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Second impeachment of Donald Trump

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See also: First impeachment of Donald Trump
Second impeachment of Donald Trump
The House of Representatives votes to adopt the article of impeachment (H.Res. 24)
AccusedDonald Trump, President of the United States
Proponents
DateJanuary 13, 2021 – ongoing (3 years, 7 months and 24 days)
Charges
Cause
Congressional votes
Voting in the U.S. House of Representatives
AccusationIncitement of insurrection
Votes in favor232
Votes against197
Present0
Not voting4
ResultApproved
Introduced by Representatives David Cicilline, Ted Lieu, and Jamie Raskin
This article is part of
a series about
Donald Trump
Business and personal
45th President of the United States
Tenure
Policies
Appointments
Presidential campaigns
Impeachments
Prosecutions
Interactions involving Russia
COVID-19 pandemic
Donald Trump's signature
Seal of the President of the United States

The second impeachment of Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States, occurred on January 13, 2021, one week before his term was due to expire. Trump's impeachment by the House of Representatives came after his attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election; the adopted article of "incitement of insurrection" cited his January 2 phone call with Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger and alleged that Trump incited the storming of the United States Capitol on January 6.[1] He is the only U.S. president and the only holder of any federal office to have been impeached twice, having been previously impeached in December 2019 for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress.[2][3]

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said the House would impeach Trump for instigating "an armed insurrection against America" if his Cabinet did not strip him of his powers and duties using the 25th Amendment.[4] On January 11, Pelosi gave Vice President Mike Pence an ultimatum to invoke the 25th Amendment within 24 hours or the House would proceed with impeachment proceedings.[5] On January 12, in a letter to Pelosi, Pence made it clear that he would not invoke Section 4 of the 25th Amendment, arguing that doing so would not "be in the best interest of our Nation or consistent with our Constitution".[6] Nevertheless, a majority of the House of Representatives, including one Republican, passed a resolution urging Pence to either invoke the 25th Amendment or have the House majority impeach Trump.[7]

On January 11, 2021, a single article of impeachment charging Trump with "incitement of insurrection" against the U.S. government and "lawless action at the Capitol" was introduced to the House of Representatives.[1] The article was introduced with more than 200 co-sponsors.[8]

Trump's impeachment marked the fourth impeachment of a president in U.S. history, the first being the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in 1868, and the second being the impeachment of Bill Clinton in 1999. With ten Republican representatives voting support, the resolution received the most pro-impeachment votes ever from the president's party and is thus the most bipartisan presidential impeachment in history.[9] This was also the first presidential impeachment in which all members of the majority caucus voted unanimously for impeachment. If the Senate holds a trial and a two-thirds majority of senators vote to convict Trump, he would be either the first president in U.S. history to be removed from office by impeachment or the first former president to be convicted by the Senate. Either result would trigger a second vote in which a simple majority in the Senate is needed to permanently disqualify Trump from holding public office in the United States.[10]

Background

Main article: 2021 storming of the United States Capitol

In early January 2021, President Trump was criticized for his various actions in his attempt to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election. On January 2, he telephoned Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger to pressure him to overturn the state's election results.

On January 6, 2021, Trump spoke at the March to Save America rally on the National Mall, where his speech was filled with violent imagery,[11] and Trump suggested that his supporters had the power to prevent President-elect Joe Biden from taking office.[12]

When the United States Congress convened to certify the electoral votes of the presidential election, supporters of Trump crossed the Mall and stormed the United States Capitol in an attempt to prevent the tabulation of votes and protest Biden's win. Protestors unlawfully entered the U.S. Capitol Building and gathered on both its eastern and western fronts, including on the inaugural platform constructed for Biden's inauguration.[13] Five people, including a United States Capitol Police officer, died as a result of the riots, while several improvised explosive devices were found on and near the Capitol grounds.[14][15] Another Capitol police officer who was on duty during the riots died by suicide days later.[16] During the riots, Trump was "initially pleased" by the attack on the Capitol and took no action.[17] In a speech hours into the event, Trump told the rioters "We love you. You're very special," and restated his false claims of electoral fraud.[18] Hours later, Congress reconvened and ultimately certified the electoral votes in the early morning hours of January 7. Trump then released a statement asserting that there will be an "orderly transition" of power on Inauguration Day, amounting to a concession precisely two months after Biden's win.[19]

Considered scenarios

Four scenarios for the removal of Trump from office had been posited by members of Congress, members of Trump's cabinet, political commentators, or legal scholars: resignation, invocation of the 14th Amendment, invocation of the 25th Amendment, or impeachment and conviction.

