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Portable Document Format (PDF), standardized as ISO 32000, is a file format developed by Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting...

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet editor developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android, iOS and iPadOS. It features calculation or computation capabilities...

Google Chrome is a web browser developed by Google. It was first released in 2008 for Microsoft Windows, built with free software components from Apple...

iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system developed by Apple exclusively for its smartphones. It was unveiled in January 2007 for the first-generation...

Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide communications security over a computer network. The protocol is widely...

Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage (cloud storage) and computing power, without direct...

Adobe Photoshop is a raster graphics editor developed and published by Adobe for Windows and macOS. It was originally created in 1987 by Thomas and John...

Ubuntu (/ʊˈbʊntuː/ uu-BUUN-too) is a Linux distribution derived from Debian and composed mostly of free and open-source software. Ubuntu is officially...

A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on or provided by network nodes. Computers use common communication protocols over digital...

Windows 10 is a major release of Microsoft's Windows NT operating system. It is the direct successor to Windows 8.1, which was released nearly two years...

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation, pronounced /ˈdʒeɪsən/ or /ˈdʒeɪˌsɒn/) is an open standard file format and data interchange format that uses human-readable...

JSTOR (/ˈdʒeɪstɔːr/ JAY-stor; short for Journal Storage) is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary sources founded in 1994. Originally...

Computer security (also cybersecurity, digital security, or information technology (IT) security) is the protection of computer systems and networks from...

A programming language is a system of notation for writing computer programs. Programming languages are described in terms of their syntax (form) and semantics...

Portable Network Graphics (PNG, officially pronounced /pɪŋ/ PING, colloquially pronounced /ˌpiːɛnˈdʒiː/ PEE-en-JEE) is a raster-graphics file format that...

Skype (/skaɪp/) is a proprietary telecommunications application operated by Skype Technologies, a division of Microsoft, best known for VoIP-based videotelephony...

Tor is a free overlay network for enabling anonymous communication. Built on free and open-source software and more than seven thousand volunteer-operated...

JPEG (/ˈdʒeɪpɛɡ/ JAY-peg, short for Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for...

ASCII (/ˈæskiː/ ASS-kee),: 6  an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication...

Outlook.com, formerly Hotmail, is a free personal email service offered by Microsoft. This includes a webmail interface featuring mail, calendaring, contacts...