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=== Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR/3) ===
=== Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR/3) ===
The AVHRR/3 on the Advanced TIROS-N NOAA K-N series of polar orbiting meterological satellites is an improved instrument over previous AVHRRs. The AVHRR/3 adds a sixth channel and is a cross-track scanning instrument providing imaging and radiometric data in the visible, near-IR and infrared of the same area on the [[Earth]]. Data from the visible and near-IR channels provide information on vegetation, clouds, snow, and ice. Data from the near-IR and thermal channels provide information on the land and ocean surface temperature and radiative properties of clouds. Only five channels can be transmitted simultaneously with channels 3A and 3B being switched for day/night operation. The instrument produces data in [[High-resolution picture transmission|High Resolution Picture Transmission]] (HRPT) mode at 1.1 km resolution or in [[Automatic picture transmission|Automatic Picture Transmission]] (APT) mode at a reduced resolution of 4 km. The AVHRR/3 scans 55.4° per scan line on either side of the orbital track and scans 360 lines per minute. The six channels are: 1) channel 1, visible (0.58-0.68 µm); 2) channel 2, near-IR (0.725-1.0 µm); 3) channel 3A, near-IR (1.58-1.64 µm); 4) channel 3B, infrared (3.55-3.93 µm); 5) channel 4, infrared (10.3-11.3 µm); and 6) channel 5 (11.5-12.5 µm).<ref name="Instrument1">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1998-030A-01|title=AVHRR/3 1998-030A|publisher=NASA|date=14 May 2020|access-date=4 January 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
The AVHRR/3 on the Advanced TIROS-N NOAA K-N series of polar orbiting meterological satellites is an improved instrument over previous AVHRRs. The AVHRR/3 adds a sixth channel and is a cross-track scanning instrument providing imaging and radiometric data in the visible, near-IR and infrared of the same area on the [[Earth]]. Data from the visible and near-IR channels provide information on vegetation, clouds, snow, and ice. Data from the near-IR and thermal channels provide information on the land and ocean surface temperature and radiative properties of clouds. Only five channels can be transmitted simultaneously with channels 3A and 3B being switched for day/night operation. The instrument produces data in [[High-resolution picture transmission|High Resolution Picture Transmission]] (HRPT) mode at 1.1 km resolution or in [[Automatic picture transmission|Automatic Picture Transmission]] (APT) mode at a reduced resolution of 4 km. The AVHRR/3 scans 55.4° per scan line on either side of the orbital track and scans 360 lines per minute. The six channels are: 1) channel 1, visible (0.58-0.68 µm); 2) channel 2, near-IR (0.725-1.0 µm); 3) channel 3A, near-IR (1.58-1.64 µm); 4) channel 3B, infrared (3.55-3.93 µm); 5) channel 4, infrared (10.3-11.3 µm); and 6) channel 5 (11.5-12.5 µm).<ref name="Instrument1">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1998-030A-01|title=AVHRR/3 1998-030A|publisher=NASA|date=14 May 2020|access-date=4 January 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

=== High Resolution Infrared Sounder/3 (HIRS/3) ===
The improved High Resolution Infrared Sounder/3 (HIRS/3) on the Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) NOAA K-N series of polar orbiting meteorological satellites is a 20-channel, step-scanned, visible and IR spectrometer designed to provide atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles. The HIRS/3 instrument is basically identical to the HIRS/2 flown on previous spacecraft except for changes in six spectral bands to improve the sounding accuracy. The HIRS/3 is used to derive [[water vapor]], [[ozone]], and [[Liquid water content|cloud liquid water content]]. The instrument scans 49.5° on either side of the orbital track with a ground resolution at [[nadir]] of 17.4 km. The instrument produces 56 IFOVs for each 1,125 km scan line at 42 km between IFOVs along-track. The instrument consists of 19 IR and 1 visible channel centered at 14.95, 14.71, 14.49, 14.22, 13.97, 13.64, 13.35, 11.11, 9.71, 12.45, 7.33, 6.52, 4.57, 4.52, 4.47, 4.45, 4.13, 4.0, 3.76, and 0.69 µm.<ref name="Instrument2">{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1998-030A-02|title=HIRS/3 1998-030A|publisher=NASA|date=14 May 2020|access-date=4 January 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>