Resignation

See also: Richard Nixon's resignation speech

The President of the United States can resign from office, in which case the Vice President would automatically become president, instead of merely assuming the powers and duties of the presidency as acting president. While Article II of the Constitution states that the "Powers and Duties" of the president devolve to the vice president in the event of the president's death, resignation, incapacity or removal, John Tyler interpreted that provision as allowing the Vice President to ascend to the presidency in such cases, without any qualifications. This practice was codified in 1967, with the passage of the 25th Amendment.

If Trump were to resign, Vice President Mike Pence would become the 46th president of the United States; he would be the shortest-serving president ever, being in office for up to just -1325 days before handing power to Joe Biden as the 47th president on January 20. This would surpass the record of William Henry Harrison, who died 31 days into his term. It would be the second time in history that a president would be forced to resign; the first was the 1974 resignation of Richard Nixon when it appeared inevitable that he would be impeached and removed from office for his role in the Watergate scandal.

Due to intense pressure on his administration, the threat of removal, and numerous resignations, Trump committed to an orderly transition of power in a televised speech on January 7.[20] In the White House on January 8, Trump mentioned that he was not considering resignation.[21] Trump made other similar comments the following week and gave no indication that he was worried about leaving early or a removal. Trump also predicted that it was, to him, a pointless endeavor since the soon-to-be Democratic-controlled Senate, currently in Republican hands, would never convict him in another impeachment trial, and asked advisers if they agreed with him.[21] On January 9, The New York Times reported that Trump told White House aides that he regretted his statement committing to an "orderly" transition of power and that there was no chance he would resign from office.[22]

14th Amendment

The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is one of the Reconstruction Amendments. It addresses citizenship rights and equal protection under the law and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. Section 3 states that a person who participated in insurrection after having taken an oath to support the Constitution is disqualified from office unless permitted by Congress.

Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez was one of the House Democrats that supported invoking the 14th Amendment against Trump. In a letter, Pelosi thanked her colleagues for their contributions to discussions on the 14th Amendment.[23]

If Trump were to be removed from office under Section 3 of the 14th Amendment, Pence would become the 46th president of the United States, and he would still be the shortest-serving president ever before handing power to Joe Biden as the 47th president on January 20. It would also be the first time that Section 3 of the 14th Amendment was invoked since 1919 when it stopped Victor L. Berger, convicted of violating the Espionage Act for his anti-militarist views, from taking his seat in the House of Representatives.[24] It would also be the first time that it would be invoked on a sitting president, and was seen as especially unlikely.[25]

25th Amendment

The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution deals with presidential succession and disability. Though the amendment thus far has been used in medical situations, Section 4 provides that the vice president, together with a majority of Cabinet secretaries, may declare the president unable to carry out his duties, after which the vice president immediately assumes the duties of the president.

If Section 4 of the 25th Amendment action is carried out, it would make Pence the acting president, assuming the "powers and duties of the office" of the president. Trump would remain president for the rest of his term, albeit stripped of all authority. Section 4 of the 25th Amendment has not been invoked before.[26][27] Pence, who would be required to initiate removal, has stated that he would not invoke the 25th Amendment against Trump.[28] The 25th Amendment, however, was initially created for the case where the President was incapacitated.

Impeachment and conviction

Main article: Impeachment in the United States

Impeachment begins in the House of Representatives, where articles of impeachment are drawn up. These articles are then voted on by House members. Each article is voted on separately, and requires a simple majority to pass. Once an article has been passed in the House, the president has been impeached. The articles are then sent to the Senate for adjudication with an impeachment trial. After views have been laid out in the trial, the Senate moves to vote on conviction. Each article requires a two-thirds majority of Senators present to pass. If an article passes in the Senate, the president has been convicted, and is removed from office. Once the president is convicted, a further vote may then be held which determines whether the (now-former) president is barred from holding future office; this vote passes with a simple majority in the Senate.[29][30]

If impeachment and conviction were to occur before Trump's term ends, it would make Pence the 46th president with immediate effect, and Trump the first president in United States history to be convicted in an impeachment trial. Because the Senate is not scheduled to reconvene until January 19, 2021,[31] discussions have taken place around possibly convicting Trump in the Senate after he leaves office, leaving open the possibility of permanently restricting a convicted former president from ever holding public office. However, this has never been constitutionally tested, except for the 1876 trader post scandal, which saw Secretary of War William W. Belknap impeached by the House even after he had already resigned, although he was acquitted by the Senate.[10] As with a resignation, Pence would serve as the shortest-tenured president in American history if Trump were convicted before his term ends before handing power to Biden as the 47th president on January 20.

