2021 Iranian presidential election
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| Government of Islamic Republic of Iran |
 2021 Iranian presidential election |
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| Political parties in Iran |
| Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front |
| Related elections & appointments |
Presidential elections were held in Iran on 18 June 2021. Ebrahim Raisi won with 62 percent of the votes (17.8 million out of 28.6 million votes).[4][5] It was the thirteenth presidential election in Iran since the establishment of the Islamic Republic in 1979. Under the 1979 constitution, Hassan Rouhani, the incumbent president, was ineligible to run for re-election as he was limited to two consecutive terms or eight years in office. Reporters Without Borders (RSF) reported 42 cases of journalists being summoned or threatened for writing about candidates.[6] There were calls to boycott the election,[7] and the chief of the police threatened against telling people to not vote.[8] At 48%, the election had the lowest turnout in the Islamic Republic's history.[9] More than 4 million votes were void.[10]
Electoral system
The President of Iran is elected for a four-year term by universal adult suffrage with a minimum voting age of 18. The presidential term is renewable once in a consecutive manner. It is the country's highest directly elected official, the chief of the executive branch, and the second most important position after the Supreme Leader. "Under Iran's political system, it is ultimately the Supreme Leader, not the president, who makes the final call on all major matters of state."[11]
According to Islamic Republic of Iran's constitution, any Iranian citizen who believes in Shia Islam, loyal to the Constitution, the ideology of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist and the Islamic Republic can participate in election as a presidential candidate. An institution called the Election Monitoring Agency (EMA), managed by the Guardian Council vets registered candidates and selects a handful to run in the election. [12]
The Guardian Council does not publicly announce the reason for rejections of particular candidates, although those reasons are privately explained to each candidate. Women are not constitutionally restricted from running; however, all women who registered as candidates have been excluded from standing for election by the Guardian Council.[13][14] "We have not rejected any woman due to being a woman", the spokeman of the Guardian Council said. He clarified that there is no obstacle for women's registration in the elections.[15]
Those approved by the Guardian Council are put to a public vote on the weekend. The winner is the candidate who receive a majority (50% plus one) votes. If no candidate receives enough votes another election is held between the two candidates with the most votes the following Friday.[16] Iranians who voted during the election receive a stamp that indicate so on their birth certificates.[17]
According to the constitution, once the result is known, the Supreme Leader must sign the decree of the elected president, and if he refuses to sign, the elected president will not assume the presidency. So far, Supreme Leaders have always signed the decree of the elected president.[18][19] After that, the elected president must recite and sign an oath in a session of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, in the presence of the to the members of the Guardian Council and the head of the Supreme Court. In the Oath, the elected President must swear that he will guard the official religion (Islam), protect the Constitution and the Islamic Republic, and that he will dedicate himself to the service of the nation, its people, and its religion (among other things).[16]
Simultaneous elections
The election was held concurrently with city and village council elections.[20][21][22] In some electoral districts and provinces midterm elections of the Islamic Consultative Assembly and the Assembly of Experts were also held.[23][24]
Cost of the election
1170 billion toman (approximately US$277.4 million)[25] was allocated in the national budget, of which 160 billion was allocated to the Guardian Council for oversight and supervision, and the rest (1010 billion) was for the Ministry of Interior, which actually runs the election.[26]
Polling places abroad
234 polling places were setup in 133 countries so that Iranians abroad could vote. 3.5 million members of the Iranian diaspora were eligible to vote in the election.[27][28] The Canadian government did not allow Iran to setup polling places in Canada.[29]
Fatwas
Supreme leader and the Imam Jome Isfahan had declared blank votes haram, and not voting would be considered a major sin.[30][31][32]
Candidates
The Guardian Council is responsible for approving candidates who have registered to run. The Guardian Council disqualified over 600 applicants, including all the women who had registered.[33] Only seven candidates were approved.
Approved
The Interior Ministry released the official list of candidates qualified by the Guardian Council on 25 May 2021. The following seven candidates are approved by the council.[34]
- Amir-Hossein Ghazizadeh, current Member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (since 2008)[35]
- Abdolnaser Hemmati, former Governor of the Central Bank (2018–2021)[36]
- Ebrahim Raisi, current Chief Justice of Iran (since 2019)[37]
- Mohsen Rezaee, former Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (1981–1997)[38]
- Saeed Jalili, former secretary of the Supreme National Security Council (2007–2013) (withdrew)[39]
- Alireza Zakani, current member of Parliament (2004–2016, since 2020) (withdrew)[40]
- Mohsen Mehralizadeh, former Sports Minister (2001–2005) (withdrew)[41]
Withdrew
Several candidates withdrew from the election, with three withdrawing after they had been approved by the Guardian Council. All the candidates who withdrew endorsed a candidate.