Revision as of 04:06, 4 January 2021

NOAA-15
Artist's impression of NOAA-15 in orbit
NamesNOAA-K
Mission typeWeather
OperatorNOAA
COSPAR ID1998-030A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.25338
Mission duration2 years (planned) [1]
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft typeTIROS
BusAdvanced TIROS-N
ManufacturerLockheed Martin
Launch mass2,232 kg (4,921 lb) [2]
Dry mass1,479 kg (3,261 lb)
Power833 watts [3]
Start of mission
Launch date13 May 1998, 15:52:04 UTC [4]
RocketTitan 23G Star-37XFP-ISS
(Titan 23G S/N G-12)
Launch siteVandenberg, SLC-4W
ContractorLockheed Martin
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric orbit [5]
RegimeSun-synchronous orbit
Perigee altitude808.0 km (502.1 mi)
Apogee altitude824.0 km (512.0 mi)
Inclination98.70°
Period101.20 minutes
← NOAA-14
NOAA-16 →

NOAA-15, also known as NOAA-K before launch, is an operational, polar-orbiting of the NASA-provided Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) series of weather forecasting satellite operated by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA-15 was the latest in the Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) series. It provided support to environmental monitoring by complementing the NOAA/NESS Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite program (GOES).[2]

Launch

It was launched by the Titan 23G launch vehicle on 13 May 1998 at 15:52:04 UTC from Vandenberg Air Force Base, at Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4 (SLW-4W), NOAA-15 replaced the decommissioned NOAA-12 in an afternoon equator-crossing orbit and is in 2021 semi-operational, in a Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), 808.0 km above the Earth, orbiting every 101.20 minutes.[5]

Spacecraft

The goal of the NOAA/NESS polar orbiting program is to provide output products used in meteorological prediction and warning, oceanographic and hydrologic services, and space environment monitoring. The NOAA-I Advanced TIROS-N spacecraft is based on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP Block 5D) spacecraft and is modified version of the TIROS-N spacecraft (NOAA-1 to NOAA-5). The spacecraft structure consists of four components: 1° the Reaction System Support (RSS); 2° the Equipment Support Module (ESM), which has been expanded from the TIROS-N design; 3° the Instrument Mounting Platform (IMP); and 4° the Solar Array (SA).[2]

Instruments

All of the instruments are located on the ESM and the IMP. The spacecraft power is provided by a direct energy transfer system from the single solar array which consists of eight panels of solar cells. The power system for the Advanced TIROS-N has been upgraded from the previous TIROS-N design. The in-orbit Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem (ADACS) provides three-axis pointing control by controlling torque in three mutually orthogonal momentum wheels with input from the Earth Sensor Assembly (ESA) for pitch, roll, and yaw updates. The ADACS controls the spacecraft attitude so that orientation of the three axes is maintained to within ± 0.2° and pitch, roll, and yaw to within 0.1°. The ADACS consists of the Earth Sensor Assembly (ESA), the Sun Sensor Assembly (SSA), four Reaction Wheel Assemblies (RWA), two roll/yaw coils (RYC), two pitch torqueing coils (PTC), four gyros, and computer software for data processing.[6]

Instruments were flown for imaging and measurement of the atmosphere of Earth, its surface, and cloud cover, including Earth radiation, atmospheric ozone, aerosol distribution, sea surface temperature, vertical temperature and water profiles in the troposphere and stratosphere; measurement of proton and electron flux at orbit altitude, and remote platform data collection, and for SARSAT. They included: 1° an improved six-channel Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR/3); 2° an improved High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS/3); 3° the Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking System (SARSAT), which consists of the Search and Rescue Repeater (SARR) and the Search and Rescue Processor (SARP-2); 4° the French/CNES-provided improved ARGOS Data Collection System (DCS-2); and 5° the Advanced Microwave Sounding Units (AMSUs), which replaced the previous MSU and SSU instruments to become the first in the NOAA series to support dedicated microwave measurements of temperature, moisture, surface and hydrological studies in cloudy regions where visible and infrared instruments have decreased capability.[7]

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR/3)