Invoking the 25th Amendment

On the evening of January 6, CBS News reported that Cabinet members were discussing invoking the 25th Amendment.[32] The ten Democrats on the House Judiciary Committee, led by U.S. Representative David Cicilline, sent a letter to Pence to "emphatically urge" him to invoke the 25th Amendment and declare Trump "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office", claiming that he incited and condoned the riots.[33][34] For invocation, Pence and at least eight Cabinet members, forming a simple majority, would have to consent. Additionally, if challenged by Trump, the second invocation would maintain Pence as acting president, subject to a vote of approval in both houses of Congress, with a two-thirds supermajority necessary in each chamber to sustain. However, Congress would not need to act before January 20 for Pence to remain acting president until Biden is inaugurated, per the timeline described in Section 4.

Senator Elizabeth Warren (D–MA) accused Education Secretary Betsy DeVos in a tweet of quitting rather than supporting efforts to invoke the 25th Amendment to remove Trump.[35] A Trump administration official disputed Warren's claim.[35] House majority whip Jim Clyburn on Friday accused DeVos and Transportation Secretary Elaine Chao of "running away from their responsibility" by resigning from President Trump's Cabinet before invoking the 25th Amendment to remove him from office.[36] Multiple news agencies reported that DeVos was in discussions to invoke the 25th Amendment prior to her resignation.[35] According to an advisor, DeVos decided to resign because she believed that it would not be possible to remove Trump from office under the 25th Amendment, after learning that Vice President Mike Pence opposed calls to invoke the 25th Amendment to oust Trump from office before January 20.[35] By late January 9, it was reported that Pence had not ruled out invoking the 25th Amendment and was actively considering it.[37][needs update]

The House Rules Committee met on January 12, 2021, to vote on a non-binding resolution calling on Pence to invoke the 25th Amendment.[8] Pence later reiterated his position of not invoking the 25th Amendment, according to a letter sent to Pelosi late on January 12. In it, he stated that the 25th Amendment was intended for presidential incapacity or disability and invoking Section 4 to punish and usurp President Trump in the middle of a presidential transition would undermine and set a terrible precedent for the stability of the executive branch and the United States federal government.[38]

On the same day, the House of Representatives voted to call for Pence to invoke the 25th Amendment. The resolution passed with 223 in favor, 205 against, and 5 not voting (all Republicans);[a] Adam Kinzinger was the only Republican to join a unified Democratic Caucus.[39]

Raskin bill

House Resolution 21—Calling on Vice President Michael R. Pence to convene and mobilize the principal officers of the executive departments of the Cabinet to activate section 4 of the 25th Amendment to declare President Donald J. Trump incapable of executing the duties of his office and to immediately exercise powers as acting president.

The 25th Amendment allows Congress to establish a committee to determine when a president is unfit to serve (section 4 of the Amendment provides that the "declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office" is made by "the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments [i.e., the Cabinet] or of such other body as Congress may by law provide").[40] However, such a committee has never been established. In May 2017, Representative Jamie Raskin (D–MD-8) introduced legislation to create a standing, independent, nonpartisan body, called the Oversight Commission on Presidential Capacity, to make such a determination. The bill had 20 cosponsors.[41]

In October 2020, Raskin and Pelosi introduced a similar bill to create a Commission on Presidential Capacity to Discharge the Powers and Duties of Office, to have 17 members – four physicians, four psychiatrists, four retired Republican statespersons, and four retired Democratic statespersons appointed by congressional leaders (the Speaker of the House, House Minority Leader, Senate Majority Leader, and Senate Minority Leader). The bill defines "retired statespersons" as former presidents, vice presidents, attorneys general, secretaries of state, defense secretaries, Treasury secretaries, and surgeons general. The committee chair would be appointed by the other members. The bill provides that no members of the commission could be a current elected official, federal employee, or active or reserve military personnel, a measure intended to avoid conflicts of interest and chain-of-command problems. A majority of the commission (nine members), plus the vice president, would need to support invoking the 25th Amendment. The bill had 38 cosponsors.[42] While the bill has received renewed interest since the Capitol incident, as with any other bill it would require passage by both houses of Congress and consideration by the president for the commission to be formed and consider invocation of section 4.