During election
- Saeed Jalali, Member of Expediency Discernment Council (endorsed Raisi) [42]
- Mohsen Mehralizadeh, former Governor of Isfahan (2017–2018) (endorsed Hemmati)[43]
- Alireza Zakani, current President of the Majlis Research Center (since 2020) (endorsed Raisi) [44]
Before election
- Mohammad Abbasi, former Minister of Sport and Youth (2011–2013) (endorsed Raisi)[45]
- Alireza Afshar, former Deputy Minister of Interior (2007–2008) (endorsed Raisi)[46]
- Hossein Dehghan, former Minister of Defense (2013–2017) (endorsed Raisi)[47]
- Rostam Ghasemi, former Minister of Petroleum (2011–2013) (endorsed Raisi)[48]
- Ghodrat-Ali Heshmatian, former Member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (1996–2000) (endorsed Raisi)
- Mohammad-Hassan Nami, former Minister of Communications and Information Technology (2013) (endorsed Raisi)[49]
- Masoud Zaribafan, former Head of Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs (2009–2013) (endorsed Raisi)
Rejected
All but seven of the more than 600 applicants were rejected. The most notable of these candidates are listed below.
- Fereydoon Abbasi, former Head of the Atomic Energy Organization (2011–2013)[50]
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, former President (2005–2013)[51]
- Abbas Akhoundi, former Minister of Roads and Urban Development (2013–2018)[52]
- Vahab Azizi, current Secretary General of Jahadgaran Iran Eslami Party (since 2003)
- Abolhassan Firoozabadi, current Secretary of Supreme Council of Cyberspace (since 2015)
- Mohammad-Hassan Ghadiri Abyaneh, former Ambassador of Iran to Mexico (2007–2010)
- Mohammad-Javad Haghshenas, current Member of the City Council of Tehran (since 2017)
- Mohsen Hashemi Rafsanjani, current Chairman of the Islamic City Council of Tehran (since 2017)
- Shamseddin Hosseini, current Member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (since 2020)
- Eshaq Jahangiri, current First Vice President (since 2013)[53]
- Mostafa Kavakebian, former Member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (2008–2012, 2016–2020)[54]
- Sadeq Khalilian, former Minister of Agriculture (2009–2013)[55]
- Mohammad Khoshchehreh, former Member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (2004–2008)
- Ali Larijani, former chief of the Parliament (2008–2020)[56]
- Ramin Mehmanparast, former Ambassador of Iran to Poland (2014–2018)[57]
- Saeed Mohammad, former Chairman of Khatam-al Anbiya Construction Headquarters (2018–2021)[58]
- Shahin Mohammad Sadeghi, former Member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (2012–2016)[59]
- Rasoul Montajabnia, former Member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (1980–1992)
- Ali Motahari, former Member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (2008–2020)[60]
- Abbas Nabavi, current President of the Islamic Development and Civilization Institution
- Masoud Pezeshkian, Member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (since 2008)
- Mohammed Sharif Malekzadeh, former Vice President of Iran and Head of Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization (2012–2013)
- Mohsen Rohami, former Member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (1980–1988)[61]
- Mohammad-Reza Sabbaghian, current Member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (since 2016)
- Mahmoud Sadeghi, former Member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (2016–2020)
- Mohammad Shariatmadari, current Minister of Labour (since 2018)
- Zahra Shojaei, former Head of Center for Women's Participation Affairs (1997–2005)
- Hassan Sobhani, former Member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (1996–2008)[62]
- Mostafa Tajzadeh, former Acting Minister of Interior (1998)
- Mohammad Zare Fumani, current Secretary general of "Hezbe Mardomi Eslahat" Party (since 2010)
- Mahmoud Zamani Qummi, former Governor of Yazd (2017–2018)
- Ezzatollah Zarghami, former Head of Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (2004–2014)
Announced but not registered
- Mohammad-Ali Afshani, former Mayor of Tehran (2018)[63]
- Mohammad Ardakani, former Minister of Cooperatives (2005–2006)[64]
