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| pages = 21–22
| pages = 21–22
| url = http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/DILBILIM/johanson_01.pdf
| url = http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/DILBILIM/johanson_01.pdf
}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&q=aynu+people&pg=PA15|title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia|last=Minahan|first=James B.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2014|isbn=9781610690188|location=|pages=14–15}}</ref>
}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&q=aynu+people&pg=PA15|title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia|last=Minahan|first=James B.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2014|isbn=9781610690188|pages=14–15}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
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=== Religion ===
=== Religion ===
The predominant religion of Äynu people is [[Alevism|Alevi Islam]] <ref name="KAM">{{cite book |last = Louie |first =Kam |title = The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Culture |publisher = [[Cambridge_University_Press]] |isbn = 978-0521863223 |page = 114 |year = 2008}}</ref><ref name="XIN">{{cite book |last = Starr |first =S. Frederick |title = Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland: China's Muslim Borderland |publisher = [[Routledge]] |isbn = 978-0765613189 |page = 303 |year = 2004}}</ref><ref name="WHIT">{{cite web|url=https://arminda.whitman.edu/theses/240 |title=Mummy dearest : questions of identity in modern and ancient Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region|date=9 May 2012 |publisher=Alyssa Christine Bader [[Whitman_College]] p31 |accessdate=19 November 2020}}</ref> although a few profess [[Sunni Islam]].<ref name=":0" /> Pre-Islamic beliefs and rituals are still practiced by the Äynu. Tall poles resembling totem poles can be found in most Äynu villages. The bear is one animal that the Äynu greatly respect and images of it (along with other spirits) are commonly found on the earlier mentioned poles and play an important role in certain ceremonies.<ref name=":0" />
The predominant religion of Äynu people is [[Alevism|Alevi Islam]] <ref name="KAM">{{cite book |last = Louie |first =Kam |title = The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Culture |publisher = [[Cambridge_University_Press]] |isbn = 978-0521863223 |page = 114 |year = 2008}}</ref><ref name="XIN">{{cite book |last = Starr |first =S. Frederick |title = Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland: China's Muslim Borderland |publisher = [[Routledge]] |isbn = 978-0765613189 |page = 303 |year = 2004}}</ref><ref name="WHIT">{{cite web|url=https://arminda.whitman.edu/theses/240 |title=Mummy dearest : questions of identity in modern and ancient Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region|date=9 May 2012 |publisher=Alyssa Christine Bader [[Whitman_College]] p31 |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> although a few profess [[Sunni Islam]].<ref name=":0" /> Pre-Islamic beliefs and rituals are still practiced by the Äynu. Tall poles resembling totem poles can be found in most Äynu villages. The bear is one animal that the Äynu greatly respect and images of it (along with other spirits) are commonly found on the earlier mentioned poles and play an important role in certain ceremonies.<ref name=":0" />


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 15:55, 2 January 2021

Not to be confused with Ainu people.

The Äynu (also Ainu, Abdal and Aini) are an unrecognized ethnic group native to the Xinjiang region of Western China. They belong to the Alevi sect of Islam. [1][2][3] There are estimated to be around 30,000 to 50,000 Äynu people, mostly located on the fringe of the Taklamakan Desert.[4][5]

History

The origins of the Äynu people are disputed. Some historians theorize that the ancestors of the Äynu were an Iranian-related nomadic people who came from Persia several hundred years ago or more,[6] while others conclude that the Persian vocabulary of the Äynu language is a result of Iranian languages being once the major trade languages of the region or Persian traders intermarrying with local women.[7]

The Äynu at some point converted to Islam in tandem with the Uyghurs. Tension with the Uyghurs and other Turkic peoples of the area resulted in them being pushed out to the less fertile region of the Tarim Basin near the Taklamakan Desert.[5]

The Äynu joined the rebellion of Yakub Beg around 1864 against Qing rule. In the 1930s, the Äynu joined the Kumul rebellion. After the establishment of the Communist state in 1949, certain ethnic groups were given recognition by the state and allowed more cultural freedom. The Äynu applied to be recognized as a distinct ethnic group but were rejected and the state chose to count them as Uyghurs instead.[5]

Language

Main article: Äynu language

The Äynu people's native language is Äynu, a Turkic language with a strong influence from Persian.[4] Äynu is usually only spoken at home, while Uyghur is spoken in public, by Äynu men and women alike.

Culture

Livelihood

The Äynu people engage mostly in agriculture, animal husbandry or work in the construction industry in the cities. A few also fish or hunt. In the past some were peddlers, circumcisers or beggars.[4][5]

Discrimination

There is a tradition of discrimination against the Äynu by their neighbors, who identify the Äynu as Abdal, a name which carries a derogatory meaning.[4] Intermarriage with their neighbors the Uyghur people is uncommon.[8] However, the Chinese government counts the Äynu people as Uyghur.[8]

Religion

The predominant religion of Äynu people is Alevi Islam [1][3][2] although a few profess Sunni Islam.[5] Pre-Islamic beliefs and rituals are still practiced by the Äynu. Tall poles resembling totem poles can be found in most Äynu villages. The bear is one animal that the Äynu greatly respect and images of it (along with other spirits) are commonly found on the earlier mentioned poles and play an important role in certain ceremonies.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b Louie, Kam (2008). The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Culture. Cambridge_University_Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0521863223.
  2. ^ a b "Mummy dearest : questions of identity in modern and ancient Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region". Alyssa Christine Bader Whitman_College p31. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  3. ^ a b Starr, S. Frederick (2004). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland: China's Muslim Borderland. Routledge. p. 303. ISBN 978-0765613189.
  4. ^ a b c d Johanson, Lars (2001). "Discoveries on the Turkic Linguistic Map" (Document). Stockholm: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. pp. 21–22. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |volume= ignored (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e f Minahan, James B. (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9781610690188.
  6. ^ Safran, William (1998). Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China. Routledge. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-7146-4921-4.
  7. ^ Matras, Yaron; Bakker, Peter (2003). The Mixed Language Debate: Theoretical and Empirical Advances. Walter de Gruyter. p. 9. ISBN 3-11-017776-5.
  8. ^ a b Gordon, Raymond G., Jr., ed. (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.). Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)


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