Impeachment

See also: Impeachment in the United States

Drafted articles of impeachment

Within hours of the storming of the Capitol, multiple members of Congress began to call for the impeachment of Donald Trump as president. Several representatives began the process of independently drafting various articles of impeachment. Of these attempts, the first to become public were those of Representative Ilhan Omar (D–MN-5) who began drafting articles of impeachment on January 7.[43] In the early hours of the morning on January 8, Omar posted an excerpt of draft articles of impeachment on her Twitter account, the documents stating that "every single hour that Donald Trump remains in office, our country, our democracy, and our national security remain in danger."[44][45] "Article I" concerns the January 2, 2021, Trump–Raffensperger phone call during which Trump "repeatedly asked Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger to overturn the finalized and verified results of the November 2020 presidential election in the State of Georgia".[45] "Article II" concerns Trump's behavior on January 6, 2021, in which he encouraged travel to Washington, D.C. "with the sole purpose of inciting violence and obstructing Congress in engaging in its constitutionally mandated legislative business of certifying the electoral college results of the 2020 election".[46]

Representative David Cicilline (D–RI-1) separately drafted an article of impeachment. The text was obtained by CNN on January 8.[47] On Twitter, Cicilline acknowledged the coauthorship of Ted Lieu and Jamie Raskin,[48] and said that "more than 110" members had signed on to this article.[49] "Article I: Incitement of Insurrection" accuses Trump of having "willfully made statements that encouraged—and foreseeably resulted in—imminent lawless action at the Capitol".[50] As a result of incitement by Trump, "a mob unlawfully breached the Capitol" and "engaged in violent, deadly, destructive, and seditious acts".[51] On January 10, it was announced that the bill had gathered 210 cosponsors in the House.[52]

Article of impeachment introduced

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

On January 11, 2021, U.S. Representatives David Cicilline, along with Jamie Raskin and Ted Lieu, introduced an article of impeachment against Trump, charging Trump with "incitement of insurrection" in urging his supporters to march on the Capitol building. The article contended that Trump made a number of statements that "encouraged–and foreseeably resulted in–lawless action" that interfered with Congress' constitutional duty to certify the election. It argued that by his actions, Trump "threatened the integrity of the democratic system, interfered with the peaceful transition of power, and imperiled a coequal branch of Government," doing so in a way that rendered him "a threat to national security, democracy, and the Constitution" if he were allowed to complete his term.[8][53] By the time it was introduced, 218 of the 222 House Democrats had signed on as cosponsors, assuring its passage.[54] Trump was impeached in a vote on January 13, 2021; ten Republicans, including House Republican Conference chairwoman Liz Cheney, joined all of the Democrats in supporting the article.

On January 12, with the article's passage assured, Pelosi named Raskin, Lieu, Cicilline, Diana DeGette, Joaquin Castro, Eric Swalwell, Joe Neguse, Madeleine Dean, and Stacey Plaskett to be managers in a Senate conviction trial, with Raskin as lead manager.[55] The managers were chosen for their expertise in constitutional law, civil rights, and criminal justice. Raskin is a former constitutional law professor at American University. Lieu is a former military prosecutor in the United States Air Force. Cicilline is a former public defender. Swalwell was a former prosecutor in California. DeGette is a former civil rights attorney. Castro, Neguse, Dean and Plaskett are all lawyers in private practice.[56]

House vote

Speaker Nancy Pelosi signs the article of impeachment following passage by the House.
style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #3333FF;" data-sort-value="Democratic Party (United States)" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #E81B23;" data-sort-value="Republican Party (United States)" |
Voting results on House Resolution 24[57]
(impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors)
Party Article I (incitement of insurrection)
Yea Nay Present Not voting
Democratic (222) 222 - - -
Republican (211)
10
 197 -
4
Total (433)[b] 232 197 - 4
Result Adopted[c]