- Faezeh Hashemi Rafsanjani, former Member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (1996–2000)[65]
- Sadegh Kharazi, former Ambassador of Iran to France (2002–2006)[66]
- Ali Akbar Salehi, current Head of the Atomic Energy Organization (since 2013)[67]
Declined to run
- Mohammad Reza Aref, former First Vice President (2001–2005)[68]
- Ebrahim Asgharzadeh, former Member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (1988–1992)
- Mohammad-Javad Azari Jahromi, current Minister of Information and Communications Technology (since 2017)[69]
- Mohammad-Reza Bahonar, former Deputy Speaker of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (2004–2012)
- Mehrdad Bazrpash, current President of the Supreme Audit Court of Iran (since 2020)[70]
- Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, current Speaker of the Parliament (since 2020)
- Hassan Ghazizadeh Hashemi, former Minister of Health (2013–2019)
- Hamid-Reza Haji Babaee, former Minister of Education (2009–2013)[71]
- Mostafa Hashemitaba, former Head of Physical Education Organization (1994–2001)
- Hassan Khomeini, grandson of Ruhollah Khomeini[72][73][74]
- Ali Nikzad, former Minister of Transportation and Housing (2011–2013)[75]
- Sorena Sattari, current Head of National Elites Foundation (since 2013)[75]
- Ali Shamkhani, current Secretary of Supreme National Security Council (since 2013)
- Mahmoud Vaezi, current Chief of Staff to the President (since 2017)
- Mohammad Javad Zarif, current Minister of Foreign Affairs (since 2013)[76][77]
- Bijan Namdar Zangeneh, current Minister of Petroleum (since 2013)
Pandemic
The government had administered 4 million COVID-19 vaccine doses, which is about 2.7% of the country’s population (82.91 million).[78] Incumbent President Rouhani predicted that the virus breakout could affect voter turnout.[79][80] The government has limited the maximum number of people allowed to gather at polling places.[81]
The Election Office vaccinated staff by obtaining vaccines meant for old people.[82] Election staff are tested for COVID-19 with PCR tests.[83]
Raisi held a rally despite pandemic according to APNews.[84]
The hospitals were readied for 5th wave of pandemic.[85][86][87][88][89]
Offline electronic voting system
Having a national identification number is required for voting.[90][91] The identification number system was developed and programmed by the Telecommunication Company of Iran.[92] 33000 virtual ballot boxes are used.[93]
TV debates
Format
The moderator asked every candidate different random questions, regarding economics, social and political, and people's issues. Additionally, 3 TV Chats were televised, hosting 7 candidates.[94][95][96][97][98][99]
Opinion polls
Hypothetical Polls
Hypothetical polls were done before the Guardian Council had announced who is approved to run. Therefore, these polls include several candidates (like Ahmadinejad) who were disqualified and are therefore ineligible to run.
| Fieldwork date | Poll source | Sample size |
Margin of error | 
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raisi | Ahmadinejad | Ghalibaf | Zarif | Khatami | Jalili | Mohammad | Larijani | Aref | |||||
| 22–28 October 2020 | Stasis[100] | 1,136 | — | N/A | 37% | 10% | N/A | N/A | 3% | N/A | 2% | 2% | 17% None, 29% Don't know or other names |
| February 2021 | Iran Poll[101] | ~2,000 | 3.1% | 11% | 47% | 3% | 2% | 1% | 1% | 1% | N/A | N/A | 34% Don't know or other names |
Polls
These polls include all seven candidates who were approved by the Guardian Council. Note that Jalili, Mehralizadeh, and Zakani all withdrew after this poll was conducted.
| Fieldwork date | Poll source | Sample size |
Margin of error | 
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Haven't Decided Yet |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raisi | Jalili | Hemmati | Rezaee | Ghazizadeh | Zakani | Mehralizadeh | |||||
| 27 May - 3 June 2021 | Gamaan[102](Internet poll) | 68,271
(literate over 19 years old) |
5% | 59% | 8% | 3% | 2.5% | >1% | >1% | >1% | 25% |
ISPA polls
ISPA (Iranian Students Polling Agency) is considered as one of the most reliable pollsters in Iran. They correctly predicted the results of the 2017 election.[103][104] ISPA polls reveal that Ebrahim Raisi is heavily favored to win the election.[105]
