN Television Corporation|date=19 September 2015}}</ref> In 2015, PFCs were found in groundwater at [[Naval Air Station Brunswick]], Maine and [[Grissom Air Reserve Base]], Indiana, and in well water at [[Pease Air Force Base#Environmental issues|Pease Air Force Base]], New Hampshire, where 500 people including children had blood tests as part of a bio-monitoring plan through the state Department of Health and Human Services. The U.S. Department of Defense's research programs have been trying to define nature and extent of PFAS contamination at U.S. military sites, especially in groundwater.<ref>Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) [https://serdp-estcp.org/Tools-and-Training/Webinar-Series/01-28-2016 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Analytical and Characterization Frontiers] webinarslides, January 28, 2016</ref>


A 2018 report to Congress indicated that "at least 126 drinking water systems on or near military bases" were contaminated with PFAS compounds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/suppressed-study-the-epa-underestimated-dangers-of-widespread-chemicals|title=Suppressed Study: The EPA Underestimated Dangers of Widespread Chemicals|last=Lustgarten|first=Abrahm|date=2018-06-20|website=ProPublica|language=en-us|others=Lisa Song, Talia Buford|access-date=2018-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2017/07/31/air-force-wont-pay-for-towns-water-contamination-costs/|title=Air Force won't pay for towns' water contamination costs|last=Associated Press|first=|date=2017-07-31|work=Air Force Times|access-date=2018-06-23|language=en-US}}</ref>
A 2018 report to Congress indicated that "at least 126 drinking water systems on or near military bases" were contaminated with PFAS compounds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/suppressed-study-the-epa-underestimated-dangers-of-widespread-chemicals|title=Suppressed Study: The EPA Underestimated Dangers of Widespread Chemicals|last=Lustgarten|first=Abrahm|date=2018-06-20|website=ProPublica|language=en-us|others=Lisa Song, Talia Buford|access-date=2018-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2017/07/31/air-force-wont-pay-for-towns-water-contamination-costs/|title=Air Force won't pay for towns' water contamination costs|last=Associated Press|date=2017-07-31|work=Air Force Times|access-date=2018-06-23|language=en-US}}</ref>


A 2016 study found unsafe<ref>Above the minimum reporting levels required by the EPA − 70 parts per trillion (ng/L) for PFOS and PFOA</ref> levels of fluorosurfactants in 194 out of 4,864 water supplies in 33 U.S. states. Covering two-thirds of drinking water supplies in the United States, the study found thirteen states accounted for 75% of the detections. In order of frequency, these were: California, New Jersey, North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, Georgia, Minnesota, Arizona, Massachusetts, and Illinois. Firefighting foam was singled out as a major contributor.<ref>[http://phys.org/news/2016-08-unsafe-toxic-chemicals-million-americans.html Unsafe levels of toxic chemicals found in drinking water for 6 million Americans] Science X network, phys.org, August 9, 2016</ref>
A 2016 study found unsafe<ref>Above the minimum reporting levels required by the EPA − 70 parts per trillion (ng/L) for PFOS and PFOA</ref> levels of fluorosurfactants in 194 out of 4,864 water supplies in 33 U.S. states. Covering two-thirds of drinking water supplies in the United States, the study found thirteen states accounted for 75% of the detections. In order of frequency, these were: California, New Jersey, North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, Georgia, Minnesota, Arizona, Massachusetts, and Illinois. Firefighting foam was singled out as a major contributor.<ref>[http://phys.org/news/2016-08-unsafe-toxic-chemicals-million-americans.html Unsafe levels of toxic chemicals found in drinking water for 6 million Americans] Science X network, phys.org, August 9, 2016</ref>

Revision as of 20:18, 29 November 2020

Pentafluorophenol, a perfluorinated compound.

A perfluorinated compound (PFC) is an organofluorine compound containing only carbon-fluorines and C-C bonds but also other heteroatoms. PFCs have properties that result from the presence of fluorocarbons (containing only C–F and C–C bonds) and the functional group. Common functional groups in PFCs are OH, CO2H, chlorine, O, and SO3H.

Electrofluorination is the predominant method of production.

Some of these compounds known as perfluoroalkanes can remain in our atmosphere for a long time. They accumulate due to their chemical stability. Because of their potential contribution to climate change, they were regulated under the Kyoto Protocol. Some fluorosurfactants have proven toxic in animal testing while widespread industrial applications continue.

Applications

Perfluorinated compounds are used ubiquitously: For example, fluorosurfactants are widely used in the production of teflon (PTFE) and related fluorinated polymers. They confer hydrophobicity and stain-resistance to fabrics. They are components of fire-fighting foam.[1] Fluorosurfactants (PFAS) reduce surface tension by concentrating at the liquid-air interface due to the lipophobicity of polyfluorocarbons.

Chlorofluorocarbons are perfluorinated compounds that were formerly used as refrigerants (Freon) until they were implicated in ozone degradation.