Senate trial

Main article: Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump

As of January 14, 2021, it is unknown if or when a Senate impeachment trial will take place. The Senate is not scheduled to come back into session until January 19, one day before Biden's inauguration. House Majority Whip Jim Clyburn suggested that the House will not send the article of impeachment to the Senate within Biden's first 100 days as president.[58]

Senator Tom Cotton issued a press release claiming that the Senate lacks the Constitutional authority to conduct an impeachment trial of a former president.[59] However, legal scholars Brian C. Kalt and Frank O. Bowman, III say "there is strong historical evidence" for the concept of impeaching an official who has already left office, what is technically termed "late impeachment." Ten states "between 1776 and 1787" mentioned impeachment in their constitutions, and half of those "specifically permitted late impeachment; no state explicitly forbade it."[60]

Opinions

Support

By January 8, 2021, more than 200 members of Congress had called for Trump to be either impeached or removed through the methods outlined in the 25th Amendment, which could be effectuated more quickly.[61] Others from media and political organizations have also expressed support for such actions. Any impeachment by the House of Representatives would, for removal, require a trial and conviction in the Senate, with the concurrence of two-thirds of Senators present and voting, during which time Trump would remain in office. As of January 8, the extent of support among Senators for an impeachment process is unclear, particularly given the length of time necessary to organize a trial and the short duration remaining of Trump's presidency.[62]

Federal elected officials

At least 200[61][63] members of Congress have called for Trump to be impeached or stripped of his powers and duties under the 25th Amendment.[64] Other House members, as well as several state officials, have called for Trump's immediate removal by Congress under the 25th Amendment.[65][66][67][68] On January 6, four "senior Republican elected officials" told CNN that they believe Trump should be removed via the 25th Amendment, while two other Republican elected officials said Trump should be removed via impeachment.[68] On January 11, 24 former Republican members of Congress came out in support of impeachment.[69]

House Democrats

The day of the attack, many House Democrats, including Seth Moulton, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, and Katherine Clark, called for Trump's immediate impeachment and removal by Congress, or via the 25th Amendment.[65][66][64][70] Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi, a Democrat, has urged the removal of Trump via the 25th Amendment, and announced she was prepared to vote on articles of impeachment if this does not happen.[71] Pelosi said Trump is "a very dangerous person who should not continue in office".[72] In vowing to impeach Trump again if his cabinet does not remove him themselves, Pelosi said Trump "incited an armed insurrection against America" and that "the gleeful desecration of the U.S. Capitol, which is the temple of our American democracy, and the violence targeting Congress are horrors that will forever stain our nation's history – instigated by the president."[4]

On January 6, Representatives Ted Lieu and Charlie Crist called on Vice President Mike Pence to remove Trump via the 25th Amendment.[67][73]

House Republicans

The first House Republican to call outright for Trump's removal from office was Adam Kinzinger; he tweeted in favor of the 25th Amendment the day after the riot.[74][75]

On January 8, CNN reported that two Republican members of the House, whom they did not name, said they would consider voting for impeachment. One explained: "We experienced the attack; we don't need long hearings on what happened."[76] Subsequently, Kinzinger, as well as John Katko, Liz Cheney, Jaime Herrera Beutler, Fred Upton, and Dan Newhouse[77] indicated they would vote in favor of impeachment; other House Republicans openly considering voting for impeachment included Peter Meijer (as of a January 11 statement).[78][79][80] Anthony Gonzalez posted a statement expressing support for impeachment to Twitter during the vote.[81] Ultimately, ten Republicans voted to impeach, including Katko, Kinzinger, Upton, Beutler, Newhouse, Meijer, Cheney and Gonzalez, as well as David Valadao of California and Tom Rice of South Carolina.[82] Four Republicans did not vote. Liz Cheney released a strong statement in support of the impeachment, which was also prominently quoted in the closing argument by House majority leader Steny Hoyer, stating that "the president of the United States summoned this mob, assembled the mob, and lit the flame of this attack. Everything that followed was his doing. (...) There has never been a greater betrayal by a President of the United States of his office and his oath to the Constitution."[83]

Senate Democrats

By January 7, Democrat Chuck Schumer, the Senate Minority Leader, had called for Trump's immediate removal from office,[84] as had many other Democratic members of the U.S. Senate.[who?][61]