| Wave | Fieldwork date | Sample Size
(Over 18 years old) |
Error Margin | Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | April 2021[106] | 1,569 | N/A | Phone Call |
| 5 | 8 - 10 May 2021[107] | 1,553 | N/A | Phone Call |
| 7 | 26 - 27 May 2021[108] | N/A | N/A | Phone Call |
| 8 | 30 May - 1 June 2021[109] | 5,159 | N/A | Face-to-face Inquery |
| 10 | 9–10 June[110] | 5,121 | N/A | Face-to-face Inquery |
| 11 | 14–15 June[111] | 5,094 | N/A | Face-to-face Inquery |
| 12 | 15–16 June[112] | 6,582 | N/A | Face-to-face Inquery |
Hypothetical polls
| Possible Candidate | Wave No.4: Probability to Vote | Wave No.5: Probability to Vote | Candidacy Status | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Don't Know Him | No Answer | Not At All | Low | Somewhat | High | Don't Know Him | No Answer | Not At All | Low | Somewhat | High | |||
| Raisi |
|
16% | 14.3% | 10% | 6.8% | 16.9% | 36.6% | 15% | 12.7% | 9% | 5.5% | 16.6% | 41.2% | Approved |
| Ghalibaf |
|
8.2% | 14.2% | 32.1% | 12.9% | 19.6% | 13.1% | 9.2% | 14.8% | 26% | 13.9% | 20.5% | 15.6% | Didn't Register |
| Jalili |
|
47.4% | 7.5% | 23.2% | 8.7% | 8.4% | 4.8% | 45.5% | 7.2% | 22.5% | 9.8% | 10% | 5% | Approved |
| Mohammad |
|
58.2% | 7% | 15.4% | 4.8% | 7.1% | 7.5% | 57.3% | 6.9% | 15.8% | 5.4% | 7.6% | 7% | Registered |
| Larijani |
|
14.5% | 11.7% | 42.1% | 14.4% | 12.9% | 4.3% | 10.7% | 12.7% | 41.5% | 12.1% | 15.8% | 7.2% | Registered |
| Khomeini | 
|
18.1% | 10.9% | 25.2% | 7.8% | 16.3% | 22.9% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Declined |
| Ghazizadeh |
|
46.6% | 8% | 22.7% | 8.4% | 9.7% | 4.5% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Approved |
| Rezaee |
|
18.1% | 10.9% | 32.3% | 13% | 18.9% | 6.8% | 16.6% | 11.2% | 31% | 12.6% | 19.4% | 9.2% | Approved |
| Motahari | 
|
38.5% | 9.1% | 27.5% | 8.7% | 11% | 4.9% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Registered |
| Pezeshkian | 
|
60.4% | 6.5% | 19.6% | 5.7% | 5.3% | 2.4% | 54.2% | 8.2% | 21.6% | 6.9% | 6.1% | 3% | Registered |
| Dehghan | 
|
60.5% | 6.7% | 20.3% | 6% | 5% | 1.5% | 56.9% | 6.5% | 21.6% | 8.1% | 5.3% | 1.6% | Registered |
| Zarif | 
|
11.5% | 13.2% | 36.6% | 11% | 15.3% | 12.5% | 9.5% | 13.6% | 37.9% | 10.5% | 16.2% | 12.3% | Didn't Register |
| Hashemi | 
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 28.8% | 11.2% | 31.6% | 10.3% | 11.8% | 6.3% | Registered |
| Jahangiri | 
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 24% | 8.7% | 41% | 11.6% | 11% | 3.7% | Registered |
| Aref | 
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 41% | 8.5% | 28.3% | 9.5% | 9.7% | 3% | Declined |
| Zarghami | 
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 41.6% | 7.8% | 28.1% | 10.5% | 9.2% | 2.8% | Registered |
Polls
| Approved Candidates | After anouncing
final list of candidates |
Before 1st
Debate |
After 2nd Debate | After 3rd Debate | Final
Result | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wave No.7 | Wave No.8 | Wave No.10 | Wave No.11 | |||
| Raisi |
|
38.5% | 48.6% | 63.6% | 60.6% | N/A |
| Jalili |
|
1.8% | 1.6% | 3.5% | 3.5% | N/A |
| Hemmati |
|
1.6% | 1.3% | 3.1% | 3.7% | N/A |
| Mehralizadeh |
|
0.8% | 0.1% | 0.9% | 0.7% | N/A |
| Ghazizadeh |
|
1% | 0.8% | 2.8% | 3.1% | N/A |
| Rezaee |
|
3.4% | 3.1% | 7.1% | 8% | N/A |
| Zakani |
|
0.1% | 0.3% | 2.1% | 3% | N/A |
| N/A | 52.7% | 44.2% | 17% | 17.4% | ||
Reactions
Pre-election
The Biden administration responded to Iran's mass disqualification of candidates for its upcoming presidential election by saying the Iranian people should be free to choose their own leaders. The statement from the White House coincides with sharp criticism of Iran’s electoral system from Iranian human rights activists and U.S. conservatives, who view the election as neither free nor fair.[113]
Post-election
The President of Russia Vladimir Putin congratulated Raisi for his win and expressed hopes for strengthening of bilateral cooperation with Iran.[114]
Iraq president congratulated Raisi for his win.[115]
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