Production

A common industrial method for synthesizing perflurocompounds is electrofluorination.

Examples by functional group

Perfluorinated alkyl halides

Fluorochloroalkenes

Perfluoroethers and epoxides

Main article: Fluoroether

Perfluoroalcohols

Main article: Fluoroalcohol

Primary and secondary perfluorinated alcohols are unstable with respect to dehydrofluorination.

Perfluoroamines

Perfluoroketones

Perfluorocarboxylic acids

Main article: Perfluorinated carboxylic acid

Perfluoronitriles and isonitriles

  • Trifluoromethylisocyanide, the simplest perfluorinated isonitrile.
  • Trifluoromethylacetonitrile, the simplest perfluorinated nitrile

Perfluorinated aryl borates

Environmental and health concerns

Main article: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances § Health and environmental concerns

Several environmental and health concerns surrround the industrial production and use of perfluoroalkane compounds. The exceptional stability of perfluorinated compounds is desirable from the applications perspective is also a cause for environmental and health concerns.

Perfluoroalkanes

Low-boiling perfluoroalkanes are potent greenhouse gases, in part due to their very long atmospheric lifetime. The environmental concerns for perflurocompounds are similar to chlorofluorocarbons and other halogenated compounds used as refrigerants and fire suppression materials. The history of use, environmental impact, and recommendations for use are included in the Kyoto Protocol.

Fluorosurfactants

The fluorocarbons PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) and PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) have both been investigated by the EU and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which regards them being harmful to the environment.[2] Specifically, studies found that PFOS caused "unusual and serious effects in animal toxicity tests," that it was present around the world in humans and wildlife, and that it was highly persistent in the environment.[3] (Similar concerns followed for PFOA.)

Fluorosurfactants tend to bioaccumulate, since they are extremely stable and can be stored in the bodies of humans and animals. Examples include PFOA and PFOS, frequently present in water resistant textiles and sprays conferring water resistant properties to textiles and fire-fighting foam.[2] Data from animal studies of PFOA indicate that it can cause several types of tumors and neonatal death and may have toxic effects on the immune, liver, and endocrine systems. As of 2010 data on the human health effects of PFOA were sparse.[4]

As of 2015, the U.S. Air Force had been testing 82 former and active US military installations for fluorosurfactants contained in fire fighting foam.[5] In 2015, PFCs were found in groundwater at Naval Air Station Brunswick, Maine and Grissom Air Reserve Base, Indiana, and in well water at Pease Air Force Base, New Hampshire, where 500 people including children had blood tests as part of a bio-monitoring plan through the state Department of Health and Human Services. The U.S. Department of Defense's research programs have been trying to define nature and extent of PFAS contamination at U.S. military sites, especially in groundwater.[6]

A 2018 report to Congress indicated that "at least 126 drinking water systems on or near military bases" were contaminated with PFAS compounds.[7][8]

A 2016 study found unsafe[9] levels of fluorosurfactants in 194 out of 4,864 water supplies in 33 U.S. states. Covering two-thirds of drinking water supplies in the United States, the study found thirteen states accounted for 75% of the detections. In order of frequency, these were: California, New Jersey, North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, Georgia, Minnesota, Arizona, Massachusetts, and Illinois. Firefighting foam was singled out as a major contributor.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ Sedlak, Meg (October 2016). "Profile - Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS)" (PDF). sfei.org. San Francisco Estuary Institute. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  2. ^ a b US Environmental Protection Agency. "FAQ". Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Fluorinated Telomers. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
  3. ^ Auer, Charles, Frank Kover, James Aidala, Marks Greenwood. “Toxic Substances: A Half Century of Progress.” EPA Alumni Association. March 2016.
  4. ^ Steenland, Kyle; Fletcher, Tony; Savitz, David A. (2010). "Epidemiologic Evidence on the Health Effects of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)". Environmental Health Perspectives. 118 (8): 1100–8. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901827. PMC 2920088. PMID 20423814.
  5. ^ Associated Press (19 September 2015). "Grissom officials: Well tests show no chemical pollution". LIN Television Corporation. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  6. ^ Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Analytical and Characterization Frontiers webinarslides, January 28, 2016
  7. ^ Lustgarten, Abrahm (2018-06-20). "Suppressed Study: The EPA Underestimated Dangers of Widespread Chemicals". ProPublica. Lisa Song, Talia Buford. Retrieved 2018-06-23.
  8. ^ Associated Press (2017-07-31). "Air Force won't pay for towns' water contamination costs". Air Force Times. Retrieved 2018-06-23.
  9. ^ Above the minimum reporting levels required by the EPA − 70 parts per trillion (ng/L) for PFOS and PFOA
  10. ^ Unsafe levels of toxic chemicals found in drinking water for 6 million Americans Science X network, phys.org, August 9, 2016
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