On Monday, January 11, Senator Joe Manchin (D-WV) said that he thought the plan to vote on impeachment that week was "ill-advised", since there was no path to conviction by the Senate. He said Congress could move forward with impeachment after the inauguration of President-elect Biden.[85]

Senate Republicans

On January 8, Republican senator Ben Sasse said he was willing to consider an impeachment because Trump had violated his oath of office.[86]

As of January 9, no Republican senators were publicly calling for Trump's removal from office, according to CNN.[75] However, two Republican senators have called for his voluntary resignation. On January 8, Republican senator Lisa Murkowski of Alaska called on Trump to resign immediately, stating: "I want him out. He has caused enough damage."[87][88] Murkowski suggested that she might declare herself an Independent, as, "if the Republican Party has become nothing more than the party of Trump, I sincerely question whether this is the party for me."[89] Republican senator Pat Toomey of Pennsylvania stated on January 9 that he thinks President Trump "committed impeachable offenses" and that his Republican colleagues should be "soul searching" about their own involvement,[90] but he would not say how he plans to vote if the matter comes to a Senate trial.[91] On January 10, Toomey said that "the best way for our country" would be for Trump "to resign and go away as soon as possible".[92]

Although Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell was said to believe (as reported January 12) that Trump had committed impeachable crimes and that an impeachment proceeding would make it easier for Republicans to purge Trump's influence from the party,[93] nonetheless, as of January 13, McConnell was unwilling to convene the Senate early to hold the trial. The Senate will convene on January 19, entailing that Trump will finish out his term and that any Senate trial of Trump will begin after Biden's inauguration.[94] On January 13, McConnell told his fellow senators that he had not yet decided whether he would vote to convict Trump and that he would listen to the arguments during the trial.[95] McConnell and Trump reportedly had not spoken at least since the January 6 riot, or, according to another source, since the previous month when McConnell acknowledged Biden's victory.[96]

State elected officials

Current governors and lieutenant governors

The following governors and lieutenant governors have said that Trump should be removed from office:

Former governors

Administration positions

Federal employees

About 175 career diplomats in the State Department, mostly lawyers, called on Mike Pompeo to support consultations with other cabinet officials on possibly invoking the 25th Amendment to remove the president from office. The cable stated that the president's actions undermined U.S. foreign policy and democratic institutions.[111]

Former administration officials

Former Secretary of Homeland Security John F. Kelly, who left Trump's Cabinet in 2019, said that if he had still been part of the administration during the storming of the Capitol, he would have supported Trump's removal from office.[112]

Historians, scholars, and commentators

More than 300 historians and constitutional scholars signed an open letter calling for Trump to be impeached and removed from office; the letter was posted online on January 11.[113][114]

Yoni Appelbaum (The Atlantic), David French (Time), Austin Sarat, David Frum (The Atlantic),[115] Tom Nichols (USA Today), David Landau, Rosalind Dixon, and Bret Stephens (The New York Times) called for the impeachment of Trump the second time and for him to be disqualified from public office.[116][117][118][119][120][121] Mary L. Trump, the President's niece, said she thought her uncle should be barred from ever running for office again.[122]

Several conservative commentators, including Meghan McCain, Rod Dreher, Daniel Larison (The American Conservative), John Podhoretz (Commentary), Tiana Lowe and Eddie Scarry (Washington Examiner) expressed their support for the impeachment and/or the invocation of the 25th Amendment to remove Trump from office.[123][124][125][126][127][128] Matthew Continetti, writing in the National Review, also called for Trump's removal from office.[129]

Progressive commentators John Nichols (The Nation) and Matt Ford (The New Republic) also called for Trump to be impeached and disqualified perpetually from public office.[130][131] Juan Williams (Fox News) wrote, "Arrest the rioters; impeach Trump" in a column in The Hill.[132]

Calling the armed storming of the Capitol an "act of sedition", The Washington Post editorial board wrote that Trump's "continued tenure in office poses a grave threat to U.S. democracy" as well as to public order and national security, and called for Pence to immediately begin the 25th Amendment process to declare Trump "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office" so that Pence could serve until Biden's inauguration on January 20.[133] In its first-ever staff editorial, The Dispatch stated that Trump "must be removed" for abusing his office, violating the public trust, and inciting "a violent attack on the Capitol and Congress".[134] The Financial Times editorial board called for Trump to be "held accountable for storming the Capitol".[135] The Wall Street Journal editorial board invited Trump to resign, calling his acts "impeachable" and stating that the President had "crossed a constitutional line that Mr. Trump hasn’t previously crossed".[136]