The AVHRR/3 on the Advanced TIROS-N NOAA K-N series of polar orbiting meterological satellites is an improved instrument over previous AVHRRs. The AVHRR/3 adds a sixth channel and is a cross-track scanning instrument providing imaging and radiometric data in the visible, near-IR and infrared of the same area on the Earth. Data from the visible and near-IR channels provide information on vegetation, clouds, snow, and ice. Data from the near-IR and thermal channels provide information on the land and ocean surface temperature and radiative properties of clouds. Only five channels can be transmitted simultaneously with channels 3A and 3B being switched for day/night operation. The instrument produces data in High Resolution Picture Transmission (HRPT) mode at 1.1 km resolution or in Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) mode at a reduced resolution of 4 km. The AVHRR/3 scans 55.4° per scan line on either side of the orbital track and scans 360 lines per minute. The six channels are: 1) channel 1, visible (0.58-0.68 µm); 2) channel 2, near-IR (0.725-1.0 µm); 3) channel 3A, near-IR (1.58-1.64 µm); 4) channel 3B, infrared (3.55-3.93 µm); 5) channel 4, infrared (10.3-11.3 µm); and 6) channel 5 (11.5-12.5 µm).[8]

High Resolution Infrared Sounder/3 (HIRS/3)

The improved High Resolution Infrared Sounder/3 (HIRS/3) on the Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) NOAA K-N series of polar orbiting meteorological satellites is a 20-channel, step-scanned, visible and IR spectrometer designed to provide atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles. The HIRS/3 instrument is basically identical to the HIRS/2 flown on previous spacecraft except for changes in six spectral bands to improve the sounding accuracy. The HIRS/3 is used to derive water vapor, ozone, and cloud liquid water content. The instrument scans 49.5° on either side of the orbital track with a ground resolution at nadir of 17.4 km. The instrument produces 56 IFOVs for each 1,125 km scan line at 42 km between IFOVs along-track. The instrument consists of 19 IR and 1 visible channel centered at 14.95, 14.71, 14.49, 14.22, 13.97, 13.64, 13.35, 11.11, 9.71, 12.45, 7.33, 6.52, 4.57, 4.52, 4.47, 4.45, 4.13, 4.0, 3.76, and 0.69 µm.[9]


Mission

Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) transmission frequency is 137.62 MHz. Due to problems with the S-band transmitter high-gain antennas, NOAA-15 has been configured for High-Resolution Picture Transmission (HRPT) using the S-Band Transmitter #2 (1702.5 MHz) omnidirectional antenna.[10]

Failure of the AVHRR scanning motor

On 22 July 2019, NOAA-15 began transmitting corrupt data.[11] The cause appears to be instability of the scanning motor for the AVHRR sensor.[12] According to an official release from NOAA, on 23 July 2019 at 04:00 UTC, the current draw of that motor spiked, as did the motor temperature. Additionally, the sensor stopped producing data. NOAA says this is consistent with a motor stall, and could be permanent.[12] On 25 July 2019, the AVHRR motor spontaneously recovered. On 30 July 2019, the AVHRR motor suffered another failure consistent with motor stall.[13] As per the previous statement by NOAA, recovery is unlikely.

Official statement from NOAA

As of ~00:00 UTC on 30 July 2019 (Day of year (DOY) 211), the AVHRR motor current has once again started spiking, becoming saturated above 302 mA at ~06:00 UTC. The instrument is once again no longer producing data and may be stalled. The current plan is to leave the instrument powered as this issue may be intermittent.

References

  1. ^ Krebs, Gunter. "NOAA 15, 16, 17 (NOAA K, L, M)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  2. ^ a b c "Display: NOAA-15 1998-030A". NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ "UCS Satellite Database". Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  4. ^ McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  5. ^ a b "Trajectory: NOAA-15 1998-030A". NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ "Display: NOAA 14 1994-089A". NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ^ "NOAA-N Prime" (PDF). NP-2008-10-056-GSFC. NASA GSFC. 16 December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2010. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ^ "AVHRR/3 1998-030A". NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. ^ "HIRS/3 1998-030A". NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ^ NOAA 15 Spacecraft Status Summary Archived May 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ^ "SR1GEO GS Satellite Observation 13711".
  12. ^ a b "NOAA-15 AVHRR Scan Motor Current Increase Event". Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  13. ^ "NOAA 15 satellite observation". SR1GEO Satellite Images. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
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