Other organizations

The Lincoln Project, a political action committee formed by anti-Trump Republicans and former Republicans, called for the House of Representatives and the Senate to "immediately impeach Donald Trump for directing and provoking this attack".[137]

The National Association of Manufacturers also requested Pence to "seriously consider" invoking the 25th Amendment.[138]

Freedom House issued a press release calling for the immediate removal of President Trump, through resignation, the 25th Amendment, or impeachment.[139]

The American Civil Liberties Union called for Trump's impeachment for the second time.[140]

March for Science circulated an online petition calling for Trump to be removed immediately via the 25th Amendment.[141]

Crowell & Moring LLP, a large Washington, D.C., law firm, circulated a letter among the nation's largest law firms calling for Trump's ouster under Section 4 of the Constitution's 25th Amendment. At least 18 other law firms, including DLA Piper, Foley Hoag, and Hanson Bridgett joined this call.[142][143]

Opposition

Senate

On January 8, Senator Lindsey Graham (R–SC) tweeted that impeachment "will do more harm than good".[144] In a follow-up tweet, he implied that Pelosi and Schumer wanted to impeach Trump because they were concerned about their own political survival.[145]

On January 12, Senator Tim Scott (R-SC) tweeted "An impeachment vote will only lead to more hate and a deeply fractured nation. I oppose impeaching President Trump."[146]

Others

Retired Harvard Law School professor Alan Dershowitz, who represented Trump during his first impeachment and had endorsed Biden for president in the 2020 election,[147] opposes another impeachment. He stated that Trump "has not committed a constitutionally impeachable offense" and that he "would be honored to once again defend the Constitution against partisan efforts to weaponize it for political purposes".[148]

George Washington University Law School professor Jonathan Turley wrote an op-ed in The Hill in which he argued that this new impeachment effort would "damage the constitution". While Turley condemns Trump's remarks, he stated that Trump's speech "would be viewed as protected speech by the Supreme Court". He also noted that Trump "never actually called for violence or riots" and pointed to other remarks made by congressional Democrats last year that similarly encouraged protests that turned violent.[149]

Former National Security Advisor John Bolton called for Trump's resignation;[150] however, he argued against both invocation of the 25th Amendment and impeachment, claiming that it was a "very bad idea", that the 25th Amendment was the "worst drafted" section of the Constitution, and would lead to "two competing presidencies" if invoked and challenged by Trump.[151]

As a counter to the push for impeachment, House Republicans introduced a resolution to censure Trump, sponsored by Brian Fitzpatrick with original cosponsors Tom Reed, Young Kim, John Curtis, Peter Meijer, and Fred Upton; Meijer and Upton announced they would also support impeachment.[152][153][154]

After the storming of the U.S. Capitol, Ohio Governor Mike DeWine stated that impeachment was not a wise idea, saying "...if that were to occur more people would be inflamed," along with ”There would be less trust in the whole system. We only got two more weeks and the next president will take place at 12 noon on January 20, two weeks to go and that will be it.”[155]

On January 12, Trump described the impeachment charge as a "witch hunt" that was "causing tremendous anger" among his supporters.[156]

Public opinion polls

Public opinion polls of impeachment[157]
Pollster Sample size Margin of error Support Oppose Date Citation
YouGov 1,448 ±3.3% 50% 42% January 6, 2021 [158]
Axios/Ipsos 536 ±4.6% 51% 49% January 6–7, 2021 [159]
PBS/Marist 875 ±4.8% 48% 49% January 7, 2021 [160]
ABC/Ipsos 570 ±3.7% 56% 43% January 8–9, 2021 [161]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Republican representatives who did not vote on invoking the 25th Amendment: Dan Crenshaw (TX-2), Kay Granger (TX-12), Greg Murphy (NC-3), Michelle Steel (CA-48), and Daniel Webster (FL-11).
  2. ^ At the time of the House vote, two seats were vacant: Louisiana 5 and New York 22.
  3. ^ Adoption based on a simple majority.

References

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